Check List the journal of biodiversity data Check List 11(6): 1817, 19 December 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.6.1817 ISSN 1809-127X © 2015 Check List and Authors Lists of species Ichthyofaunal diversity of Chilika Lake, Odisha, India: an inventory, assessment of biodiversity status and comprehensive systematic checklist (1916–2014) Surya K. Mohanty1, Subhrendu Shekhar Mishra2, Muntaz Khan1, Rajeeb K. Mohanty4*, Anil Mohapatra3 and Ajit K. Pattnaik1 1 2 3 4 * Chilika Development Authority, Bhubaneswar - 751 014, Odisha, India Marine Fish Section, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India Marine Aquarium and Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Digha, India - 721 428, West Bengal Indian Institute of Water Management (ICAR), Bhubaneswar - 751 023, Odisha, India Corresponding author. E-mail rajeebm@yahoo.com Abstract: Chilika Lake, an assemblage of marine, brackish and freshwater ecosystems, on the east coast of India is a designated Ramsar site and a biodiversity hotspot. Intensive ichthyofaunal inventories and biodiversity assessments were carried out during 2000–2014 and documented 317 species belonging to 207 genera, in 88 families and 23 orders, including two endemic (Gobiidae) and one exotic cichlid species (Oreochromis mossambicus). In total, 255 collections (178 collections of previously recorded species and 77 that represent newly recorded species) were made during a post-restoration survey accounting for 80.44% retrieval of historically documented species. his paper presents an updated and comprehensive checklist of the lake’s ichthyofauna (1916–2014), which is comprised of 278 food ishes, 271 (85.49%) migratory and 46 (14.51%) are resident species indicating that the lake ishery is largely migratory species-dependent. An account of faunal characteristics for 129 commercially important species is provided. he checklist also documents 48 threatened species and 103 species under diferent categories of conservation status. security of more than 200,000 local ishers. he unique and fragile ecosystem of Chilika Lake gradually began to lose its ecological integrity due to coastal processes, signiicant decrease in salinity regime, and degraded drainage basin with associated anthropogenic impacts (Mohanty et al. 2009). Between 1950 and 2000, the lake ishery was in a continuing state of decline when the isheries output reached its lowest point by the end of the 1990s. he lake ishery sufered serious setbacks since the later part of the 1980s with the salinity level sharply decreasing to 9.6 PSU, compared to a level of more than 22.0 PSU in the 1960s (Banerjee and Roychoudhury 1966; Siddiqi and RamaRao 1995; Mohanty et al. 2009). he recruitment corridors (outer channel and Palur canal) also gradually silted up, adversely afecting the recruitment of ish and shellish seed from the sea into the lake, while silted up river mouths (Mahanadi tributaries draining into the lake) in the northern sector of the lake also afected freshwater seed recruitment from riverine sources. In the aftermath of the gradual closure of the old lake mouth and Palur canal, the lake began transformation towards a freshwater ecosystem, causing substantial changes in the ichthyofaunal composition. Continued degradation of the ecosystem, changes in ecological characteristics, overall loss of biodiversity and decline in productivity adversely afected the livelihoods of local communities. In 1993, Chilika Lake was included on the Montreux Record of the Ramsar convention for its deteriorated state of health. It became imperative to take action for the restoration of the fragile ecosystem of the Chilika Lake and interalia enhance its isheries and bioresources for the greater beneit of the communities depending on them. Chilika Key words: ichthyofauna, Chilika Lake, biodiversity, checklist, species inventory INTRODUCTION Chilika Lake (Figure 1) is the largest coastal wetland ecosystem on the Indian subcontinent (Mohapatra et al. 2007) and the largest brackish water lake in Asia (Mangla 1989; Dujovny 2009). It is one of the region’s inest repositories of aquatic biodiversity and a isheries resource supporting the livelihoods and nutritional Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 1 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India figure 1. Location map of Chilika Lake and its connection with river systems and the Bay of Bengal. Development Authority (CDA), based on the outcome of a rigorous numerical model study (Mohapatra et al. 2007), carried out a hydrological intervention by opening a new lake mouth during September 2000 along with the treatment of catchment and other restoration measures (Ghosh et al. 2006). Opening of the new lake mouth rapidly had a positive efect with spectacular enhancement in isheries, overall ecology, and biodiversity. he annual ish catch from the lake increased sevenfold as compared to the catch in the pre-restoration period. After an assessment of the improvement of the lake ecosystem including biodiversity, the Ramsar Bureau removed the lake from the Montreux Record in 2002. he pristineness of the lake and its isheries had sharply declined during the eco-degradation phase but was successfully restored with enhancement in ish catch and ish diversity during the post-restoration period, i.e., after 2000 (Mohanty et al. 2007). During 1985–1987 (eco-degradation phase), the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) conducted the Chilika Lake expeditions (1985–1987) and collected only 70 species (with four Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl newly recorded species) which clearly documented the apparent loss of diversity and poor status of the lakes’s ichthyofauna. Species diversity and genetic variability are necessary for long-term maintenance of stable complex ecosystems and species inventories are a relatively eicient and inexpensive tool for the monitoring of biodiversity, especially in areas that have sufered high rates of deforestation (Raiol et al. 2012) and ecosystem degradation (Mohanty et al. 2007). With the evolution of Chilika Lake about 3,500–4,000 years ago (UNESCO 2014), a large number of both marine and riverine species took the opportunity to use this lake’s habitat. he uniqueness of Chilika Lake is characterized by a ish fauna that constitutes a mix of species belonging to fresh, marine and brackish water habitats. Identiication, listing and prioritization of species are one of the important tasks for conservation of biodiversity (Molur and Walker 1998). Conservation and sustainable management of ichthyofaunal biodiversity in an aquatic ecosystem assume a greater importance in India as ishery resources have historically been, and continue to 2 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India and coastal strip (Figure 2) is 4,300 km2 (World Bank 2005). Hydrologically Chilika is inluenced by three subsystems: the Mahanadi River tributaries, some 52 rivers and streams draining into the lake from the western catchment, and the Bay of Bengal (World Bank 2005). Ecologically the lake is an assemblage of very to relatively shallow (0.38–6.2 m) marine, brackish and freshwater environs. It is primarily the dynamic salinity regime that enables the lake to support high biodiversity and a productive ishery. he salinity dynamics are controlled jointly by the nature of the connection to the sea, associated tidal luctuations, and the volume and timing of freshwater inlows to the lake (World Bank 2005). he lake is broadly divided into four ecological sectors namely Northern, Central, Southern, and Outer Channel (Figure 3) based on varying salinity dynamics, depth and nature of the lake water. Magarmukh acts as the gateway between the main lake and the outer channel. remain, a base for livelihood and access to high quality animal protein. he overall ish biodiversity status in Indian wetlands has increasingly been threatened by natural ecophysiographical changes and anthropogenic pressures. Ichthyofaunal checklists of such wetlands and periodical inventories of species are therefore powerful tools and prerequisites for assessment of changes in biodiversity, following changes in ecological integrity and alteration of ecosystem functioning. hourough review of widely scattered literature revealed that 217 ish species (Chaudhuri 1916a, 1916b, 1916c; 1917; 1923; Hora 1923; Koumans 1941; Jones and Sujansinghani 1954; Devasundaram 1954; Roy and Sahoo 1957; Menon 1961; Misra 1962; Rajan et al. 1968; Misra 1969; 1976a; 1976b; Talwar and Kacker 1984; Talwar and Jhingran 1991; Rama Rao 1995) were reported from Chilika Lake (Rama Rao 1995) since the beginning of ichthyofaunal surveys in 1916. However, previous authors inadvertently missed recording some species, including eight species reported by Mohanty (1973). Furthermore, eight additional species collected during 1998–2000 (Bhatta et al. 2001) were newly recorded as part of the fauna of Chilika Lake before the hydrological intervention. Some of the species reported earlier are now considered synonyms or invalid. hus during the pre-restoration period (until 2000) a total of 233 species had been reported as present in the lake. As reported by Mohanty et al. (2007), during 2000–2003 (postrestoration phase) a total of 43 species were recorded for the irst time, bringing the total to 276 species. he present work provides an intensive inventory of the ichthyofauna of Chilika Lake in the post-restoration phase (2000–2014) to assess the presence of earlier recorded species and report new records. It also compiles a comprehensive systematic checklist with updates on the taxonomy of ishes of Chilika Lake. his will serve as a baseline of the ichthyofaunal diversity of the lake and will facilitate future ichthyofaunal surveys, monitoring and ish biodiversity studies. Sampling and data analysis he ichthyofaunal inventory and biodiversity assessment was carried out from September 2000 to March 2014 following the methodology of Mohapatra et al. (2007). Specimens were collected from six major ish landing centres (Bhusandapur, Kalupadaghat, Sorona, Balugaon, Palur and Arakhakuda) and from ive ishing grounds (FG 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) in the lake as shown in Figure 3, resulting in 10 sampling stations in total. As far as possible, collections were identiied in the ield. Specimens that could not be identiied in the ield were placed on ice and taken to the laboratory of Wetland Research and Training Centre (WRTC) of CDA and identiied following Fischer and Bianchi (1984), Talwar and Kacker (1984), Talwar and Jhingran (1991), De Bruin et al. (1994), Mishra and Krishnan (1997), Venkateswaralu (1990), Krishnan and Mishra (2001), Barman et al. (2007), Rao (2009), Jayaram (2010) and Froese and Pauly (2015). All collections, after identiication, were deposited with a voucher number, organization and year in the ish museum of the Wetland Research and Training Centre (WRTC) of Chilika Development Authority (CDA). An updated, comprehensive, checklist of ishes reported from Chilika Lake from 1916 to 2014 (98 years) with their current valid names, common English names and succinct information on the current status of species, environment, interest to isheries, ornamental value, conservation status, conservation category, resident and migratory nature, and endemism was prepared after veriication with published literature and web based information such as FishBase (Froese and Pauly 2015) and the Catalog of Fishes (Eschmeyer 2014). he classiication adopted mainly follows Eschmeyer and Fong (2014) and Nelson (2006), with genera and species MATERIALS AND METHODS Study site he study area comprises the entire Chilika Lake, which is located along the east coast of India in the state of Odisha between latitudes 19°20ʹ13.06″ N and 19°54ʹ47.02″ N and longitudes 085°06ʹ49.15″ E and 085°35ʹ32.87″ E (Figure 1). he innundation area of the lake varies between 1,165 km2 during monsoon to a minimum of 906 km2 during the dry summer season. he lake’s length is 64.3 km and its mean width 20.1 km (Ghosh and Pattnaik 2005). he lake is separated from the Bay of Bengal by a sandbar of 100–1,500 m width; an outer channel 32 km long connects the main lake with the Bay of Bengal. he total Chilika drainage basin including the lake itself and the contributing Islands Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 3 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India figure 2. Drainage basin of Chilika Lake with three hydrologic subsystems indicat figure 3. Ichthyofaunal sampling stations in Chilika Lake. Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 4 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India arranged alphabetically. With a view to resolving some taxonomic issues, Kottelat (2013) was consulted. he conservation status for the species was gathered from the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2014) as well as Ponniah (1993), Molur and Walker (1998), Menon (2004), Barman et al. (2007) and Lakra et al. (2010). With a view to understanding the impact of environmental factors on ichthyofaunal diversity, secondary data for water quality parameters for both pre- and post-restoration periods were collected from the Chilika Development Authority, Bhubaneswar. period. Eschmeyer and Fong (2014) considered the family Mugilidae as Perciformes and placed this family between Cepolidae and Cichlidae. However, Nelson (2006) placed this family in Mugiliformes, as did Froese and Pauly (2014) and that classiication is followed here. One sparid species, Acanthopagrus latus, earlier recorded from Chilika Lake was later considered as Acanthopagrus longispinnis. Similarly, the name of the Indian species, Lutjanus russellii (Lutjanidae) was reassigned as Lutjanus indicus (Allen et al. 2013). he Indian snapper Lutjanus indicus was invariably confused with its sibling species L. russellii (Allen et al. 2013). Species collected during surveys carried out during the post-restoration period are indicated with single asterisk (*) and new records collected during the same period are indicated with double asterisks (**); thus the checklist includes 178 earlier reported species and 77 new records (Mohapatra et al. 2007; Mohanty et al. 2007; Satpathy and Panda 2009; Mohapatra et al. 2013 and 2014) made during the post-restoration period totaling 255 collected out of 317 species known from the lake, accounting for a 80.44% RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Species diversity An updated checklist of ishes reported from Chilika Lake (Table 1) during the last 84 years of pre-restoration (1916–2000) and 14 years of post-restoration (2000–2014) results in a total of 317 valid species (18 cartilaginous and 299 bony ishes) belonging to 207 genera, 88 families and 23 orders (Table 2). hese are inclusive of 77 new records made during the post-restoration table 1. Checklist of ishes reported from Chilika Lake (1916–2014). ** New records during post-restoration period (n=77). * Inventory during postrestoration period (n=178+77=255). Recorded species but not collected (n=62). taxon common Name Habitat conservation status Voucher faunal characteri stics Slender Bambooshark MBF NT∆ CDA/229/2009 Mg CDA/230/2009 class chondrichthyes subclass elasmobranchii (cartilaginous ishes) order orectolobiformes family Hemiscyllidae (Bamboo sharks) Genus Chiloscyllium Müller, Henle 1837 Chiloscyllium indicum (Gmelin, 1789)** order carcharhiniformes family carcharhinidae (Requiem sharks) Genus Carcharhinus Blainville 1816 Mg,Ci Carcharhinus leucas (Muller, Henle, 1839)** Bull Shark MBF NT∆ Carcharhinus limbatus (Muller, Henle, 1839) Blacktip Shark BM NT∆ Mg,Ci Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy, Gaimard, 1824) Blacktip Reef Shark BM NT∆ Mg,Ci Ganges Shark MBF CR∆ Mg Spadenose Shark MB NT∆ CDA/001/2001 Mg Winghead Shark MB NT∆ CDA/002/2001 Mg,Ci Scalloped Hammerhead MB EN∆ CDA/003/2001 Mg Smalltooth Sawish MB EN ∆ Giant Guitarish MB VU∆,B Genus Glyphis Agassiz, 1843 Glyphis gangeticus (Muller, Henle, 1839) Genus Scoliodon Müller, Henle 1837 Scoliodon laticaudus (Muller, Henle, 1838)* family sphyrnidae (Hammerheaded shark) Genus Eusphyra Gill, 1862 Eusphyra blochii (Cuvier, 1816)** Genus Sphyrna Rainesque 1810 Sphyrna lewini (Griith, Smith, 1834)** order pristiformes family pristidae (saw ish) Genus Pristis Linck 1790 Pristis clavata (Garman, 1906) Mg order Rajiformes family Rhinobatidae (Guitar ishes) Genus Rhynchobatus Müller, Henle 1837 Rhynchobatus djiddensis (Forsskal, 1775)** CDA/068/2002 Mg order Myliobatiformes family Dasyatidae (stingrays) Genus Himantura Müller, Henle 1837 Himantura imbricata (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)* Scaly Whipray MB DD∆ CDA/254/2014 Rs, BC Himantura marginata (Blyth, 1860)** Blackedge Whipray MB DD∆ CDA/004/2001 Mg Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789)* Honeycomb Stingray MB VU∆ CDA/005/2001 Mg Himantura walga (Muller, Henle, 1841)* Dwarf Whipray M NT∆ CDA/006/2001 Mg Cowtail Stingray BM DD∆ CDA/007/2001 Mg, Or, BC Longheaded Eagle Ray BM EN∆ CDA/069/2002 Mg Genus Pastinachus Rüppell 1829 Pastinachus sephen (Forsskal, 1775)* family Myliobatidae (eaglerays) Genus Aetobatus Blainville, 1816 Aetobatus lagellum (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)* Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 5 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India table 1. Continued. taxon Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823)* common Name Habitat conservation status Voucher faunal characteri stics Spotted Eagle Ray BM NE CDA/070/2002 Mg, BC Banded Eagle Ray BM VU∆,B CDA/071/2002 Mg Clown Knifeish F ENCAMP CDA/252/2013 Mg,Ci,Or Bronze Featherback FB LC∆ CDA/008/2001 Rs, Ci, Or, BC Tenpounder BM LC∆ CDA/072/2002 Mg,Ci Indo-Paciic Tarpon BM DD∆ CDA/073/2002 Mg,Ci Genus Aetomylaeus Garman, 1908 Aetomylaeus nichoii (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)* class osteichthyes (Bony ishes) subclass Actinopterygii subdivision teleostei order osteoglossiformes Family Notopteridae (Featherbacks) Genus Chitala Fowler 1934 Chitala chitala (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Notopterus Lacepède 1800 Notopterus notopterus (Pallas, 1769)* order elopiformes family elopidae (tenpounders) Genus Elops Linnaeus 1766 Elops machnata (Forsskal, 1775)* family Megalopidae (tarpons) Genus Megalops Lacèpede 1803 Megalops cyprinoides (Broussonet, 1782)* order Anguilliformes family Anguillidae (freshwater eels) Genus Anguilla Schrank 1798 Anguilla bengalensis (Gray, 1831)* Indian Mottled Eel FB NT∆ CDA/235/2010 Mg, Or, Ci Anguilla bicolor bicolor McClelland, 1844* Indonesian Shortin Eel FB NT∆ CDA/236/2010 Mg, Or, Ci Slender Giant Moray MB NE CDA/139/2003 Mg Oriental Worm-eel BM LC∆ Pisodonophis boro (Hamilton, 1822)* Rice-Paddy Eel BM LC∆ Pisodonophis cancrivorus (Richardson, 1848) Longin Snake-eel MBF NE Indian Pike Conger B VUM,B Muraenesox bagio (Hamilton, 1822)** Common Pike Conger M NE CDA/075/2002 Mg Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskal, 1775)* Daggertooth Pike Conger MB VUM,B CDA/076/2002 Mg Dussumieria acuta Valenciennes, 1847 Rainbow Sardine M NE Dussumieria elopsoides Bleeker, 1849** Slender Rainbow Sardine M NE CDA/078/2002 Mg,Ci Amblygaster leiogaster (Valenciennes, 1847)** Smoothbelly Sardinella M NE CDA/202/2008 Mg Amblygaster sirm (Walbaum, 1792) Spotted Sardinella M NE Chacunda Gizzard Shad M NE CDA/077/2002 Mg,Ci Ganges River Sprat B LC∆ CDA/242/2011 Mg Malabar Sprat B NE CDA/079/2002 Mg White Sardine M NE CDA/161/2004 Mg Ganges River Gizzard Shad F VUCAMP CDA/174/2005 Mg,Or Indian River Shad F LC∆ CDA/183/2006 Mg,Or Kelee Shad MB NE CDA/140/2003 Mg, Ci, BC Bloch’s Gizzard Shad BM LC∆ CDA/009/2001 Rs, Ci, BC family Muraenidae (Moray eels) Genus Strophidon McClelland 1844 Strophidon sathete (Hamilton, 1822)* family ophichthidae (snake eels) Genus Lamnostoma Kaup 1856 Lamnostoma orientalis (McClelland, 1844) Mg Genus Pisodonophis Kaup 1856 CDA/074/2002 Mg, NFF Rs, NFF family Muraenesocidae (pike congers) Genus Congresox Gill 1890 Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker, 1853)* CDA/201/2008 Mg Genus Muraenesox McClelland 1844 order clupeiformes family Dussumieridae Genus Dussumieria Valencienes 1847 Mg family clupeidae (Herrings, allies) Genus Amblygaster Bleeker 1849 Mg,Ci Genus Anodontostoma Bleeker 1849 Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Corica (Hamilton 1822) Corica soborna Hamilton, 1822* Genus Ehirava Deraniyagala 1929 Ehirava luviatilis Deraniyagala, 1929** Genus Escualosa Whitley 1940 Escualosa thoracata (Valenciennes, 1847)* Genus Gonialosa Regan 1917 Gonialosa manmina (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Gudusia Fowler 1911 Gudusia chapra (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Hilsa Regan 1917 Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829)* Genus Nematalosa Regan 1917 Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795)* Genus Sardinella Valenciennes 1847 Sardinella imbriata (Valenciennes, 1847)** Frimgescale Sardinella MB NE CDA/010/2001 Mg,Ci Sardinella longiceps (Valenciennes, 1847)** Indian Oilsardine M LC∆ CDA/011/2001 Mg,Ci Sardinella melanura (Cuvier, 1829) Blacktip Sardinella M NE Mg Genus Tenualosa Fowler 1934 Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)* Hilsa Shad MB VUNBFGR,B CDA/012/2001 Mg,Ci, Hvt Tenualosa toli (Valenciennes, 1847)** Toli Shad MBF NE CDA/203/2008 Mg,Ci Gangetic Hairin Anchovy FB LC∆ Bagan Anchovy BM NE family engraulidae (Anchovies) Genus Setipinna Swainson 1839 Setipinna phasa (Hamilton, 1822) Rs, BC Genus Stolephorus Lacepède 1803 Stolephorus baganensis Hardenberg, 1933* CDA/080/2002 Mg Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 6 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India table 1. Continued. common Name Habitat conservation status Voucher faunal characteri stics Stolephorus commersonnii Lacepede, 1803* Commerson’s Anchovy BM NE CDA/081/2002 Mg,Ci Stolephorus dubiosus Wongratana, 1983* Thai Anchovy BM NE CDA/082/2002 Mg Stolephorus indicus (Van Hasselt, 1823)* Indian Anchovy BM NE CDA/013/2001 Rs, BC taxon Genus Thryssa Jorda, Seale 1925 Thryssa gautamiensis Babu Rao, 1971** Gautama Thryssa BM DD∆ CDA/083/2002 Mg Thryssa hamiltonii Gray, 1835* Hamilton’s Thryssa BM NE CDA/084/2002 Mg Thryssa kammalensoides Wongratana, 1983 Godavari Thryssa B NE Thryssa malabarica (Bloch, 1795)* Malabar Thryssa BM NE CDA/085/2002 Mg Thryssa mystax (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)* Moustached Thryssa BM LC∆ CDA/086/2002 Mg Thryssa polybranchialis Wongratana, 1983* Humphead Thryssa M NE CDA/014/2001 Rs, BC Thryssa purava (Hamilton, 1822)* Oblique-jaw Thryssa BM NE CDA/015/2001 Mg, BC Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet, 1782)** Long-jaw Thryssa BM NE CDA/087/2002 Mg Thryssa vitrirostris (Gilchrist, Thompson, 1908)** Orangemouth Anchovy BM NE CDA/204/2008 Mg Dorab Wolf-herring MB NE Ilisha elongata (Anonymous [Bennett], 1830)** Elongate Ilisha BM NE CDA/088/2002 Mg,Ci Ilisha megaloptera (Swainson, 1839)* Big Eye Ilisha MBF ENNBFGR CDA/016/2001 Mg, Ci, BC Ilisha melastoma (Bloch, Schneider, 1801) Indian Ilisha BM NE Tardoore BM NE CDA/205/2008 Mg Milkish MB NE CDA/017/2001 Mg,Ci Mola Carplet F LC∆ CDA/231/2009 Mg,Ci,Or Reba F LC∆ Silver Hatchet Chela F LC∆ Rs,BC family chirocentridae (Wolf herrings) Genus Chirocentrus Cuvier 1816 Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskal, 1775) Mg family pristigasteridae (pellonas) Genus Ilisha Richardson 1846 Mg Genus Opisthopterus Gill 1861 Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier, 1829)** order Gonorynchiformes family chanidae (Milkish) Genus Chanos Lacepède 1803 Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775)* order cypriniformes family cyprinidae (carps, minnows) Genus Amblypharyngodon Bleeker 1860 Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Bangana Hamilton 1822 Bangana ariza (Hamilton, 1807) Mg, Ci Genus Chela (Hamilton 1822) Chela cachius (Hamilton, 1822)* CDA/184/2006 Rs,Or Genus Cirrhinus (Oken 1817) Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822)* Mrigal Carp (Indian ajorcarp) F LC∆ CDA/163/2004 Mg,Ci Cirrhinus reba (Hamilton, 1822)* Reba Carp F VUCAMP CDA/237/2010 Mg,Ci,Or Stone Roller F VUNBFGR CDA/089/2002 Rs,Or Zebra Danio F LC∆ Flying Barb F LC∆ CDA/090/2002 Rs,Or,BC Catla F VUCAMP CDA/162/2004 Mg,Ci Labeo boga (Hamilton, 1822)** Boga Labeo F LC∆ CDA/091/2002 Mg,Ci,Or Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822)* Orangein Labeo F LC∆ CDA/243/2011 Mg,Ci,Or Genus Crossocheilus Kuhl, van Hasselt 1823 Crossocheilus latius (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Danio Hamilton 1822 Danio rerio (Hamilton, 1822) Mg, Or, BC Genus Esomus Swainson 1839 Esomus danricus (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Gibelion Heekel 1843 Gibelion catla (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Labeo Cuvier 1816 Labeo gonius (Hamilton, 1822)** Kuria Labeo F LC∆ CDA/092/2002 Mg,Ci,Or Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)* Roho Labeo F LC∆ CDA/093/2002 Mg,Ci Indian Glass Barb F LC∆ CDA/141/2003 Mg,Or Osteobrama peninsularis Silas, 1952** Peninsular Osteobrama F DD∆ CDA/018/2001 Mg,Or Osteobrama vigorsii (Sykes, 1839) Godavari Osteobrama F LC∆ Ticto Barb F LC∆ CDA/019/2001 Rs, Or, BC Puntius chola (Hamilton, 1822)* Swamp Barb F LC∆ CDA/020/2001 Rs,Or Puntius sophore (Hamilton, 1822)* Pool Barb F LC∆ CDA/021/2001 Rs,Or Puntius vittatus Day, 1865 Greenstripe Barb F LC∆ Genus Laubuka Bleeker, 1860 Laubuka laubuca (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Osteobrama Heckel 1843 Mg,Or Genus Pethia Meegaskumbura, Maduwage 2012 Pethia ticto (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Puntius Hamilton 1822 Mg,Or Genus Rasbora Bleeker 1859 Rasbora daniconius (Hamilton, 1822)* Slender Rasbora F LC∆ CDA/094/2002 Mg,Or Rasbora rasbora (Hamilton, 1822)* Gangetic Scissortail Rasbora F LC∆ CDA/095/2002 Mg,Or Large Razorbelly Minnow F LC∆ CDA/096/2002 Mg,Or Olive Barb F LC∆ CDA/142/2003 Mg,Ci,Or Guntea Loach F LC∆ Gangetic Mystus FB LC∆ Genus Salmostoma Swainson 1839 Salmostoma bacaila (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Systomus McClelland 1839 Systomus sarana (Hamilton, 1822)* family cobitidae (Loaches) Genus Lepidocephalichthys Bleeker 1863 Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton, 1822) Mg,Or order siluriformes family Bagridae (Bagrid catishes) Genus Mystus Scopoli 1777 Mystus cavasius (Hamilton, 1822)* CDA/022/2001 Mg,Or Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 7 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India table 1. Continued. common Name Habitat conservation status Voucher faunal characteri stics Mystus gulio (Hamilton, 1822)* Long Whiskers Catish BF LC CDA/023/2001 Rs,Ci, Hvt,BC Mystus vittatus (Bloch, 1794)* Striped Dwarf Catish F VUCAMP,B CDA/194/2007 Mg,Or,BC Giant River-catish FB LC∆ CDA/232/2009 Mg,Ci,Or Ompok bimaculatus (Bloch, 1794)* Butter Catish F ENCAMP,B CDA/097/2002 Mg,Ci,Or Ompok pabda (Hamilton, 1822)* Pabdah Catish F VUNBFGR CDA/024/2001 Mg,Ci,Or Wallago F NT∆ CDA/025/2001 Mg,Ci Gangetic Ailia F VUCAMP,B CDA/098/2002 Mg,Ci Batchwa Vacha F ENCAMP,B Mg,Ci,Or Silond Catish F VUNBFGR Mg,Ci Pangas Catish, Yellowtail Catish F VUNBFGR,B taxon ∆ Genus Sperata Holly 1939 Sperata seenghala (Sykes 1839)* family siluridae (eurasian catishes) Genus Ompok Lacepède 1803 Genus Wallago Bleeker 1851 Wallago attu (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)* family schilbeidae (schilbid catishes) Genus Ailia Gray 1830 Ailia coila (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Eutropiichthys Bleeker 1862 Eutropiichthys vacha (Hamilton, 1822) Genus Silonia Swainson 1838 Silonia silondia (Hamilton, 1822) family pangasiidae (shark catish) Genus Pangasius Valenciennes 1840 Pangasius pangasius (Hamilton, 1822)* CDA/026/2001 Mg,Or family sisoridae (sisorid catish) Genus Bagarius Bleeker 1854 Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton, 1822)* Goonch F VUNBFGR CDA/099/2002 Mg,Or Bagarius yarrelli (Sykes, 1839)** Goonch F ENNBFGR CDA/100/2002 Mg,Ci,Or Walking Catish, Magur F EN∆ CDA/195/2007 Mg,Ci,Or Stinging Catish F VUNBFGR CDA/238/2010 Mg,Ci,Or CDA/027/2001 Mg, Ci family clariidae (Air-breathing catish) Genus Clarias Scopoli 1777 Clarias magur (Hamilton, 1822)* family Heteropneustidae (Airsac catish) Genus Heteropneustes Müller 1840 Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794)* family Ariidae (sea catish) Genus Arius Valenciennes 1840 Arius arius (Hamilton, 1822)* Threadin Sea Catish B LC∆ Arius maculatus (Thunberg, 1792) Spotted Catish B NE Engraved Catish B NE CDA/206/2008 Mg, Ci, BC Soldier Catish BM NE CDA/028/2001 Rs, Ci, BC Longsnouted Catish MB NE Plotosus canius Hamilton, 1822* Gray Eel-catish B NE CDA/029/2001 Ci, Rs, BC Plotosus lineatus (Thunberg, 1787)* Striped Eel Catish B NE CDA/101/2002 Ci, Rs, Or, BC Greater Lizardish M NE CDA/207/2008 Mg Snakeish MB NE CDA/102/2002 Mg Squaretail Mullet BM LC∆ Mg,Ci Genus Nemapteryx Ogilby 1908 Nemapteryx caelata (Valenciennes, 1840)* Genus Osteogeneiosus Bleeker 1846 Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus, 1758)* Genus Plicofollis Kailola 2004 Plicofollis layardi (GÜnther, 1866) Mg,Ci family plotosidae (stinging catishes) Genus Plotosus Lacepède 1803 order Aulopiformes family synodontidae (Lizard ishes) Genus Saurida Valenciennes 1850 Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795)** Genus Synodus Scopoli 1777 Synodus myops (Forster, 1801)** order Mugiliformes family Mugilidae (Mullets) Genus Ellochelon Whitley 1930 Ellochelon vaigiensis (Quoy, Gaimard, 1825) Mg,Ci,Or Genus Liza Jordan, Swain 1884 Liza macrolepis (Smith, 1846)* Largescale Mullet BM LC∆ CDA/126/2002 Liza melinopterus (Valenciennes, 1836)* Otomebora Mullet BM LC∆ CDA/051/2001 Mg,Ci, Hvt Mg,Ci Liza parsia (Hamilton, 1822)* Goldspot Mullet BM NE CDA/153/2003 Mg,Ci Liza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836)* Greenback Mullet MB NE CDA/127/2002 Mg, Ci, BC Liza tade (Bloch, 1801)* Tade Gray Mullet MBF DD∆ CDA/171/2004 Mg,Ci Moolgarda cunnesius (Valenciennes, 1836)* Longarm Mullet MB NE CDA/172/2004 Mg,Ci, Hvt,BC Moolgarda seheli (Forsskal, 1775)* Bluespot Mullet MB NE CDA/052/2001 Mg,Ci Moolgarda speigleri (Bleeker, 1858)* Speigler’s Mullet MB NE CDA/055/2001 Mg,Ci Flathead Gray Mullet BM LC∆ CDA/053/2001 Mg,Ci, Hvt Corsula BF VUNBFGR,B CDA/054/2001 Mg,Ci,Or,BC Atherinomorus duodecimalis (Valenciennes, 1835)** Tropical Silverside BM NE CDA/030/2001 Mg Atherinomorus lacunosus (Forster, 1801)** Wide-banded Hardyhead Silverside BM NE CDA/031/2001 Mg Genus Moolgarda Whitley 1945 Genus Mugil Linnaeus 1758 Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758* Genus Rhinomugil Gill 1863 Rhinomugil corsula (Hamilton, 1822)* order Atheriniformes family Atherinidae (old World silversides) Genus Atherinomorus Fowler 1903 order cyprinodontiformes family Aplocheilidae (Asian revulines) Genus Aplocheilus McClelland 1839 Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 8 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India table 1. Continued. taxon Aplocheilus panchax (Hamilton, 1822)* common Name Habitat conservation status Voucher faunal characteri stics Blue Panchax, Striped Panchax, Golden Wonder Killiish FB LC CDA/244/2011 Rs, Or, BC ∆ order Beloniformes family Belonidae (Needle ishes) Genus Strongylura van Hasselt 1824 Strongylura leiura (Bleeker, 1850)* Banded Needleish B NE CDA/208/2008 Rs,Or Strongylura strongylura (Van Hasselt, 1823)* Spottail Needleish BF NE CDA/103/2002 Rs,Or, Hvt, BC Freshwater Garish FB LC∆ CDA/032/2001 Mg,Or Black-barred Halfbeak BM NE CDA/209/2008 Mg, Ci, BC Congaturi Halfbeak BF LC∆ CDA/033/2001 Rs,Or, Hvt, BC Estuarine Riceish BF LC∆ CDA/245/2011 Rs, Or, BC Blue-spotted Pipeish BF NE CDA/104/2002 Rs, Or, BC, NFF Sea Pony B VUB CDA/164/2004 Rs, Or, BC, NFF Freshwater Pipeish FB LC∆ CDA/143/2003 Rs, Or, BC, NFF Bengal Eel FB LC∆ CDA/105/2002 Rs, BC Genus Xenentodon Regan 1911 Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton, 1822)* family Hemiramphidae (Halfbeaks) Genus Hemiramphus Cuvier 1816 Hemiramphus far (Forsskal, 1775)** Genus Hyporhamphus Gill 1859 Hyporhamphus limbatus (Valenciennes, 1847)* family Adrianichthydae (Adrianichthyids) Genus Oryzias Jordan, Snyder 1906 Oryzias dancena (Hamilton, 1822)* order syngnathiformes family syngnathidae (pipe ishes, sea horses) Genus Hippichthys Bleeker 1849 Hippichthys cyanospilos (Bleeker, 1854)** Genus Hippocampus Rainesque 1810 Hippocampus fuscus Ruppell, 1838* Genus Ichthyocampus Kaup 1853 Ichthyocampus carce (Hamilton, 1822)* order synbranchiformes family synbranchidae (swamp eels) Genus Ophisternon McClelland 1844 Ophisternon bengalense McClelland, 1844** family Mastacembelidae (spiny eels) Genus Macrognathus Lacepède 1800 Macrognathus aral (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)* One-stripe Spinyeel FB LC∆ CDA/239/2010 Ci, Rs, Or, BC Macrognathus pancalus Hamilton, 1822* Barred Spiny Eel FB LC∆ CDA/240/2010 Ci, Rs, Or, BC Zig-zag Eel FB LC∆ CDA/144/2003 Mg,Ci,Or Radial Fireish M NE CDA/106/2002 M,Mg,Or, NFF Wasp Fish M LC∆ CDA/145/2003 Mg, NFF Crocodile Flathead MB NE CDA/210/2008 Mg Spiny Flathead M NE CDA/211/2008 Mg Bartail Flathead BM DD∆ CDA/034/2001 Mg Genus Mastacembelus Scopoli 1777 Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede, 1800)* order scorpaeniformes family scorpaenidae (scorpion ishes) Genus Pterois Oken 1817 Pterois radiata Cuvier, 1829* family tetrarogidae (Waspishes) Genus Tetraroge Günther 1860 Tetraroge niger (Cuvier, 1829)** Family Platycephalidae (Flatheads) Genus Cociella Whitley 1940 Cociella crocodilus (Cuvier, 1829)** Genus Kumococius Matsubara, Ochiai 1955 Kumococius rodericensis (Cuvier, 1829)** Genus Platycephalus Bloch 1795 Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758)* order perciformes family Ambassidae (perchlets, glass ishes) Genus Ambassis Cuvier 1828 Ambassis ambassis (Lacepede, 1802)* Commerson’s Glassy BF LC∆ CDA/246/2011 Mg,Or Ambassis gymnocephalus (Lacepede, 1802)* Bald Glassy BF LC∆ CDA/107/2002 Mg, Or, BC Elongate Glass-perchlet FB LC∆ CDA/035/2001 Mg,Or Indian Glassy Fish FB LC∆ CDA/146/2003 Rs, Or, BC Barramundi BF VUP CDA/036/2001 Mg,Ci, Hvt Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822)** Orange-spotted Grouper MB NT∆ CDA/165/2004 Mg,Ci Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch, 1790) Giant Grouper MB VU∆,B Epinephelus malabaricus (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)** Malabar Grouper MB NT∆ CDA/212/2008 Mg,Ci Epinephelus tauvina (Forsskal, 1775)* Greasy Grouper M DD∆ CDA/213/2008 Mg,Ci Flathead Sillago MB NE Genus Chanda Hamilton 1822 Chanda nama Hamilton, 1822* Genus Parambassis Bleeker 1874 Parambassis ranga (Hamilton, 1822)* family Latidae (Lates perches/Asian seabass) Genus Lates Cuvier 1828 Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790)* family serranidae (Groupers, Rock-cods) Genus Epinephelus Bloch 1793 Mg,Ci,Or family sillaginidae (smealt whitings) Genus Sillaginopsis Gill 1861 Sillaginopsis panijus (Hamilton, 1822) Mg,Ci,Or Genus Sillago Cuvier 1816 Sillago sihama (Forsskal, 1775)* Silver Sillago B NE CDA/038/2001 Ci,Mg, Hvt Sillago vincenti Mc Kay, 1980** Vincent’s Sillago B NE CDA/109/2002 Mg,Ci False Trevally MB NE CDA/215/2008 Mg family Lactariidae (false trevallies) Genus Lactarius Valenciennes 1833 Lactarius lactarius (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)** Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 9 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India table 1. Continued. common Name Habitat conservation status Voucher faunal characteri stics Cobia MB NE CDA/039/2001 Mg,Ci Live Sharksucker MB NE CDA/147/2003 Mg,Or Indian Threadish MB NE CDA/185/2006 Mg,Ci,Or Shrimp Scad M NE CDA/110/2002 Mg,Ci Yellowtail Scad MB NE CDA/216/2008 Mg,Ci Carangoides gymnostethus (Cuvier, 1833) Bludger Trevally M NE Carangoides praeustus (Anonymous [Bennett], 1830)* Brownback Trevally M NE Caranx ignobilis (Forsskal, 1775) Giant Trevally MB NE Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833 Bluein Trevally MB NE Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy, Gaimard, 1825* Bigeye Trevally MB LC∆ CDA/176/2005 Mg,Ci Torpedo Scad M NE CDA/111/2002 Mg,Ci Black Pomfret MB NE taxon family Rachycentridae (cobias) Genus Rachycentron Kaup 1826 Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766)* family echeneidae (sharksuckers, Discishes) Genus Echeneis Linnaeus 1758 Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758* family carangidae (Jacks, trevallies, pompanos, scads) Genus Alectis Rainesque 1815 Alectis indica (Ruppell, 1830)* Genus Alepes Swainson 1839 Alepes djedaba (Forsskal, 1775)* Genus Atule Jordan, Jordan 1922 Atule mate (Cuvier, 1833)* Genus Carangoides Bleeker 1851 Mg,Ci CDA/175/2005 Mg Genus Caranx Lacepède 1801 Mg,Or Mg,Ci,Or Genus Megalaspis Bleeker 1851 Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus, 1758)* Genus Parastromateus Bleeker 1864 Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) Mg,Ci Genus Scomberoides Lacepède 1801 Scomberoides commersonnianus Lacepede, 1801** Talang Queenish MB NE Scomberoides lysan (Forsskal, 1775) Doublespotted Queenish MB NE CDA/112/2002 Mg,Ci Scomberoides tala (Cuvier, 1832)* Barred Queenish M NE CDA/113/2002 Mg,Ci Scomberoides tol (Cuvier, 1832)** Needlescaled Queenish MB NE CDA/114/2002 Mg,Ci Selar boops (Cuvier, 1833)** Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)** Oxeye Scad M NE CDA/217/2008 Mg Bigeye Scad M NE CDA/115/2002 Mg,Ci Yellowstripe Scad MB NE CDA/116/2002 Mg,Ci Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1801) Snubnose Pompano MB NE Trachinotus mookalee Cuvier, 1832** Indian Pompano M NE CDA/117/2002 Mg Striped Ponyish MB NE CDA/166/2004 Mg Mg,Ci Genus Selar Bleeker 1851 Genus Selaroides Bleeker 1851 Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier, 1833)* Genus Trachinotus Lacepède 1801 Mg,Or,BC family Leiognathidae (pony ishes, silverbellies) Genus Aurigequulla Fowler 1918 Aurigequulla fasciatus (Lacepede, 1803)** Genus Deveximentum Fowler, 1904 Deveximentum insidiator (Bloch, 1787)* Pugnose Ponyish M NE CDA/179/2005 Mg Deveximentum ruconius (Hamilton, 1822)** Deep Pugnose Ponyish M NE CDA/118/2002 Mg Splendid Ponyish M LC∆ Toothpony M LC∆ Karalla daura (Cuvier, 1829) Goldstripe Ponyish M NE Karalla dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1835)* Dussumier’s Ponyish M NE CDA/177/2005 Mg Common Ponyish MB LC∆ CDA/178/2005 Mg, BC Nuchequula blochii (Valenciennes, 1835)* Twoblotch Ponyish M NE CDA/148/2003 Mg Nuchequula gerreoides (Bleeker, 1851)** Decorated Ponyish MB NE CDA/149/2003 Mg Orangein Ponyish M NE CDA/150/2003 Mg Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskal, 1775)* Mangrove Red Snapper MBF NE CDA/040/2001 Mg,Ci Lutjanus indicus Allen, White, Erdmann, 2013* Indian Snapper MB NE CDA/168/2004 Mg,Ci Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792)* John’s Snapper MB NE CDA/041/2001 Mg,Ci Lutjanus kasmira (Forsskal, 1775)* Common Bluestripe Snapper M NE CDA/167/2004 Mg,Ci Four-banded Tigerish FB LC∆ CDA/042/2001 Ci,Rs,Or,BC Gerres erythrourus (Bloch, 1791)** Deep-bodied Mojarra MB NE CDA/180/2005 Mg,Ci Gerres ilamentosus Cuvier, 1829* Whipin Silver-biddy MB LC∆ CDA/181/2005 Mg CDA/169/2004 Mg CDA/043/2001 Mg Genus Eubleekeria Fowler 1904 Eubleekeria splendens (Cuvier, 1829) Mg Genus Gazza Rüppell 1835 Gazza minuta (Bloch, 1795)* CDA/186/2006 Mg Genus Karalla Chakrabarty, Sparks 2008 Mg Genus Leiognathus Lacepède 1802 Leiognathus equulus (Forsskal, 1775)* Genus Nuchequula Whitley 1932 Genus Photopectoralis Sparks, Dunlap, Smith 2005 Photopectoralis bindus (Valenciennes, 1835)** family Lutjanidae (snappers) Genus Lutjanus Bloch 1790 family Datnioididae (freshwater triple tails) Genus Datnioides Bleeker 1853 Datnioides polota (Hamilton, 1822)* family Gerreidae (silver biddies) Genus Gerres Quoy, Gaimard 1824 Gerres limbatus Cuvier, 1830* Saddleback Silver-biddy MB NE Gerres macracanthus Bleeker, 1854 Longspine Silverbiddy MB NE Gerres oyena (Forsskal, 1775)* Common Silver-biddy MB NE Mg Gerres phaiya Iwatsuki, Heemstra, 2001* Strongspine Silver-Biddy MB NE CDA/233/2009 Mg Gerres setifer (Hamilton, 1822)* Small Bengal Silver-biddy MB NE CDA/044/2001 Mg, BC Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 10 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India table 1. Continued. taxon common Name Habitat conservation status Harry Hotlips M LC∆ Voucher faunal characteri stics family Haemulidae (Grunts, Rubberlips) Genus Plectorhinchus Lacepède 1801 Plectorhinchus gibbosus (Lacepède, 1802) Mg Genus Pomadasys Lacepède 1802 Pomadasys argenteus (Forsskal, 1775)* Silver Grunt MB VUB CDA/119/2002 Mg,Ci Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830)** Javelin Grunter MB NE CDA/120/2002 Mg,Ci Pomadasys multimaculatus (Playfair, 1867)** Cock Grunter MB NE CDA/170/2004 Mg,Ci Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskal, 1775)* Goldsilk Seabream MB NE CDA/151/2003 Mg,Ci,Or Acanthopagrus longispinnis Valenciennes, 1830 Bengal Yellowin Seabream MB NE Mg,Ci King Soldier Bream M NE Mg,Ci Karanteen Seabream M NE CDA/045/2001 Mg,Ci Goldlined Seabream MB NE CDA/046/2001 Mg,Ci Japanese Threadin Bream M NE CDA/218/2008 Mg Bengal Corvina MB NE CDA/047/2001 Mg,Ci, Hvt,BC Goatee Croaker MFB NE CDA/048/2001 Rs, BC Johnius amblycephalus (Bleeker, 1855) Bearded Croaker MBF NE Johnius belangerii (Cuvier, 1830)* Belanger’s Croaker MB NE CDA/121/2002 Mg Johnius carutta Bloch, 1793** Karut Croaker BM NE CDA/219/2008 Mg family sparidae (seabreams) Genus Acanthopagrus Peters 1855 Genus Argyrops Swainson 1839 Argyrops spinifer (Forsskal, 1775) Genus Crenidens Valenciennes 1830 Crenidens crenidens (Forsskal, 1775)* Genus Rhabdosargus Fowler 1933 Rhabdosargus sarba (Forsskal, 1775)* family Nemipteridae (threadin breams) Genus Nemipterus Swainson 1839 Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791)** family sciaenidae (croakers) Genus Daysciaena Talwar 1970 Daysciaena albida (Cuvier, 1830)* Genus Dendrophysa Trewavas 1964 Dendrophysa russelii (Cuvier, 1829)* Genus Johnius Bloch 1793 Mg Mg Johnius coitor (Hamilton, 1822) Coitor Croaker BM LC∆ Johnius dussumieri (Cuvier, 1830) Sin Croaker MB NE Johnius macropterus (Bleeker, 1853)* Largein Croaker M NE CDA/220/2008 Mg Blotched Croaker M NE CDA/221/2008 Mg Tigertooth Croaker MB NE CDA/222/2008 Mg Mg Genus Nibea Jordan, Thompson 1911 Nibea maculata (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)** Genus Otolithes Oken 1817 Otolithes ruber (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)** Genus Otolithoides Fowler 1933 Mg,Ci Otolithoides biauritus (Cantor, 1849) Bronze Croaker M VUM,B Otolithoides pama (Hamilton, 1822)* Pama Croaker BM NE CDA/223/2008 Mg,Ci Half-mourning Croaker M NE CDA/122/2002 Mg Blackspotted Croaker MB VUM,B CDA/123/2002 Mg,Ci Fouringer Threadin MBF NE CDA/049/2001 Mg,Ci, Hvt,BC Indian Threadin MB VUM,B CDA/187/2006 Mg,Ci Genus Paranibea Trewavas 1977 Paranibea semiluctuosa (Cuvier, 1830)* Genus Protonibea Trewavas 1971 Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepede, 1802)* Family Polynemidae (Threadin ishes) Genus Eleutheronema Bleeker 1862 Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)* Genus Leptomelanosoma Motomura, Iwatsuki 2001 Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804)* Genus Polydactylus Lacepède 1803 Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782)** Striped Threadin MB NE CDA/152/2003 Mg,Ci Polydactylus sextarius (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)* Blackspot Threadin MB NE CDA/124/2002 Mg Sulphur Goatish MB NE CDA/224/2008 Mg,Or Spotted Sickleish M NE CDA/125/2002 Mg,Ci, Or Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus, 1758)* Silver Moony MB NE CDA/248/2012 Mg,Or Monodactylus kottelati Pethiyagoda, 1991** Silver Moony MB NE ZSI/MARC/F-2517/2014 Mg,Or Gangetic Leaish FB LC∆ CDA/050/2001 Mg,Ci,Or Fourlined Terapon BM NE family Mullidae (Goatishes) Genus Upeneus Cuvier 1829 Upeneus sulphureus Cuvier, 1829** family Drepaneidae (sickleishes) Genus Drepane Cuvier 1831 Drepane punctata (Linnaeus, 1758)* family Monodactylidae (Moonies) Genus Monodactylus Lacepède 1801 family Nandidae (Leaf ishes) Genus Nandus Valenciennes 1831 Nandus nandus (Hamilton, 1822)* family terapontidae (terapon perches) Genus Pelates Cuvier 1829 Pelates quadrilineatus (Bloch, 1790) Mg,Or Genus Terapon Cuvier 1816 Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775)* Jarbua Terapon BM LC∆ CDA/037/2001 Mg,Or Terapon puta Cuvier, 1829* Small-scaled Terapon BM NE CDA/108/2002 Rs,Or,BC Terapon theraps Cuvier, 1829* Largescaled Terapon BM LC∆ CDA/214/2008 Mg,Or Pearlspot BF LC∆ CDA/056/2001 Rs,Ci,Or, Hvt,BC Mozambique Tilapia FB NT∆ CDA/057/2001 Rs, Or, BC family cichlidae (cichlids) Genus Etroplus Cuvier 1830 Etroplus suratensis (Bloch, 1790)* Genus Oreochromis Günther 1889 Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852)** Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 11 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India table 1. Continued. common Name Habitat conservation status Voucher faunal characteri stics Longnosed Stargazer M NE CDA/128/2002 Mg, NFF Zebra Blenny MB NE CDA/253/2013 Mg, BC, NFF Duckbill Sleeper BM LC∆ Eleotris fusca (Forster, 1801) Dusky Sleeper BF LC∆ Eleotris melanosoma Bleeker, 1853** Broadhead Sleeper BF LC∆ CDA/154/2003 Rs, BC BM NE CDA/058/2001 Rs,BC, NFF Acentrogobius griseus (Day, 1876) Grey Goby BF NE Or, Mg, end, NFF Acentrogobius masoni (Day, 1873) Mason’s Goby BF NE Mg, NFF Acentrogobius viridipunctatus (Valenciennes, 1837) Spotted Green Goby BF NE Or, Mg, NFF Acentrogobius madraspatensis (Day, 1868) Manyband Goby BM NE Mg, NFF taxon family Uranoscopidae (stargazers) Genus Ichthyoscopus Swainson 1839 Ichthyscopus lebeck (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)* family Blenniidae (Blennies, allies) Genus Omobranchus Valenciennes 1836 Omobranchus zebra (Bleeker, 1868)* family eleotridae (Gudgeons) Genus Butis Bleeker 1856 Butis butis (Hamilton, 1822) Mg,Or Genus Eleotris Bloch, Schneider 1801 Mg,Or family Gobiidae (Gobies) Genus Acentrogobius Bleeker 1874 Acentrogobius cyanomos (Bleeker, 1849)* Genus Bathygobius Bleeker 1878 Bathygobius fuscus (Ruppell, 1830) BM LC∆ Mg,Or, NFF B DD∆ Mg, end, NFF Bumblebee Goby BF NE Rs, NFF Kranji Drombus BF LC∆ CDA/129/2002 Mg, NFF Tank Goby FB LC∆ CDA/173/2004 Mg,Or, BC Transparent Goby BF DD∆ Sharptail Goby MB DD∆ B NE CDA/249/2012 Rs, BC, NFF Dusky Frillgoby Bathygobius ostreicola (Chaudhuri, 1916) Genus Brachygobius Bleeker 1874 Brachygobius nunus (Hamilton, 1822) Genus Drombus Jordan, Seale 1905 Drombus globiceps (Hora, 1923)* Genus Glossogobius Gill 1859 Glossogobius giuris (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Gobiopterus Bleeker 1874 Gobiopterus chuno (Hamilton, 1822) Rs,Or, BC, NFF Genus Oligolepis Bleeker 1874 Oligolepis acutipennis (Valenciennes, 1837) Oligolepis cylindriceps (Hora, 1923)* Mg,Or, NFF Genus Oxyurichthys Bleeker 1857 Oxyurichthys microlepis (Bleeker, 1849)* Maned Goby MB NE CDA/196/2007 Mg,Or, NFF Oxyurichthys tentacularis (Valenciennes, 1837)* Tentaccled Goby MB NE CDA/130/2002 Mg,Or, NFF MB NE Common Mudskipper BM NE CDA/197/2007 Mg,Or Sleepy Goby MB LC∆ CDA/131/2002 Rs, BC, NFF BF LC∆ Mg B LC∆ Mg, NFF Javaness Goby BF NE Mg,Or, NFF Minima Goby B NE Rs,Or,BC, NFF Burmese Gobyeel BF NE Mg, NFF Burrowing Goby MB NE CDA/155/2003 Mg, NFF Shadow Goby MB NE CDA/132/2002 Mg, NFF Orbish M NE CDA/225/2008 Mg Orbicular Batish MB NE CDA/250/2012 Mg,Or Spotted Scat BF LC∆ CDA/059/2001 Mg,Or Siganus canaliculatus (Park, 1797)** White-spotted Spinefoot MB NE CDA/226/2008 Mg,Or Siganus javus (Linnaeus, 1766)* Streaked Spinefoot MB NE CDA/133/2002 Mg,Or Siganus vermiculatus (Valenciennes, 1835)* Vermiculated Spinefoot MB LC∆ CDA/227/2008 Mg,Or Genus Parapocryptes Bleeker 1857 Parapocryptes rictuosus (Valenciennes, 1837) Mg, NFF Genus Periophthalmus Bloch, Schneider 1801 Periophthalmus kalolo Lesson, 1831* Genus Psammogobius Smith 1935 Psammogobius biocellatus (Valenciennes, 1837)* Genus Pseudapocryptes Bleeker 1874 Pseudapocryptes elongatus (Cuvier, 1816) Genus Pseudogobiopsis Koumans 1935 Pseudogobiopsis oligactis (Bleeker, 1875) Genus Pseudogobius Popta 1922 Pseudogobius javanicus (Bleeker, 1856) Genus Stigmatogobius Bleeker 1874 Stigmatogobius minima (Hora, 1923) Genus Taenioides Lacepède 1800 Taenioides buchanani (Day, 1873) Genus Trypauchen Valenciennes 1837 Trypauchen vagina (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)* Genus Yongeichthys Whitley 1932 Yongeichthys nebulosus (Forsskal, 1775)** family ephippidae (spadeishes) Genus Ephippus Cuvier 1816 Ephippus orbis (Bloch, 1787)** Genus Platax Cuvier 1816 Platax orbicularis (Forsskal, 1775)** family scatophagidae (scats) Genus Scatophagus Cuvier 1831 Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766)* family siganidae (spinsfoots, Rabbitishes) Genus Siganus Forsskål 1775 family Acanthuridae (surgeon ishes) Genus Acanthurus Forsskål 1775 Acanthurus mata (Cuvier, 1829)** Elongate Surgeonish M LC∆ CDA/198/2007 Mg,Or Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758)** Convict Surgeonish M LC∆ MARC/ZSI/F2516/2013 Mg, Or Pickhandle Barracuda M NE CDA/156/2003 Mg,Ci family sphyraenidae (Barracudas) Genus Sphyraena Artedi 1793 Sphyraena jello Cuvier, 1829** Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 12 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India table 1. Continued. taxon Sphyraena putnamae Jordan, Seale, 1905** common Name Habitat conservation status Voucher faunal characteri stics Sawtooth Barracuda M NE CDA/157/2003 Mg,Ci Longtooth Hairtail M NE CDA/158/2003 Mg,Ci Savalai Hairtail MB NE CDA/160/2003 Mg,Ci Largehead Hairtail MB NE CDA/159/2003 Mg,Ci Kawakawa M LC∆ CDA/134/2002 Mg,Ci Indian Mackerel M DD∆ CDA/060/2001 Mg,Ci Streaked Seerish M LC∆ CDA/135/2002 Mg,Ci family trichiuridae (Hairtail ishes ) Genus Eupleurogrammus Gill 1862 Eupleurogrammus glossodon (Bleeker, 1860)** Genus Lepturacanthus Fowler 1905 Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier, 1829)** Genus Trichiurus Linnaeus 1758 Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758** family scombridae (Mackerels, seerishes, tunas, Albacores) Genus Euthynnus Lütken 1883 Euthynnus ainis (Cantor, 1849)** Genus Rastrelliger Jordan, Starks 1908 Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816)** Genus Scomberomorus Lacepède 1801 Scomberomorus lineolatus (Cuvier, 1829)* family Anabantidae (climbing perches) Genus Anabas Cloquet 1816 Anabas cobojius (Hamilton, 1822)* Gangetic Koi F DD∆ CDA/061/2001 Mg,Ci,Or Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792)* Climbing Perch FB DD∆ CDA/062/2001 Mg,Ci,Or Trichogaster fasciata Bloch, Schneider, 1801* Banded Gourami FB LC∆ CDA/063/2001 Mg,Or Trichogaster lalius (Hamilton, 1822)* Dwarf Gourami F LC∆ CDA/064/2001 Mg,Or family osphronemidae (Gouramies) Genus Trichogaster Bloch, Schneider 1801 family channidae (snakeheads, Murrels) Genus Channa Scopoli 1777 Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822)** Pigmy Snakehead F LC∆ CDA/241/2010 Mg, Or, BC Channa marulius (Hamilton, 1822)** Great Snakehead F LC∆ CDA/234/2009 Mg,Ci,Or Channa punctata (Bloch, 1793)* Spotted Snakehead F LC∆ CDA/065/2001 Ci, Rs, Or, BC Channa striata (Bloch, 1793)* Striped Snakehead FB LC∆ CDA/066/2001 Ci,Rs,Or, Hvt,BC Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822)* Largetooth Flounder MB NE CDA/136/2002 Mg,Ci Pseudorhombus micrognathus Norman, 1927** Flat Fish M NE CDA/137/2002 Mg Pseudorhombus triocellatus (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)** Three-spotted Flounder M NE CDA/138/2002 Mg,Ci,Or Oriental Sole MBF NE CDA/199/2007 Mg,Ci Ovate Sole M NE CDA/182/2005 Mg Cynoglossus lida (Bleeker, 1851)** Roughscale Tonguesole M NE CDA/228/2008 Mg Cynoglossus lingua Hamilton, 1822* Long Tongue Sole MB NE CDA/200/2007 Mg Cynoglossus puncticeps (Richardson, 1846)* Speckled Tonguesole MB NE CDA/189/2006 Mg Short-nosed Tripodish BM NE CDA/067/2001 Rs, BC Starry Triggerish M NE CDA/247/2011 Mg,Or Arothron reticularis (Bloch, Schneider, 1801) Reticulated Puferish MB NE Mg,Or, NFF Arothron stellatus (Anonymous, 1798) Stellate Pufer MB NE Mg,Or, NFF Milkspotted Pufer MB NE CDA/190/2006 Mg, NFF Green Puferish FB NE CDA/193/2006 Rs,Or, NFF Lattice Blaasop MB NE CDA/191/2006 Mg, NFF Lunartail Pufer MB NE Ocellated Puferish BF LC∆ CDA/192/2006 Mg,Or, NFF Spot-in Porcupineish M NE CDA/251/2012 Mg,Or, NFF order pleuronectiformes family paralichthyidae (Lefteye lounders) Genus Pseudorhombus Bleeker 1862 family soleidae (soles) Genus Brachirus Swainson 1839 Brachirus orientalis (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)* Genus Solea Quensel 1806 Solea ovata Richardson, 1846* family cynoglossidae (tongue soles) Genus Cynoglossus Hamilton 1822 order tetraodontiformes family triacanthidae (tripod ishes) Genus Triacanthus Oken 1817 Triacanthus biaculeatus (Bloch, 1786)* family Balistidae (triggerishes) Genus Abalistes Jordan, Seale 1906 Abalistes stellaris (Bloch, Schneider, 1801)** family tetraodontidae (pufers) Genus Arothron Müller 1841 Genus Chelonodontops Smith, 1958 Chelonodontops patoca (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Dichotomyctere Dumèril, 1855 Dichotomyctere luviatilis (Hamilton, 1822)* Genus Gastrophysus Muller, 1843 Gastrophysus oblongus (Bloch, 1786)* Genus Lagocephalus Swainson 1839 Lagocephalus lunaris (Bloch, Schneider, 1801) Mg,Or, NFF Genus Leiodon Swainson, 1839 Leiodon cutcutia (Hamilton, 1822)* family Diodontidae (porcupineishes) Genus Diodon Linnaeus 1758 Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758** **New records during post-restoration period; *Post-restoration inventory; ∆ IUCN Red List Status; CAMP Report 1998; P Pooniah (1993); NBFGR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (2010); CE/CR-Critically Endangered; VU-Vulnerable; NT-Near Threatened; LC-List Concern; DD-Data Deicient; M Menon (2004); B Barman et al. (2007) NE-Not Evaluated; EN/E- Endangered; MBF- Marine, Brackish water, Freshwater; BM- Brackish water, Marine ; MB- Marine, Brackish ; M- Marine ; F- Fresh water ; FB- Fresh water, Brackish water; B- Brackish water; CAMP-Conservation Assessment and Management Plan Workshops (1998), Mg-Migratory, Ci-Commercially important, Or-Ornamental ish, Hvc-High value commercial ish, Rs-Resident species, end-Endemic, Hvt-High value target species BC- Breeding in Chilika, NFF- Not Food Fish. Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 13 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India mainly attributable to it. In general, opening of the new lake mouth in the year 2000 showed positive impact on the lake isheries due to improvement in overall water quality (Mohanty et al. 2009). Recruitment success, efective seaward migration of catadromous ishes and restoration of degraded habitats being facilitated by hydrological intervention also likely helped enhance ichthyofaunal diversity. he entire scenario changed during the eco-restoration period with positive efects. he freshwater ish fauna of the Mahanadi River system was relected in the freshwater ish fauna of Chilika Lake as the tributaries of Mahanadi River drain into it. he families and species numbers in each order is depicted in (Figure 4), indicating that Perciformes is numerically the largest with 150 (47.32%) species followed by Clupeiformes with 36 (11.36%) species, Cypriniformes with 25 (7.89%) species and Siluriformes with 23 (7.25%) species. Pristiformes, Rajiformes, Gonorynchiformes, Orectolobiformes, and Cyprinodontiformes were represented by single species only (Figure 4). In total, 15 families (Balistidae, Diodontidae, Acanthuridae, Ephippidae, Mullidae, Nemipteridae, Lactariidae, Tetrarogidae, Synbranchidae, Atherinidae, retrieval. he higher ichthyofaunal inventory made during the post-restoration period may be attributed to a number of interventions, including the opening of a new artiicial lake mouth nearer to the main water body of the lake (11 km from Magarmukh), desiltation of 14 km long Palur canal restoring the connectivity with the sea through the mouth of Rusikulya River, dredging of a 27 km long new channel connecting Magarmukh and the river conluence point in the northern sector, and desiltation of the lead channel between Magarmukh and the lake mouth (Figure 3). he hydrological intervention in 2000 increased the tidal lux by 44% and salinity level in the lake by 35% as compared to the pre-restoration period (Table 3). Because salinity dynamics are the main driving force enhancing isheries in general and ish diversity in particular, the enhancement of ichthyofaunal diversity recorded during post-restoration period was likely table 2. Number of families, genera and species, and total for each taxonomic category. order family Genus species Orectolobiformes 1 1 1 Carcharhiniformes 2 5 7 Pristiformes 1 1 1 Rajiformes 1 1 1 Tetraodontiformes 4 Pleuronectiformes 3 Myliobatiformes 2 4 8 Osteoglossiformes 1 2 2 Scorpaeniformes Elopiformes 2 2 2 Synbranchiformes Anguilliformes 4 6 9 Syngnathiformes Clupeiformes 5 18 36 1 1 1 Cypriniformes 2 17 25 Siluriformes 9 16 22 Aulopiformes 1 2 2 Mugiliformes 1 5 11 Atheriniformes 1 1 2 Cyprinodontiformes 1 1 1 Beloniformes 3 5 6 Syngnathiformes 1 3 3 Perciformes Beloniformes Atheriniformes Mugiliformes Siluriformes Clupeiformes Osteoglossiformes Myliobatiformes 3 4 Pristiformes 5 5 Carcharhiniformes 37 95 150 4 8 Tetraodontiformes 4 9 10 23 88 207 317 2 1 1 1 1 Rajiformes 2 3 4 2 2 2 1 Elopiformes 2 1 1 Orectolobiformes 22 Species 25 Family 5 Anguilliformes 3 Pleuronectiformes 2 1 1 Gonorynchiformes Scorpaeniformes Perciformes 9 Cypriniformes Synbranchiformes 11 1 2 1 Aulopiformes 150 37 5 3 4 2 3 1 6 3 1 1 2 1 Cyprinodontiformes Orders Gonorynchiformes 10 8 36 9 8 7 0 50 100 150 200 Fig 4 Orders, familiesfamilies and speciesand numbers for ichthyofaunal components of Chilika Lakecompofigure 4. Orders, species numbers for ichthyofaunal nents of Chilika Lake. table 3. Variation in average water quality parameters in Chilika Lake during pre and post restoration periods. Water quality parameter pre-restoration (1999–2000) post-restoration (pooled average for 13 years) 2001–02 to 2013–14 percentage variation Water Temparature (°C) 28.1 28.56 + 1.64 Mean depth (cm) 180 149.35 - 17.03 Transparency (cm) 77 64.76 - 15.89 pH 8.4 8.3 - 1.19 Total Alkalinity (ppm) 94 106.83 + 13.65 Salinity (PSU) 8.5 11.47 + 34.94 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 7 7.15 + 2.14 BOD (ppm) NR 2.73 0.0 Nitrate (ppm) 0.260 1.12 + 330.77 Otho Phosphate (ppm) 0.230 0.28 + 21.74 NR - Not Record Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 14 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India Dussumieridae, Synodontidae, Hemiscylliidae, Sphyrnidae and Rhinobatidae) and ive orders (Tetradontiformes, Atheriniformes, Aulopiformes, Orectolobiformes and Rajiformes) were documented for the irst time in Chilika Lake during the post-restoration survey. No representatives of two families, namely Chirocentridae and Cobitidae, were found during the survey after opening of the new mouth. Sixty-ive species of ish, mostly Gobiidae, were not re-collected during the post-restoration period. Two elasmobranchs (Glyphis gangeticus and Pristis pectinata) have never been recollected since they were irst reported. Pristis pectinata, once a widely distributed sawish, has been eliminated from large areas of its former range, and therefore its absence from Chilika Lake indicates its likely elimination from the lake ecosystem. However, the sawish recorded as Pristis pectinata from Chilika Lake may be refered as Pristis clavata as observed by Faria et al. (2013). he Ganges Shark (Glyphis gangeticus) was once recorded from Chilika Lake (Chaudhuri 1916b) but the species has never been sighted or reported thereafter. Most literature records and specimens identiied as this species are actually Bull Sharks Carcharhinus leucas or other carcharhinids. However, after an extensive search over 10 years, a few specimens of this species were sighted in 1996 in the lower reaches of the Ganges River in West Bengal, India (Compagno 2002, 2007). here is no veriied marine record of the G. gangeticus to date. herefore the only report from Chilika was perhaps due to misidentiication and confusion with C. leucas, which deinitely occur in the lake. Pisodonophis cancrivorus, Rhinomugil corsula, Stolephorus commersonnii, Tenualosa ilisha and Tenualosa toli). Categorization of marine, estuarine/brackish and freshwater species Chilika Lake being an assemblage of marine, brackish and freshwater ecosystems, harbors ish species belonging to these three regimes thereby enhancing ichthyofaunal diversity and contributing to the commercial landings. A modiied form of the widely accepted categorization by Elliot et al. (2007) is adapted here to categorize the ishes of Chilika Lake into marine, brackish and freshwater species. All marine species are considered as marine migrants and many of the freshwater species are riverine migrants. Our study of ichthyofaunal diversity in Chilika Lake indicates that marine, brackish and freshwater species constitute 35.65%, 43.85% and 20.50% respectively (Figure 5). 65 (20.50%) 65 (20.50%) Marine Species Marine Species Water Species BrackishBrackish Water Species Freshwater Species Species Freshwater 139 (43.85%) 139 (43.85%) Migratory and resident species Out of the total 317 species, 271 (85.49%) and 46 (14.51%) were categorized as migratory and resident species respectively. herefore the lake ishery is strongly migratory species-dependent. he migratory species are either seasonal migrants or incidental visitors to the lake from both the sea and inlowing rivers. he higher number of migratory species is perhaps due to ecorestoration measures implemented after 2000, particularly the opening of the new lake mouth and resultant improvement in water quality (Table 3). Because migratory species form the major component of the lake ishery, sustainability of ecorestoration measures, particularly the optimal functioning of the lake mouth and Palur canal to enhance recruitment and breeding migrations assume greater signiicance. Migratory species included 14 catadromous species (Anguilla bengalensis, Anguilla bicolor bicolor, Chanos chanos, Liza macrolepis, Liza melinopterus, Liza parsia, Liza planiceps, Liza subviridis, Ellochelon vaigiensis, Lates calcarifer, Moolgarda cunnesius, Moolgarda seheli, Moolgarda speigleri and Mugil cephalus) and 13 anadromous species (Anodontostoma chacunda, Brachirus orientalis, Hilsa kelee, Ilisha megaloptera, Pastinachus sephen, Pisodonophis boro, Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 113 (35.65%) 113 (35.65%) figure 5. Ichthyofaunal composition of marine, brackish and freshwater species of Chilika Lake. Faunal characteristics Faunal characteristics are presented in Table 1. he ish fauna of Chilika Lake includes two endemic gobiid species (Acentrogobius griseus and Bathygobius ostreicola) and one exotic cichlid species (Oreochromis mossambicus), which entered the lake during 1998 from aquaculture units on island villages. In total, there are 13 high value target species (Mystus gulio, Strongylura strongylura, Channa striata, Etroplus suratensis, Tenualosa ilisha, Hyporhamphus limbatus, Lates calcarifer, Liza macrolepis, Moolgarda cunnesius, Mugil cephalus, Eleutheronema tetradactylum, Daysciaena albida and Sillago sihama) out of a total of 129 commercially important species, these are in large demand in the market and command higher unit prices. he current ichthyofaunal analysis further documented for the irst time 114 species belonging to 48 families with ornamental value for home and public aquarium use, a resource with considerable economic potential. Documentation of native 15 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India ornamental ish germplasm resources from Chilika Lake calls for conservation and wise use that could potentially augment livelihoods of local communities through small-scale ornamental ish trade and captive breeding practices. Further research is warranted to develop technologies for artiicial propagation (captive breeding) and rearing of important native ornamental ishes from Chilika Lake. he faunal characteristics also indicated that 56 species are breeding in the lake and ive species (Daysciaena albida, Eleutheronema tetradactylum, Gerres setifer, Leiognathus equulus and Nematalosa nasus) have two populations, one in the lake and the other in coastal waters. Similarly Rhinomugil corsula, the only freshwater mullet in the region, also has two populations one in the lake and the other in the rivers. Out of 317 ish species known so far from Chilika Lake, 278 are known to be food ishes (129 are commercially important – the others are eaten but neither commercially harvested nor have consumers demand). Total species assessed Biodiversity status and threatened species An assessment of biodiversity status for the listed species and assessment of threatened ishes from the total of 317 ish species known from the lake was attempted for the irst time in the present study. Review of literature on the biodiversity status of ishes and threatened ishes of India based on IUCN criteria (Ponniah 1993; Molur and Walker 1998; Menon 2004; Barman et al. 2007; Lakra et al. 2010; IUCN 2014; Froese and Pauly 2015) documented a total list of 151 species from Chilika Lake which were assessed for biodiversity status. In total, 35 species in 25 families were recorded as threatened and categorized under Critically Endangered (CR), Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU) (Table 4; Figure 6). Further, 13 more species in eight families are categorized as Near hreatened (NT) that need conservation measures unless they may slip to threatened category very soon. Only 88 species (27.76%) were assessed as List Concern (LC), whereas 15 species (4.73%) were categorized as Data Deicient (DD). Most importantly, 166 species (52.36%) of ishes of Chilika Lake were Not Evaluated (NE) for their conservation status. In other words, status of 52.36% of ishes is unknown, and need to be evaluated at least at the national level. he most of the common threats to the biodiversity of ishes of India stems from various anthropogenic and natural stressors (Das et al. 2004; Kurup and Radhakrishnan 2006; Rout et al. 2007), as has been observed for ishes in Chilika Lake. here, the most relevant threats were degradation of aquatic environment, siltation and encroachment of spawning grounds in the lake by Ghery operation, other destructive ishing practices, unabated expansion of illegal large pen culture units (Gheries), 151 (47.63%) Total 103 (32.49%) Data Deficient 15 (4.73%) List Concern 88 (27.76%) Total threatened species 48 (15.14%) Near Threatened Series1 13 (4.10%) Vulnerable 25 (7.89%) Endangered 9 (2.84%) Critically Endangered 1 (0.31%) 0 50 100 150 200 Number of species Figure 6.of Number of species assessed for diferent categories of biodiverFig 6 Number species assessed for different categories of biodiversity status (Figure in parenthesis indicates percentage to total number of species) sity status. table 4. Assessment of biodiversity status of Chilika ishes (Categorization of threatened and non-threatened species with conservation status). conservation status (Number of species by family) family cR eN VU Nt total threatened species Lc DD total total species assessed Acanthuridae (surgeon ishes) 2 2 2 Adrianichthydae (rice ish) 1 1 1 Ambassidae (perchlets, glass ishes) 4 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 Anabantidae (climbing perches) 2 Anguillidae (freshwater eels) 2 2 Aplocheilidae (asian revulines) Ariidae (sea catish) Bagridae (bagrid catishes) 1 1 Belonidae (needle ishes) Carangidae (jacks, trevallies, pompanos, scads) Carcharhinidae (requiem sharks) 1 4 5 1 1 Channidae (snakeheads, murrels) Cichlidae (cichlids) Clariidae (air-breathing catish) Clupeidae (herrings, allies) 1 2 4 4 4 1 1 2 4 4 6 1 1 1 1 21 24 3 3 5 1 2 2 Cobitidae (loaches) Cyprinidae (carps, minnows) 3 Dasyatidae (stingrays) 1 3 1 2 1 5 1 20 Continued Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 16 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India table 4. Continued. Datnioididae (freshwater triple tails) 1 1 1 Eleotridae (gudgeons) 3 3 3 Elopidae (tenpounders) 1 1 1 Engraulidae (anchovies) 2 1 3 3 Gerreidae (silver biddies) 2 2 2 Gobiidae (gobies) 6 3 9 9 Haemulidae (grunts, rubberlips) 1 1 Hemiramphidae (halfbeaks) Hemiscyllidae (bamboo sharks) 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 Heteropneustidae (airsac catish) 1 1 1 Latidae (lates perches/asian seabass) 1 1 1 Leiognathidae (pony ishes, silverbellies) 3 Mastacembelidae (spiny eels) 3 Megalopidae (tarpons) 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 6 Mugilidae (mullets) 1 1 Muraenesocidae (pike congers) 2 2 2 1 2 2 Myliobatidae (eaglerays) 1 4 3 Nandidae (leaf ishes) 1 1 1 1 1 2 Ophichthidae (snake eels) 2 2 2 Osphronemidae (gouramies) 2 2 2 1 1 Notopteridae (featherbacks) 1 1 Pangasiidae (shark catish) 1 1 1 Platycephalidae (latheads) 1 Polynemidae (threadin ishes) 1 Pristidae (saw ish) 1 Pristigasteridae (pellonas) 1 Rhinobatidae (guitar ishes) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Scatophagidae (scats) Schilbeidae (schilbid catishes) 1 Sciaenidae (croakers) 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 Scombridae (mackerels, seerishes, tunas, albacores) 2 Serranidae (groupers, rock-cods) 1 2 3 1 1 Siganidae (spinsfoots, rabbitishes) 1 Siluridae (eurasian catishes) 1 1 Sisoridae (sisorid catish) 1 1 Sphyrnidae (hammerheaded shark) 1 1 1 4 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 Tetraodontidae (pufers) 1 1 1 Tetrarogidae (waspishes) 1 1 1 % to the total assessment of species 1 1 Terapontidae (terapon perches) total 1 1 1 2 Synbranchidae (swamp eels) Syngnathidae (pipe ishes, sea horses) 1 1 9 25 13 48 88 15 103 151 0.66 5.96 16.56 8.61 23.18 58.28 9.93 76.82 100.00 CR-Critically Endangered; EN- Endangered; VU-Vulnerable; NT-Near Threatened; LC-List Concern; DD-Data Deicient drastic decline in salinity dynamics, and siltation at the river mouth and Magarmukh (the gateway between the inlet channel and the lake proper). Mohanty et al. (2007) reported that six economic species (Tenualosa ilisha, Rhinomugil corsula, Acanthopagrus berda, Chanos chanos, Megalops cyprinoides and Elops machnata) almost disappeared from commercial landings during the ecodegradation phase but gradually reappeared during the ecorestoration phase. Chilika Lake during the period of investigation, Mr. G. Rajesh, IFS, Addl. Chief Executive, Chilika Development Authority for his support and constant encouragement during the course of study, Dr. K. S. Bhatta, Ex-Scientiic Oicer and other colleagues in Chilika Development Authority and the ish landing survey/monitoring staf who participated in the collection of specimens, Dr. R. N. Samal, Scientiic Oicer and Ms. Jajnaseni Rout of (GIS cell), CDA for preparing GIS maps for incorporation in the manuscript, and all other colleagues who contributed directly or indirectly to the success of the study and preparation of the manuscript. Our sincere thanks are also due to anonymous reveiwers of this manuscript who provided invaluable ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Chilika Development Authority (CDA) for providing inancial and logistic support to carry out inventorial survey for ichthyofauna of Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 17 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India ishes by family/subfamily. On-line version dated 26 March 2014. Accessed at http://research.calacademy.org/research/ ichthyology/catalog/SpeciesByFamily.asp, 20 August 2014. Faria, V.V., M.T. McDavitt, P. Charvet, T.R. Wiley, C.A. Simpfendorfer and G.J.P. Naylor. 2012. Species delineation and global population structure of critically endangered sawishes (Pristidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 167: 136–164. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00872.x Fisccher, W. and G. Bianchi (eds.). 1984. FAO species identiication sheets for ishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Rome: FAO. Volumes 1–6. http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/ ad468e/ad468e00.htm Froese, R. and D. Pauly (eds.). 2015. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, version 08/2015. Accessed at http://www. ishbase.org, 13 September 2015. Ghosh, A.K. and A.K. Pattnaik. 2005. Chilika Lagoon: experience and lessons learned brief; pp.115–132, in: UNEP International Waters Learning Exchange and Resource Network. http://iwlearn. net/iw-projects/1665/experience-notes-and-lessons-learned/ chilikalagoon_2005.pdf/view Ghosh, A. K., A. K. Pattnaik and T. J. Ballatore. 2006. Chilika lagoon: Restoring ecological balance and livelihoods through re-salinization. Lakes and Reservoirs, Research Management 11 (4): 239–255. Hora, S. L., 1923. Fauna of the Chilika Lake. Fish, Part V. Memoir of Indian Museum 5(11): 737–769. IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature). 2014. IUCN Red list of threatened species, version 2014.2. Accessed at http://www.iucnredlist.org, 13 October 2014. Jayaram, K.C. 2010. he freshwater ishes of the Indian region. Revised 2nd ed. Delhi: Narendra Publishing House. 616 pp. Jones, S. and K.H. Sujanshingani. 1954. Fish and isheries of the Chilika Lake with statistics of the catches for the years 1948– 1950. Indian Journal of Fisheries 1(1–2): 256–344. Kottelat, M. 2013. he ishes of the inland waters of Southeast Asia: a catalogue and core bibliography of the ishes known to occur in freshwaters, mangroves and estuaries. Rales Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 27: 1–663. Koumans, F.P. 1941. Gobioid ishes of India. Memoir of Indian Museum 13(3): 205–313. Krishnan, S. and S.S. Mishra 2001. Fauna of Godavari estuary. Fishes estuarine ecosystem series 4. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India. iv + 166 pp. http://faunaoindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/ ess/004/index.pdf Kurup, B. Madhusoodana and K.V. Radhakrishnan. 2006. Freshwater ish biodiversity of Kerala: status and utilisation for commercial ishing, food security and livelihood. Fishing Chimes 25 (10): 111–122. Lakra, W.S., U.K. Sarkar, A. Gopalakrishnan and A. Kathirvelpandian. 2010. hreatened freshwater ishes of India. Lucknow: National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (ICAR). 20 pp. Mangla, B. 1989. Chilika Lake: Desilting Asia’s largest brackishwater lagoon. Ambio 18(5): 298–299. Menon, A.G.K. 2004. hreatened ishes of India and their conservation. Zoological Survey of India. 170 pp. Menon, M. A. S. 1961. On a collection of ish from lagoon Chilika, Orissa. Records of Indian Museum, 59(1–2): 41–69. Mishra, S.S. and S. Krishnan. 1997. On the occurrence of hryssa kammalensis (Bleeker) and hryssa kammalensoides Wongratana (Engraulidae: Pisces) from India. Records of Zoological Survey of India, 97(2): 109–111. Misra, K.S. 1976a. Pisces: the fauna of India and adjacent countries. Vol. 2. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Manager Publications. 438 pp. Misra, K.S. 1976b. Pisces: the fauna of India and adjacent countries. Vol. 3. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Manager Publications. 367 pp. Misra, K.S. 1962. An aid to the identiication of the common com- comments and suggestions to improve the quality of this paper. Finally, we extend our sincerest gratitude to Dr. Melanie L. Stiassny, Department of Ichthyology, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History for summing up of the comments of reviewers and communicating to us the most useful and instructive suggestions for technical improvement of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Allen, G.R., W.T. White and M.V. Erdmann. 2013. Two new species of snappers (Pisces: Lutjanidae: Lutjanus) from the Indo-West Paciic. Journal of the Ocean Science Foundation 6: 33–51. http:// www.oceansciencefoundation.org/josf6c.html Banerjee, A.C. and N.C. Roychoudhury. 1966. Observation on some physic-chemical features of the Chilika lagoon. Indian Journal of Fisheries 13 (1–2): 395–429. Barman, R.P., S.S. Mishra, S. Kar, P. Mukherjee and S.C. Saren. 2007. Marine and estuarine ish fauna of Orissa. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper 260: 1–186. Bhatta, K.S., A.K. Pattnaik and B.P. Behera. 2001. Further contribution to the ish fauna of Chilika Lagoon, a coastal wetland of Orissa. Geobios 28(2–3): 97-100. Chaudhuri, B. L. 1916a. Description of two new ishes from Chilika Lake. Records of Indian Museum, 12(3): 105-108. Chaudhuri, B.L. 1916b. Fauna of the Chilika Lake: Fish Part I. Memoir of Indian Museum, 5(4): 403-440. Chaudhuri, B.L. 1916c. Fauna of the Chilika Lake: Fish Part II. Memoir of Indian Museum, 5(5): 441-458. Chaudhuri, B.L. 1917. Fauna of the Chilika Lake: Fish Part III. Memoir of Indian Museum, 5(6): 491-508. Chaudhuri, B.L. 1923. Fauna of the Chilika Lake. Fish, Part IV. Memoir of Indian Museum, 5(11): 711-736. Compagno, L.J.V. 2002. Freshwater and estuarine elasmobranch surveys in the Indo-Paciic region: threats, distribution and speciation; pp. 168–180, in: S.L. Fowler, T.M. Reed and F.A. Dipper (eds.). Elasmobranch biodiversity, conservation and management. Proceedings of the International Seminar and Workshop, Sabah, Malaysia, July 1997. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group. https:// portals.iucn.org/library/eiles/documents/ssc-op-025.pdf Compagno, L.J.V. 2007. Glyphis gangeticus. he IUCN Red List of threatened species. Version 2014.3. Accessed at http://www. iucnredlist.org, 24 February 2015. Das, P., S.P. De, R.M. Bhowmick, A.C. Nandy, P.K. Pandit, R.C. Sengupta and S.C. hakurta. 2004. Diminishing Trend of Fish Species Diversity in West Bengal: Field Study. Fishing Chimes 24 (1): 73–78. De Bruin, G.H.P., B. C. Russell and A. Bogusch. 1994. FAO species identiication ield guide for ishery purpose. he marine ishery resources of Sri Lanka. Rome, FAO, i-x, 1-400, 32 pls. Devasundaram, M. P. 1954. A report on the isheries of the Chilika Lake from 1948 to 1950. Odisha: Government Publication. 34 pp. Dujovny, E. 2009. he deepest cut: political ecology in the dredging of a new sea mouth in Chilika Lake, Orissa, India. Conservation, Society 7(3): 192–2004. Elliott, M., A.K. Whitield, I.C. Potter, S.J.M. Blaber, D.P. Cyrus, F.G. Nordlie and T.D. Harrison. 2007. he guild approach to categorizing estuarine ish assemblage: a global review. Fish and Fisheries, 8: 241-268. Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.). 2014. Catalog of ishes: genera, species, references. Accessed at http://research.calcademy.org/research/ ichthyology/catalog/ishcatmain.asp, 20 August 2014. Eschmeyer, William N. and Jon David Fong. 2014. Species of Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl 18 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817 Mohanty et al. | Ichthyofaunal diversity and inventory of Chilika Lake, India Rajan, S., S. Pattnaik and N.C. Basu. 1968. New records of ishes from the Chilika Lake. Indian Journal of the Zoological Society of India 20(1–2): 80-93. Ramarao, K.V. 1995. Pisces; pp. 483–506, in: Fauna of Chilika Lake. Wetland ecosystem series 1. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India. Rao, D.V. 2009. A ield Guide to Fishes (Chilika Lake, Odisha, East Coast of India). New Delhi: Vedams eBooks. 252 p Rout, S.K., S. Malla, B.K. Das, R.K. Trivedi and J.K. Sundaray. 2007. Conservation of Indian threatened ichthyofauna — Immediate implications. Fishing Chimes 27(5): 40–44. Roy, J.C and N. Sahoo. 1957. Additions to the ish fauna of the Chilika Lake. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 54: 943–953. Satapathy, D. and S. Panda. 2009. Fish atlas of Chilika. Bhubaneswar, Orissa: . Chilika Development Authority. 74 pp. Siddiqi, S.Z. and K.V. RamaRao. 1995. Limnology of Chilika Lake; pp. 11–136, in: Fauna of Chilika Lake. Wetland ecosystem series 1. Calcutta: Zoological Survey of India. Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran. 1991. Inland ishes of India and adjacent countries. New Delhi: Oxford / IBH Publing Company. Volumes 1 and 2: 1077 pp. Talwar, P.K. and R.K. Kacker. 1984. Commercial sea ishes of India. Handbook No. 4. Calcuta: Zoological Survey of India. 997 pp. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientiic and Cultural Organization). 2014. Chilika Lake. Accessed at http://whc. unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5896/, 6 October 2015. Venkateswarlu, T. 1990. Ecology and systematic of gobioid ishes of Kakinda Bay (Andhra Pradesh). Indian Society of Ichthyologists. Special Publication 2: 1–26. World Bank. 2005. Scenario assessment of provision of environmental lows to Lake Chilika from Naraj Barrage, Orissa, India. Reports from the environmental lows window of the bank Netherlands water partnership programme (World Bank) to the Government of Orissa, India. 40 pp. mercial ishes of India and Pakistan. Records of Indian Museum. 57(1–4): 320 pp. Misra, K.S. 1969. Pisces: the fauna of India and adjacent countries. Vol 1. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Manager Publications. 276 pp. Mohanty, R.K., A. Mohapatra and S.K. Mohanty. 2009. Assessment of the impacts of a new artiicial lake mouth on the hydrobiology and isheries of the Chilika Lake, India. Lakes, Reservoirs: research and Management 14: 231–245. doi: 10.1111/j.14401770.2009.00406.x Mohanty, S.K, K.S. Bhatta, R.K. Mohanty, S. Mishra, A. Mohapatra and A.K. Pattnaik. 2007. Eco-restoration impact on ishery biodiversity and population structure in Chilika Lake; pp. 24–44: in: P.K. Mohanty (ed.). Lakes and Coastal Wetlands. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer Netherlands. doi: 10.1007/978-1-40206646-7_1 Mohanty, S.K. 1973. Further additions to the ish fauna of the Chilika Lake. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society 72(3): 863–866. Mohapatra, A., R.K. Mohanty, S.K. Mohanty, K.S. Bhatta and N.R. Das. 2007. Fisheries enhancement and biodiversity assessment of ish, prawn and mud crab in Chilika lagoon through hydrological intervention. Wetlands ecology and Management 15(3): 229–251. Mohapatra, A., D. Ray and P.C. Tudu. 2013. New record of Convict Surgeonish Acanthurus triostegus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Chilika Lake. Records of Zoological Survey of India 113 (4): 75–77. Mohapatra, A., D. Ray, P.C. Tudu and S.S. Mishra. 2014. Range extension and irst report of Monodactylus kottelati (Perciformes: Monodactylidae) from Chilika Lagoon, east coat of India. Marine Biodiversity Records 7: e11. doi: 10.1017/S1755267214000013 Molur Sanjay and Sally Walker (eds). 1998. Report of the Workshop “Conservation Assessment and Management Plan for Freshwater Fishes of India”, Zoo Outreach Organization, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, India, Coimbatore, India. 156 pp. Nelson, J.S. 2006. Fishes of the world. 4th ed.). Hoboken, USA: John Wiley, Sons. 601 pp. Ponniah, A.G. 1993. Categorisation of Indian threatened ishes; pp. 375–387, in: P.V. Dehadrai, P. Das and S.R. Verma. hreatened ishes of India: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Endangered Fishes of India Held at National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Allahabad on 25 and 26 April 1992. Muzafarnagar: Nature Conservators. Raiol, R.D.O., W.B. Wosiacki and L.F.A. Montag. 2012. Fish of the Taiassui and Benica river basins, Benedides, Para (Brazil). Check List 8(3): 491–498. http://www.checklist.org.br/getpdf?SL037-11 Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl Author contributions: Author contributions: SKM, MK and AM collected ish specimens (inventory), SKM and SSM identiied the most of the specimens and resolved taxonomic issues RKM and AKP carried out data analysis and SKM and SSM wrote the text. Received: 12 May 2015 Accepted: 20 October 2015 Academic editor: Melanie L. Stiassny 19 Volume 11 | Number 6 | Article 1817