Art History in the Temple

ART HISTORY IN THE TEMPLE VERITY PLATT1 L LNHDQ\¿HOGRINQRZOHGJHDUWKLVWRU\LVLQYROYHGLQDFRQWLQXDOTXHVW WR LGHQWLI\ LWV RZQ EHJLQQLQJV -XVW DV FODVVLFDO DQWLTXLW\ KDV UHSHDWHGO\ VHUYHG DV D EDWWOHJURXQG IRU WKRVH GHEDWLQJ WKH LQYHQWLRQ RI ³DUW´ LWVHOI VR DQFLHQW DUWZULWLQJ KDV GLYLGHG DUW KLVWRULDQV VHDUFKLQJ IRU GLVFLSOLQ DU\RULJLQV6KRXOGZHHFKR$OPD7DGHPD¶VA Picture Gallery DQGWHOOD VWRU\RIFRQWLQXLW\WUDFLQJDOLQHWKURXJK:LQFNHOPDQQDQG9DVDULEDFNWR 3OLQ\WKH(OGHU"26KRXOGZHSRLQWOLNH32.ULVWHOOHU DQGPRUHUHFHQWO\ /6KLQHU WRDUDGLFDOdifferenceEHWZHHQDQFLHQWDQGPRGHUQFRQFHSWX DOL]DWLRQV RI DUW DQG WKH DUWLVW²ZKHWKHU ZH GDWH WKH UXSWXUH WR WKH 3URW HVWDQW5HIRUPDWLRQWKH(QOLJKWHQPHQWRUVRPHRWKHUVWUDWHJLFDOO\FKRVHQ HSLVWHPLF VKLIW"3 2U VKRXOG ZH ORRN WR DOWHUQDWLYH PRGHV RI FRPSDULVRQ DV-HUHP\7DQQHUVXJJHVWVLQWKLVYROXPHE\LGHQWLI\LQJLPSRUWDQWIDPLO\   ,WKDVEHHQDJUHDWSOHDVXUHWRKDYHEHHQLQYROYHGLQ7KH$UWRI$UW+LVWRU\DQG,DPPRVW JUDWHIXOWRWKLVYROXPH¶VFRQWULEXWRUVERWKIRUWKHOLYHO\$3$$,$VHVVLRQWKDW¿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¶VA Picture Gallery, VHH6TXLUH¶VGLVFXVVLRQLQWKH,QWURGXFWLRQWRWKLV YROXPH2Q3OLQ\DQG9DVDULVHH%HFDWWLDQG5XELQZLWK%DUNDQ± RQ3OLQ\¶VLQÀXHQFHGXULQJWKH5HQDLVVDQFHRQ:LQFNHOPDQQVHH3RPPLHU   2QWKHLQÀXHQFHRI(QOLJKWHQPHQWWKHRULHVRIDUW¶VSURGXFWLRQDQGUHFHSWLRQVHH.ULVWHOOHU DQG6KLQHUDQG2QWKH5HIRUPDWLRQDVWKHPRPHQWRIUXSWXUHEHWZHHQ DQFLHQWDQGPRGHUQFRQFHSWVRIDUWVHHHJ%HOWLQJ 197 Arethusa 43 (2010) 197–213 © 2010 by The Johns Hopkins University Press 198 Verity Platt ³UHVHPEODQFHV´LQLQVWLWXWLRQVDQGSUDFWLFHVWKDWEULGJHWKHGLYLGHEHWZHHQ DQFLHQWDQGPRGHUQIRUPVRIFXOWXUDODFWLYLW\WRPDNHWKHVWXG\RIDQFLHQW DUWDQGDUWKLVWRU\SRVVLEOH" 7KH TXHVWLRQ LWVHOI RI ZKHWKHU ³DUW´ DQG ³DUW KLVWRU\´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³3ULPLWLYLVW´DUJXPHQWVLQIDYRURIDUXSWXUHEHWZHHQDQFLHQWDQGPRGHUQ FRQFHSWVRIWKHDUWREMHFWIRUH[DPSOHORRNWRD/XWKHUDQUHFRQFHSWXDOL]D WLRQRIWKHLPDJHRUDQHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\VHFXODUL]DWLRQRILWVIXQFWLRQV ERWKFRQFHLYHGLQFRQWUDVWWR³SDJDQ´WUDGLWLRQVRILGRODWU\4%\FRQWUDVW ³PRGHUQLVWV´VHHNLQJIDPLOLDUSDWWHUQVRILPDJHSURGXFWLRQDQGFRQVXPSWLRQ LQWKHFODVVLFDOSDVWWHQGWRORRNWKURXJKDSRVW0DU[LVWOHQVSULRULWL]LQJ VHFXODUDVSHFWVRIDUWDQGDUWZULWLQJGXULQJDQWLTXLW\LWVHOIIURPWKHUROHV SOD\HG E\ PDUNHW IRUFHV DQG WKH VRFLDO DQG SROLWLFDO FDSLWDO WR EH JDLQHG WKURXJKSDWURQDJHDQGGLVSOD\WRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIHOLWHFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHV WKDWHQFRXUDJHGFRQQRLVVHXUVKLSDQGDUWFULWLFLVP 6FKRODUVKDYHEHHQUHODWLYHO\TXLFNKRZHYHUWRDFNQRZOHGJHWKH LPSRUWDQFHRIVDFUHGIDFWRUVIRUWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIearly*UHHNLPDJHV² WKH SHULRG EHIRUH QDWXUDOLVP JDYH ULVH WR YLVXDO SUDFWLFHV WKDW DUH YLVLEO\ DQFHVWUDOWR(XURSHDQFXOWXUH:KHQIDFHGZLWKDQDEXQGDQFHRIPDWHULDO IURPUHOLJLRXVVDQFWXDULHVDQGDGHDUWKRIWH[WXDOHYLGHQFHP\WKDQGULWXDO SURYLGHKDQG\LQWHUSUHWDWLYHWRROVSDUWLFXODUO\ZKHQVHHNLQJWRH[SODLQVW\   2Q/XWKHUDQLVP¶VUHMHFWLRQDQGUHIRUPXODWLRQRIWKHLPDJHVHH.RHUQHUDQG6TXLUH ±2QVHFXODUL]LQJFRQFHSWVRIVHQVLELOLW\LQ(QOLJKWHQPHQWDHVWKHWLFVDQGWKH GLVSOD\RIDUWREMHFWVLQQRQUHOLJLRXVLQVWLWXWLRQVVXFKDVQDWLRQDOPXVHXPVVHH7DQQHU LQWKLVYROXPHZLWK3RPLDQ0F&OHOODQ*DVNHOODQGDQG2¶1HLOO  2Q ³SULPLWLYH´ DQG ³PRGHUQLVW´ DWWLWXGHV WR WKH QDWXUH RI DUW KLVWRU\ LQ DQWLTXLW\ VHH7DQQHU±ZLWK6TXLUH¶VFRPPHQWVLQWKH,QWURGXFWLRQ   6HHDPRQJUHFHQWSXEOLFDWLRQV6PLWK RQSDWURQDJHDQGPDUNHWIRUFHV %HUJPDQQ DQG0DUYLQ RQHOLWHSUDFWLFHVRIFRQQRLVVHXUVKLSDQGGLVSOD\ DQG.RXVVHU  RQ WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D VHFXODU QRWLRQ RI FODVVLFLVP LQ +HOOHQLVWLF DQG 5RPDQ FXOWXUH  Art History in the Temple 199 OLVWLFGLYHUJHQFHVIURPQRUPDWLYH:HVWHUQWUDGLWLRQ7KHGHYHORSPHQWRI FRQQRLVVHXULDOSUDFWLFHVVXFKDVFROOHFWLQJDQGWKHZULWLQJRIDUWKLVWRULHVDQG VRSKLVWLFDWHGHNSKUDVWLFOLWHUDWXUHLQWKHSRVWFODVVLFDOSHULRGKRZHYHUKDV EHHQ\RNHGWRDQDUUDWLYHRILQFUHDVLQJVHFXODUL]DWLRQ:KLOH7DQQHUVWHHUV DFDUHIXOSDWKEHWZHHQ³PRGHUQLVW´DQG³SULPLWLYLVW´PRGHVRIDQDO\VLVLQ The Invention of Art History in Ancient GreeceIRUH[DPSOHKHJURXQGV WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIQDWXUDOLVPLQWKH¿IWKFHQWXU\LQULWXDOPRGHVRIYLHZ LQJEXWH[FOXGHVUHOLJLRXVIDFWRUVDOWRJHWKHUIURPKLVDFFRXQWRILQWHOOHF WXDOL]LQJDSSURDFKHVWRDUWDQGDUWKLVWRU\LQWKH+HOOHQLVWLF0HGLWHUUDQHDQ DQGLPSHULDO5RPH 7DQQHU±± 7KH³UDWLRQDOL]DWLRQ´RI DUWWKXVHPHUJHVIURPFXOWXUDODQGSROLWLFDOLQVWLWXWLRQVLQGHSHQGHQWRIWKH WHPSOHDQGVDQFWXDU\,QWKLVVHQVH7DQQHUVXEVFULEHVWRDZHOOHVWDEOLVKHG QDUUDWLYHRI+HOOHQLVWLFGHFRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQLQÀXHQFHGE\OLWHUDU\VFKRODU VKLSZKHUHE\SRHWLFJHQUHVZHUHXQWHWKHUHGIURPWKHSHUIRUPDWLYHDQGULWXDO IXQFWLRQVWKH\RQFHKDGZLWKLQWKHWUDGLWLRQDO*UHHNSROLVLQRUGHUWRH[LVW DV ZULWWHQ GRFXPHQWV VWRUHG ZLWKLQ WKH JUHDW OLEUDULHV RI$OH[DQGULD DQG 3HUJDPRQDQGFLUFXODWHGDPRQJOHDUQHGHOLWHVFOXVWHUHGDURXQGWKHUR\DO FRXUWV77KHLQYHQWLRQRI³DUW´WKHUHIRUHPLUURUVWKHLQYHQWLRQRI³OLWHUD WXUH´LQVXSSRVHGLVRODWLRQIURPFXOW7KHIRXQGDWLRQRIVFKRODUO\LQVWLWXWLRQV JRHVKDQGLQKDQGZLWKWKHDFFXPXODWLRQDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQRINQRZOHGJH WKHFRPSLODWLRQRIFDWDORJVDQGWKHIRUPDWLRQRIFDQRQV²ZKDW7DQQHUFDOOV ³WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVSHFL¿FDOO\DUWLVWLFFRPSHWHQFH´  ,WLVQR FRLQFLGHQFH WKHUHIRUH WKDW 3OLQ\¶V VRXUFHV IRU WKH ³DUW KLVWRU\´ VHFWLRQV RIWKHHistoria Naturalis²WKHQRZORVWZRUNVRIDXWKRUVVXFKDV'XULVRI 6DPRV DQG $QWLJRQRV RI .DU\VWRV²HPHUJHG IURP WKH VDPH LQWHOOHFWXDO FOLPDWHDV&DOOLPDFKXV¶VPinakes VHH.HQQHG\  ,QZKDWIROORZV,H[DPLQHDVHULHVRI+HOOHQLVWLFLPDJHVDQGWH[WV LQRUGHUWRVKRZKRZSUDFWLFHVRIFRQQRLVVHXUVKLSPRUHFRPPRQO\DVVRFL DWHGZLWKVHFXODULQWHOOHFWXDOLVPFRXOGH[LVWLQSURGXFWLYHWHQVLRQZLWKVDFUHG PRGHVRIYLHZLQJDQGWKDWWKHGLYLVLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZRZDVQHFHVVDULO\IDU   6HH*RUGRQ&RQVLGHUIRUH[DPSOHWKHZRUNRI-HDQ3LHUUH9HUQDQWGLVFXVVHGLQ WKLVYROXPHE\5LFKDUG1HHULQZKLFKFRQFHSWLRQVRIWKHGLYLQHDQGWKHDIWHUOLIHSURYLGH DNH\IRUWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIDUFKDLFREMHFWVVXFKDVWKHkolossosZKLOHWKHELUWKRIWKH ³LPDJH´LQWKHFODVVLFDOSHULRGLVUHDGWKURXJK3ODWRQLFSKLORVRSK\ 9HUQDQW± ±    2QWKHVHSDUDWLRQRIWH[WIURPSHUIRUPDWLYHFRQWH[WLQ+HOOHQLVWLFOLWHUDWXUHVHHHJ)DQ WX]]LDQG+XQWHU±,3HWURYLF±KRZHYHUUHRSHQVWKHTXHVWLRQRI ULWXDOSHUIRUPDQFHLQUHODWLRQWR&DOOLPDFKXV¶VHymns 200 Verity Platt PRUHDPELJXRXVWKDQPRGHUQFULWLFVKDYHDVVXPHG,QGRLQJVR,KRSHWR FRPSOLFDWHWKHPRGHORI+HOOHQLVWLFFKDQJHHVSRXVHGE\7DQQHUDQGRWKHUV E\GHPRQVWUDWLQJKRZVFKRODUVKLSDQGULWXDORUFRQQRLVVHXUVKLSDQGYHQ HUDWLRQZHUHE\QRPHDQVPXWXDOO\H[FOXVLYHEXWRIWHQGHHSO\LPSOLFDWHG LQHDFKRWKHU8:KLOHWKHIXQFWLRQDQGDSSHDUDQFHRIVDFUHGLPDJHV²ZKDW ZHPLJKWFDOOWKHLU³YLVXDOWKHRORJ\´²H[HUWHGDSURIRXQGLQÀXHQFHXSRQ +HOOHQLVWLFHNSKUDVWLFOLWHUDWXUHDFDGHPLFTXDOLWLHVFRQYHQWLRQDOO\DVVRFLDWHG ZLWKWKHOLEUDU\ZHUHDOVRUHDGLO\PRELOL]HGZLWKLQWKHWHPSOH9:KLOHWKH DUJXPHQWIRUGHFRQWH[WXDOL]DWLRQKROGVIRUVRPHOLWHUDU\SURGXFWLRQ VXFKDV WKHULVHRIWKHOLWHUDU\HSLJUDP  LWLVTXHVWLRQDEOHKRZIDULWDSSOLHVWRWKH YLVXDOVSKHUHPDLQO\EHFDXVHRIDVWURQJRIWHQVHOIFRQVFLRXVFRQWLQXLW\ LQWKHFLYLFDQGUHOLJLRXVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVRIWKHROG*UHHNpoleis10,QGHHG PRVW RI RXU HYLGHQFH IRU +HOOHQLVWLF DUW ZKHQ QRW GHSHQGHQW RQ 5RPDQ FRSLHVFRPHVIURPWKHVDPHNLQGVRIGLVSOD\FRQWH[WVDVREMHFWVGDWLQJWR WKHDUFKDLFDQGFODVVLFDOSHULRGV²WKDWLVWKHDJRUDWKHJ\PQDVLXPDQG WKHUHOLJLRXVVDQFWXDU\11 7KHLQVWDELOLW\PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPDQGVHOIFRQVFLRXVQHVVZHVHHDV W\SLFDO RI PXFK +HOOHQLVWLF FXOWXUH KDYH HQFRXUDJHG VFKRODUV WR LQWHUSUHW LWVUHOLFVWKURXJKWKHOHQVRIPRGHUQLW\LGHQWLI\LQJZLWKDQ³DJHRIDQ[L HW\´FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\IUDJPHQWDWLRQDQGWKHGLVDYRZDORIWUDGLWLRQ12 Martin 5REHUWVRQRIIHUVDUHSUHVHQWDWLYHH[DPSOHLQKLVTXHVWWRDWWULEXWH³:KDW LV+HOOHQLVWLFDERXW+HOOHQLVWLF$UW´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±$3HWURYLFDQG0H\HU  1RWHWKDWHYHQDVHHPLQJO\GHFRQWH[WXDOL]HGLPDJHVXFKDVWKH³6OLSSHU6ODSSHU´VWDWXH JURXSIURPWKH'HOLDQ+RXVHRIWKH3RVHLGRQLDVWHVWXUQVRXWWREHDYRWLYHGHGLFDWLRQ VHH +DYHORFN± ZKLOHWKHTXHVWIRUD+HOOHQLVWLFFRQWH[WIRUWKHRULJLQDOVRI³UHDO LVW´VWDWXHW\SHVVXFKDVWKH³'UXQNHQROGZRPDQ´LQHYLWDEO\WXUQVWRULWXDOH[SODQDWLRQV VHH3ROOLWWVXJJHVWLQJDQDVVRFLDWLRQZLWKWKH$OH[DQGULDQLagynophoria   2QWKH+HOOHQLVWLFSHULRGDVDQ³DJHRIDQ[LHW\´VHHHJ3ROOLWW,QKLVKLVWRU\ RI*UHHNUHOLJLRQ*LOEHUW0XUUD\RXWOLQHVDFROOHFWLYH³IDLOXUHRIQHUYH´GXULQJWKH+HO OHQLVWLFDQGHDUO\LPSHULDOSHULRGV ±¿UVWSXEOLVKHGLQ   5REHUWVRQ±6HHDOVR3ROOLWW±± Art History in the Temple 201 PD\KDYHHPHUJHGIURPWKHXSKHDYDOVWKDWVKRRNWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQLQWKH ZDNH RI$OH[DQGHU WKH NH\ PRPHQW LQ ZKLFK D FRQQRLVVHXULDO DSSURDFK WR DUW EHFDPH D UHFRJQL]DEOH FXOWXUDO DFWLYLW\ LQ DQWLTXLW\ PLJKW EH OHVV IDPLOLDUWKDQZHOLNHWRDGPLW,QWKHXUJHWRLGHQWLI\+HOOHQLVWLFSUDFWLFHV DFFRUGLQJWRSRVW(QOLJKWHQPHQWWUDGLWLRQVRIVFKRODUVKLSDQGFRQVXPSWLRQ LWLVDOOWRRHDV\WRVWULSWKHPRIFXOWXUDOQXDQFHFRQVWUXFWLQJDUWL¿FLDOGLV WLQFWLRQV EHWZHHQ D ³VDFUHG´ SDVW DQG D ³VHFXODU´ SUHVHQW ZKHWKHU WKHVH GLVWLQFWLRQVDUHDSSOLHGUHVSHFWLYHO\WRFODVVLFDODQG+HOOHQLVWLF*UHHFHRU LQGHHGDQWLTXLW\DQGPRGHUQLW\,WLVZRUWKUHPHPEHULQJWKDWWKHFRQWHP SRUDU\KXPDQLWLHVRZHWKHLUVHFXODUSULQFLSOHVWRWKHODWHQLQHWHHQWKFHQ WXU\SXUVXLWRIPRGHVRIVFKRODUVKLSLQGHSHQGHQWRIWKHRORJ\RXUXUJHWR GRZQSOD\WKHSRWHQWLDOUHOLJLRVLW\RIDQFLHQWLQWHOOHFWXDOSUDFWLFHVLVLWVHOI DUHVXOWRIWKHPRGHUQDFDGHP\¶VVHSDUDWLRQRIOLEUDU\DQGFKXUFK²DVKLIW RQHPLJKWVD\IURPDominus Illuminatio Mea WKHPRWWRRI2[IRUG8QL YHUVLW\XVHGVLQFHWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\DQGWKHRSHQLQJZRUGVRI3VDOP 27) to Crescat Scientia; Vita Excolatur WKDWRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR IRXQGHGDVDVHFXODULQVWLWXWLRQLQ 14<HWMXVWDVZHVKRXOGEHZDU\ RIDSSO\LQJVHFXODUL]LQJQRWLRQVRIWKH³¿QHDUWV´RU³DHVWKHWLFDXWRQRP\´ GHULYHGIURPHLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\DHVWKHWLFVWRDQWLTXLW\VRZHVKRXOGDOVR DYRLGFRQVWUXFWLQJDPRGHORIDQFLHQWDUWKLVWRU\WKDWDGKHUHVWRRFORVHO\ WRWKHLQVWLWXWLRQDOSUDFWLFHVRIWKHPRGHUQXQLYHUVLW\RUPXVHXP,QGRLQJ VRZHULVNRYHUVLPSOLI\LQJWKHP\ULDG DQGRIWHQFRQWUDGLFWRU\ ZD\VLQ ZKLFKDQFLHQWYLHZHUVWROGVWRULHVDERXWWKHSURGXFWLRQGLVSOD\DQGUHFHS WLRQRIWKHDUWLIDFWVWKH\SULYLOHJHG SACRED WISDOM, HUMAN SKILL $Q RIWFLWHG SRVWHU JLUO IRU WKH +HOOHQLVWLF SHULRG¶V GHFRQWH[WX DOL]DWLRQRIUHOLJLRXVPRGHVRIYLHZLQJLVWKHVHFRQGFHQWXU\ B.C.PDUEOH YHUVLRQRI3KHLGLDV¶V$WKHQD3DUWKHQRVQRZLQ%HUOLQ ¿JXUH 7KHVWDWXH ZDV GLVFRYHUHG LQ D ODUJH URRP DFFHVVHG WKURXJK WKH QRUWK VWRD RI WKH 3HUJDPHQHVDQFWXDU\RI$WKHQD1LNHSKRURVZKLFKKDVWUDGLWLRQDOO\EHHQ LGHQWL¿HGDVWKHUHDGLQJURRPRIWKH$WWDOLGV¶IDPHGOLEUDU\2QHRIRXU HDUOLHVWLGHQWL¿DEOH³FRSLHV´RID*UHHNFXOWVWDWXHWKH3HUJDPHQH$WKHQD  2Q WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WKH XQLYHUVLW\ DV D VHFXODU LQVWLWXWLRQ GXULQJ WKH QLQHWHHQWK DQG HDUO\WZHQWLHWKFHQWXULHVVHH5HXEHQDQG5REHUWVDQG7XUQHU  6HH-RKQVRQ0LHOVFK+RHSIQHUDQG5DGW± 202 Verity Platt KDVEHHQLQWHUSUHWHGDVDGHVDFUDOL]HGobjet d’artKDUELQJHURIWKHUHSOLFD WRU\SUDFWLFHVVRFKDUDFWHULVWLFRI5RPDQDUWDQGDV\PERORI3HUJDPRQ¶V FXOWXUDO UDWKHU WKDQ UHOLJLRXV VHOISUHVHQWDWLRQ &UHDWHG LQ D GLIIHUHQW PHGLXPIURPWKHRULJLQDO3DUWKHQRVRQWKH$WKHQLDQ$FURSROLVVKHLVQR ORQJHUWKHJOHDPLQJJROGDQGLYRU\IRFXVRIVDFUHGULWXDOEXWVWDQGVLQVWHDG DVDSHUVRQL¿FDWLRQRIZLVGRPDQHPERGLPHQWRIWKHLQWHOOHFWXDODFWLYLW\ FRQGXFWHGLQWKHEXLOGLQJVKHDGRUQV7KHOLEUDU\RIIHUVDQHZFRQWH[WRI GLVSOD\GULYHQE\UR\DOKDELWVRIFROOHFWLQJFODVVLFDO³PDVWHUSLHFHV´DQGD YLVXDODQDORJ\WRDUWKLVWRU\¶VGHYHORSPHQWDVDOLWHUDU\JHQUH7KHLPSOLFD WLRQRIWKLVVHFXODUL]LQJPRGHORIFXOWXUDOSURGXFWLRQLVWKDWDQ\YHVWLJLDO UHOLJLRVLW\FRXOGEHH[SHULHQFHGRQO\WKURXJKWKHSULVPRIKXPDQtechnê UHVXOWLQJ LQ D SURIRXQG VHQVH RI GLVWDQFH IURP WKH GLYLQH DV LI WKH 3HU JDPHQH3DUWKHQRVZHUHFORVHUWRLWVPRGHUQGD\UHSOLFDLQ7HQQHVVHHWKDQ WKHRULJLQDOLQWKH$WKHQLDQ3DUWKHQRQ  7R HPSKDVL]H WKH 3HUJDPHQH VWDWXH¶V LGHQWLW\ DV DQ objet d’art KRZHYHULVWRLJQRUHERWKWKHFRQWH[WLQZKLFKVKHZDVIRXQGDQGWKHSHU VLVWHQWVDQFWLW\RI$WKHQD¶VIRUPGXULQJDQWLTXLW\5HFHQWUHDVVHVVPHQWVRI WKH DUFKDHRORJLFDOHYLGHQFHFRQFOXGH WKDW WKH VWDWXH GLG QRW SUHVLGH RYHU DVFKRODUO\UHDGLQJURRPEXWDEDQTXHWLQJKDOO RUhestiatorion GHVLJQHG IRUULWXDOIHDVWLQJDOWKRXJKWKHORFDWLRQRIWKHOLEUDU\LWVHOILVVWLOOXQFHU WDLQZHFDQEHVXUHWKDWWKH3DUWKHQRVIRUPHGSDUWRIDULFKFROOHFWLRQRI REMHFWVZKRVHSULPDU\IXQFWLRQZDVWKDWRIYRWLYHGHGLFDWLRQVWRWKHFLW\¶V SDWURQ JRGGHVV17 ,Q WKLV ZD\ VKH LQYRNHG WKH DXWKRULW\ RI KHU$WKHQLDQ PRGHODVD³OLYLQJLPDJH´ZLWKLQWKH*UHHNFXOWXUDOLPDJLQDWLRQ\RNLQJ  6HHHJ3ROOLWW5REHUWVRQ± ZKRQHYHUWKHOHVVDFNQRZOHGJHVWKH VLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKHVFXOSWXUH¶VUHOLJLRXVVHWWLQJ DQG.RXVVHU± ZKRHPSKDVL]HV LWVSROLWLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQV 2QUHSOLFDWLRQVRIWKH$WKHQD3DUWKHQRVVHH*DLIPDQDQG 7DQQHU±  2QWKH3HUJDPHQHVWDWXHV¶IXQFWLRQDVYRWLYHRIIHULQJVVHH0LHOVFK2QWKHURRPDV hestiatorionVHH6WURFNDZKRDUJXHVWKDWWKHSRGLXPUXQQLQJDURXQGWKUHHVLGHVZDV QRWDVXSSRUWIRUERRNFDVHVEXWDEHQFKIRUGLQLQJFRXFKHVVLPLODUWRWKRVHGLVFRYHUHGLQ FRQWHPSRUDU\+HOOHQLVWLFVDQFWXDULHVVXFKDVWKDWRI=HXVDW&\UHQH:KLOHWKHVWUXFWXUH¶V LGHQWL¿FDWLRQDVWKH$WWDOLGOLEUDU\LVE\QRPHDQVFHUWDLQ6WURFNDGRHVQRWKRZHYHUUXOH RXWWKHSRVVLELOLW\WKDWWKHWKUHHDGMRLQLQJURRPVZHUHXVHGIRUVWRULQJWH[WVRULQGHHG WKDW WKH ODUJH URRP IXQFWLRQHG DV D ODUJH oikos, DNLQ WR WKDW GHVFULEHG E\ 6WUDER LQ WKH 0RXVHLRQ DW$OH[DQGULDZKHUHWKHVFKRODUVVXSSRVHGO\GLQHG  :HVKRXOGQRWEH WRRTXLFNWRLGHQWLI\OLEUDULHVDVVHFXODULQVWLWXWLRQVWKH$OH[DQGULDQOLEUDU\ZDVDVVRFL DWHGZLWKD0RXVHLRQ DVDFUHGSUHFLQFWRIWKH0XVHV DQGZDVSUHVLGHGRYHUE\DSULHVW ZKLOHOLEUDULHVIRUPHGSDUWRIWHPSOHFRPSOH[HVWKURXJKRXWWKH0HGLWHUUDQHDQVHH)UDVHU ±(O$EEDGL±DQG'HOLD± Art History in the Temple 203 FXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHVWRFLYLFFXOWWKURXJKKHUGXDOUROHDVERWKORFDOGHLW\DQG SHUVRQL¿FDWLRQ RI ZLVGRP18 %\ DVVXPLQJ WKH IRUP RI WKH 3DUWKHQRV WKH VWDWXHPDLQWDLQVDGHOLFDWHEDODQFHEHWZHHQLWVVWDWXVDVDQDUWLVWLFREMHFW SUHVHQWHG IRU FRQQRLVVHXULDO YLHZLQJ DQG DQ HPERGLPHQW RI$WKHQD KHU VHOI VXJJHVWLQJ WKDW WKH LPPHGLDF\ RI WKH GLYLQH LV SDUDGR[LFDOO\ WR EH DFFHVVHGWKURXJKWKHVDFUHGPRGHOVRIWKHSDVWDUWKLVWRU\DQGUHOLJLRVLW\ DUHLQH[WULFDEOH 7KLV FRPELQDWLRQ RI WKH VDFUHG DQG WKH VFKRODUO\ ZKHUHE\ WKH DXWKRULW\RIVDFUHGREMHFWVZDVPDJQL¿HGE\HUXGLWLRQUHVRQDWHGWKURXJK RXW+HOOHQLVWLFFXOWXUHLQDYDULHW\RIFRQWH[WVDQGOLWHUDU\JHQUHV6WULNLQJ MX[WDSRVLWLRQVRISLHW\DQGpaideia DUHQRWFRQ¿QHGWRUR\DOFRPPLVVLRQVLQ WKHQHZ+HOOHQLVWLFFDSLWDOVEXWDUHHTXDOO\WREHIRXQGLQWUDGLWLRQDO*UHHN poleis,QWKH3HORSRQQHVLDQFLW\RI0HVVHQHIRUH[DPSOHDVHULHVRIVHFRQG FHQWXU\ B.C.FLYLFGHFUHHVVHWXSLQKRQRURIWKHORFDOVFXOSWRU'DPRSKRQ FRPPHPRUDWHKLVDFWLYLWLHVDVDQagalmatopoios³PDNHURIFXOWVWDWXHV´ DFURVVWKH*UHHNZRUOGSD\LQJSDUWLFXODUDWWHQWLRQWRKLVtheosebeia²KLV ³UHYHUHQWDWWLWXGHWRZDUGVWKHJRGV´197KLVLVGHPRQVWUDWHGE\DQagalma he PDGHIRUWKH.\WKQLDQVDQFWXDU\RI$SKURGLWH SUHVXPDEO\RIWKHJRGGHVV KHUVHOI WKDWZDV³PRVWH[FHOOHQWO\IDVKLRQHGE\KLVVNLOO´ ਥ@IJİȤȞȦıȑȞIJİ țĮ>੿@ਙȡȚıIJȠȞ DQGVHWLQSODFHXQGHUKLVSHUVRQDOVXSHUYLVLRQ20/LNHZLVH WKHSHRSOHRI/HXNDVSUDLVH'DPRSKRQIRUHPSOR\LQJDOOWKHtechnai at his FRPPDQGWRFUHDWHDQagalmaRI$SKURGLWH/LPHQDUFKLVIRUKHUVDQFWXDU\ WKDWLV³ZRUWK\RIERWKJRGGHVVDQGSROLV´ IJઁਙȖĮȜȝĮ@ਙȟȚ_ȠȞIJ઼ȢIJİșİȠ૨ țĮ੿IJ઼>ȢʌȩȜȚȠȢ 21,QERWKGHFUHHVWKHODQJXDJHRIDUWLVWLFVNLOO technê) is  2QWKHFRQFHSWRIWKHZHOONQRZQFXOWLPDJHDVDlebende StatueVHH6FKHIROG ³'DV .XOWELOG LVW GHU OHEHQGLJH *RWW VHOEVW XQG GDV /HEHQ LVW YRQ J|WWOLFKHQ .UlIWHQ GXUFKJHVWDOWHW´ DQG±ZLWK$OURWKDQG3ODWWIRUWKFRPLQJFKDSWHU  6HH7KHPHOLVDQG±DQGSEGDQGWKHGHFUHHV FRPHIURPWKHFLWLHVRI/\NRVRXUD SEG .\WKQRV SEG .UDQHRQ.HSKDO OHQLD IG,;SEG /HXNDV IG,;SEG 2LDQWKHLD 7KHPHOLV 0HORV XQSXEOLVKHG DQG*HUHQLD XQSXEOLVKHG 2QDSRVWKXPRXVGDWH RIFIRUWKH0HVVHQLDQLQVFULSWLRQVHH0DWWKDLRX¶VHGLWLRQRIIG,;2Q WKH SKHQRPHQRQ RI Ehrentafeln HSLJUDSKLF PRQXPHQWV WKDW FROOHFW PXOWLSOH GHFUHHV LQ KRQRURIDQLQGLYLGXDOLQWRRQHLQVFULSWLRQ VHH0D2QWKHEURDGHUFLYLFDQG UHOLJLRXVVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKHGHFUHHVLQKRQRURI'DPRSKRQVHH3ODWWIRUWKFRPLQJFKDS WHU 20 SEGOLQHV±7KHPHOLVLQWHUSUHWVWKHGHFUHHWRUHIHUWRDVWDWXHRI$SK URGLWHLGHQWL¿HGZLWKIUDJPHQWVRIDVWDQGLQJVHPLQXGHFXOWVWDWXHGLVFRYHUHGFORVHWR KHUVDQFWXDU\RQ.\WKQRV 21 SEGIG,;OLQHV± 204 Verity Platt H[SOLFLWO\UHODWHGWR'DPRSKRQ¶VUHOLJLRXVDQGFLYLFVHQVLELOLWLHVLPSO\LQJ WKDWWKHVW\OLVWLFV\QWKHVLVKHHPSOR\HGDVDQagalmatopoiosVDWLV¿HGULWXDO SROLWLFDODQGDHVWKHWLFH[SHFWDWLRQVZLWKSDUWLFXODUVXFFHVV $VVXUYLYLQJFXOWVWDWXHVDWWULEXWHGWR'DPRSKRQDW0HVVHQHDQG WKH$UFDGLDQVDQFWXDU\RI/\NRVRXUDPDNHFOHDUWKHVFXOSWRU¶VFRPELQD WLRQRISLHW\DQGtechnê ZDVHPERGLHGLQDFODVVLFL]LQJVW\OHWKDWDSSOLHG 3UD[LWHOHDQ SODVWLFLW\ DQG +HOOHQLVWLF ³%DURTXH´ HOHPHQWV WR VROLG 3KHL GLDQIRUPVWRFUHDWHDPRQXPHQWDOL]LQJQDWXUDOLVWLFHIIHFW ¿JXUHV± 22 (QWLUHO\DSSURSULDWHIRULPDJHVRIWKHJRGV'DPRSKRQ¶VVW\OHGHULYHGYHQ HUDELOLW\IURPWUDGLWLRQDOVW\OLVWLFIHDWXUHVZKLOVWJHQHUDWLQJDVHQVHRIIUHVK HQFRXQWHUZLWKWKHGLYLQHWKURXJKG\QDPLFQHZWHFKQLTXHV7KHGLVSOD\RI LQVFULSWLRQVDW0HVVHQHVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHVFXOSWRU¶VVXFFHVVIXOFDUHHULQWKH 3HORSRQQHVHDQGDVIDUD¿HOGDVWKH,RQLDQDQG&\FODGLFLVODQGVUHVWHGQRW RQO\RQWKLVVW\OLVWLFV\QWKHVLV KHKDVEHHQFDOOHGWKH¿UVW³QHRFODVVLFDO´ VFXOSWRU EXWDOVRXSRQWKHDELOLW\RIYLHZHUZRUVKLSSHUVWRUHFRJQL]HDQG DSSUHFLDWHWKHYLVXDOUHIHUHQFHVKHHPSOR\HG²LQVKRUWWRYLHZDVFRQQRLV VHXUV23:HVHHKHUHWKHSUDFWLFDO DQGNQRZLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQRIDUWKLVWRULFDO NQRZOHGJHWRWKHYLHZLQJRIFXOWVWDWXHVDORQJVLGHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQ HSLJUDSKLFODQJXDJHWKURXJKZKLFKWRGUDZDWWHQWLRQWRERWKWKHSHUVRQRI WKHDUWLVWDQGWKHFUHDWLYHDFWLWVHOIDFXOWXUDOSUDFWLFHWKDWHFKRHVPRGHV RI DHVWKHWLF DSSUHFLDWLRQ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK HOLWH XUEDQ WUHQGV$W 0HVVHQH KRZHYHUWKLVODQJXDJHLVWKRURXJKO\LQWHUWZLQHGZLWKWKHODQJXDJHRIWKH VDFUHG7KHUHIHUHQFHVWRERWKtechnêDQGtheosebeiaHQFRXUDJHWKHUHDGHU WRFRPELQHKLVRUKHUVHQVHRIDQHQFRXQWHUZLWKWKHGHLW\GHSLFWHGZLWK DQHYDOXDWLYHMXGJPHQWRIWKHDUWLVW¶VZRUNLQZKLFKVFXOSWXUDOVNLOOLFR QRJUDSK\DQGSUHVHQWDWLRQDUHGHSHQGHQWRQDVHQVHRIZKDWLVDSSURSULDWH IRU²RU³ZRUWK\RI´²WKHJRG,QWKLVVHQVHWKHODQJXDJHRIDUWFULWLFLVPLV QRWVLPSO\LPSRUWHGWROHQGDYHQHHURIVRSKLVWLFDWLRQEXWLVFORVHO\ERXQG WRWKHULWXDOUHTXLUHPHQWVRIORFDOFXOW ,ILPDJHVDQGLQVFULSWLRQVHVWDEOLVKHGDPXWXDOO\UHLQIRUFLQJUHOD WLRQVKLSEHWZHHQVDFUHGDQGDUWKLVWRULFDOPRGHVRIYLHZLQJLQORFDOHVDV  2Q VXUYLYLQJ VFXOSWXUHV DWWULEXWHG WR 'DPRSKRQ VHH 6WHZDUW ± 0RUHQR ±)DXOVWLFK±'DPDVNRV±DQG.DOWVDV± RQ HYLGHQFH IRU 'DPRSKRQ¶V RXWSXW HOVHZKHUH LQ WKH 3HORSRQQHVH VHH 7KHPHOLV   DQG  7RUHOOL  'DPDVNRV ± DQG /XUDJKL ± ZLWK ELEOLRJUDSK\  2Q'DPRSKRQDVD³QHRFODVVLFLVW´VHH%HFDWWL±6WHZDUWDQG3ROOLWW ± Art History in the Temple  IDUD¿HOGDV3HUJDPRQDQG0HVVHQHWKHQZKDWRIWKRVHHOLWHOLWHUDU\WH[WV WKDWPRGHUQVFKRODUVKDYHGHHPHGSDUDGLJPDWLFRI+HOOHQLVWLFDSSURDFKHV WR WKH DUW REMHFW" +HURGDV¶V IRXUWK Mimiambus DQG7KHRFULWXV¶V ¿IWHHQWK Idyll IRU H[DPSOH DUH FRPPRQO\ FLWHG DV HYLGHQFH IRU WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI D VHOIFRQVFLRXV SRHWLFV RI YLHZLQJ LQ ZKLFK UHVSRQVHV WR LPDJHV DUH SODFHGFHQWHUVWDJH$V6LPRQ*ROGKLOODQGRWKHUVVXJJHVWWKHYRFDEXODU\ RI DUW FULWLFLVP LV KHUH GHSOR\HG E\ XQHGXFDWHG KRXVHZLYHV WR WKH LURQLF DPXVHPHQWRIDFXOWXUHGDXGLHQFHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKH$OH[DQGULDQOLEUDU\ DQGUR\DOFRXUW24,WLVOHVVFRPPRQO\REVHUYHGKRZHYHUWKDWERWKSRHPV DUHVHWZLWKLQUHOLJLRXVFRQWH[WV²WKHWHPSOHRI$VFOHSLXVRQ.RVDQGWKH IHVWLYDO RI WKH Adonaia LQ $OH[DQGULD :KLOH HDFK SRHP IXQFWLRQV DV D GHFRQWH[WXDOL]HGYHUVLRQRIDQXUEDQPLPH²RU³KLJK´DUWPDVTXHUDGLQJDV ³ORZ´²LWVPLPHWLFLVPDQGWKXVLWVKXPRUUHOLHVXSRQWKHXVHRIFRQYLQF LQJVFHQDULRVLQZKLFKQRQHOLWHYLHZHUVHQFRXQWHUZRUNVRIDUW In both WHPSOHDQGSDODFHVXFKHQFRXQWHUVRFFXUQRWGXULQJ³/DGLHV¶'D\DWWKH $UW,QVWLWXWH´ DVWKHWLWOHRIDUHFHQWDUWLFOHVXJJHVWV EXWLQWKHFRQWH[WRI ULWXDOZKHWKHUWKHKXPEOHVDFUL¿FHRIDFRFNHUHOLQDKHDOLQJVDQFWXDU\RU WKHZLWQHVVLQJRIDP\WKLFDOWDEOHDXUHODWHGWRUR\DOFXOW 7KH WHQVLRQ HDFK PLPH JHQHUDWHV EHWZHHQ WKH DHVWKHWLF MXGJ PHQWV RI XQVRSKLVWLFDWHG LQWHUQDO YLHZHUV DQG HGXFDWHG H[WHUQDO UHDGHUV UHVWVWKHUHIRUHQRWRQO\RQGLIIHUHQFHVRIJHQGHUFODVVDQGHWKQLFLW\EXW DOVRXSRQWKHFRPSOLFDWHGUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQULWXDODQGLQWHOOHFWXDOL]LQJ UHVSRQVHV WR KXPDQ DUWLVWU\ ,Q ERWK SRHPV WKH ZRPHQ FRPPHQW RQ WKH XQFDQQ\ QDWXUDOLVP DQG RWKHUZRUOGO\ VNLOO H[KLELWHG E\ VDFUHG REMHFWV ³:RXOGQ¶W \RX VD\ WKDW VRPH$WKHQD KDV FDUYHG WKHVH EHDXWLIXO WKLQJV"´ +HURGDV¶V 3KLOH DVNV ZKLOH 7KHRFULWXV¶V *RUJR VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH UR\DO WDSHVWULHVDUH³WKHJDUPHQWVRIWKHJRGV´277KHVHUHVSRQVHVKRZHYHUDUH FRPELQHG ZLWK DWWHPSWV DW PRUH OHDUQHG FRPPHQWDU\ .RNNDOH UHDGV WKH LQVFULEHGDWWULEXWLRQVWKDWDFFRPSDQ\LPDJHVZLWKLQWKH$VFOHSLDQVDQFWXDU\  7KHPRVWLQÀXHQWLDOSLHFHRQWKH³KLVWRU\RIWKHIRUPDWLRQVRIWKHYLHZLQJVXEMHFW´   LQ7KHRFULWXV  DQG +HURGDV  KDV EHHQ *ROGKLOO  VHH DOVR +XQWHU ± ZLWK%XUWRQ6NLQQHUDQG'XERLV ZKRIRFXVRQLVVXHVRIJHQGHUFODVV DQGHWKQLFLW\ DQG=DQNHU± DQG0lQQOHLQ5REHUW± ZKR IRFXV RQPRGHVRIYLHZLQJ   2QWKHLQÀXHQFHRIPLPHDQG1HZ&RPHG\KHUHVHH+XQWHU±  6NLQQHU2QWKHDQDFKURQLVWLFSURMHFWLRQRISRVW(QOLJKWHQPHQWFXOWXUDOLQVWLWXWLRQV RQWRDQWLTXLW\E\PRGHUQVFKRODUVVHHEHORZ  +HURGDV ± IJĮ૨IJૃ ਥȡİ૙Ȣ ਝșȘȞĮȓȘȞ  ȖȜȪȥĮȚ IJ੹ țĮȜȐ 7KHRFULWXV  șİ૵Ȟ ʌİȡȠȞȐȝĮIJĮijĮıİ૙Ȣ  Verity Platt WKH³VRQVRI3UD[LWHOHV´ DQGUHPDUNVXSRQWKHPLPHWLFVNLOORI$SHOOHV ZKLOH*RUJRGHVFULEHVWKH$OH[DQGULDQWDSHVWULHVLQWKHODQJXDJHRI&DO OLPDFKHDQSRHWLFVDV³GHOLFDWHDQGFKDUPLQJ´ ȜİʌIJ੹țĮ੿੪ȢȤĮȡȓİȞIJĮ 28 ,QHDFKFDVHUHVSRQVHVWRWKHOLIHOLNHTXDOLWLHVRIWKHREMHFWVHQFRXQWHUHG DUHFRPELQHGZLWKFRPPHQWVRQKXPDQtechnê³6RPHWLPHVPHQJLYHOLIH HYHQWRVWRQHV´³:KDWDFOHYHUWKLQJLVPDQ´29:KLOHWKLVVKXWWOLQJIURP VODFNMDZHGZRQGHUWRIDX[VRSKLVWLFDWLRQSURGXFHVDKXPRURXVHIIHFWDV WKHODQJXDJHRIFRQQRLVVHXUVKLSLVGLVWRUWHGLQWKHPRXWKVRIWKRVHODFN LQJWKHDXGLHQFH¶VpaideiaLWDOVRKLQWVDWWKHFRPSOH[UDQJHRIUHVSRQVHV GHPDQGHGE\VDFUHGLPDJHV%RWKSDLUVRIZRPHQPRYHEHWZHHQPRPHQWV RIULWXDODEVRUSWLRQ LQZKLFKWKH\UHVSRQGHPRWLRQDOO\WRWKHFRQWHQWRIWKH VFHQHVWKH\YLHZDQGWKHFKDUJHGDWPRVSKHUHRIVDQFWXDU\DQGIHVWLYDO DQG PRUHGHWDFKHGFRQQRLVVHXUVKLS LQZKLFKWKH\LGHQWLI\DUWLVWV¶KDQGVDQG FRPPHQWXSRQVW\OHPHGLXPDQGZRUNPDQVKLS 7KHLUVKLIWLQJUHVSRQVHV GHULYHKXPRUIURPWKHFRPSOH[LWLHVRIQDWXUDOLVWLFDUW²LQ5LFKDUG:ROO KHLP¶VIRUPXODWLRQWKHWHQVLRQEHWZHHQ³VHHLQJDV´DQG³VHHLQJLQ´²EXW DOVRSRLQWWRDWHQVLRQEHWZHHQWKHLPDJH¶VIXQFWLRQDVWKHIRFXVRIULWXDO DQG LWV VWDWXV DV WKH SURGXFW RI KXPDQ technê30 ,QGHHG7KHRFULWXV¶V XVH RIWKHODQJXDJHRIcharis SRLQWVWRWKHZD\LQZKLFKWKHVHDVSHFWVRIWKH DUW REMHFW DUH IXQGDPHQWDOO\ UHODWHG WKH QRWLRQ RI ³JUDFH´ VXJJHVWV ERWK VDFUHGSULQFLSOHVRIUHFLSURFLW\EHWZHHQJRGVDQGKXPDQVDQGWKHGHOLJKW IXOTXDOLWLHVRIPDWHULDOREMHFWVZURXJKWE\PRUWDOVNLOOWKHTXDOLWLHVWKDW SURPSWHUXGLWHFRPPHQWDU\IURPHDFKREMHFW¶VYLHZHUVDUHWKHYHU\VDPH TXDOLWLHVWKDWDOORZLWWRIXO¿OOLWVUHOLJLRXVIXQFWLRQ31 ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWKHQWKDWDOWKRXJKHDFKSRHPLVGHFRQWH[WXDOL]HG IURPLWVFRQGLWLRQVRISHUIRUPDQFHWKHYLVXDOHQFRXQWHUVLWVLPXODWHVDUH QRW,WLVWHOOLQJWKDWWKHZRPHQRI7KHRFULWXV¶VPLPHUHVSRQGLQDVLPLODU IDVKLRQ WR ERWK WKH WDEOHDX LQ WKH UR\DO SDODFH DQG WKH K\PQ WKDW LV SHU IRUPHGDVSDUWRIWKHAdonaiaHFKRLQJFRQWHPSRUDU\OLWHUDU\YDOXHVLQWKHLU  +HURGDV±7KHRFULWXV  +HURGDV ± ȝ઼ ȤȡȩȞȦȚ țȠIJૃ ੭ȞșȡȦʌȠȚ  ț਱Ȣ IJȠઃȢ ȜȓșȠȣȢ ਩ȟȠȣıȚ IJ੽Ȟ ȗȠ੽Ȟ șİ૙ȞĮȚ 7KHRFULWXVıȠijȩȞIJȠȚȤȡોȝૃਙȞșȡȦʌȠȢ  :ROOKHLP±DSSOLHGWR*UHHNDUWE\1HHUDQG6WHLQHU±$VLPL ODUWHQVLRQLQUHVSRQVHVWRQDWXUDOLVWLFSDLQWLQJLQ3KLORVWUDWXV¶VImagines LVGLVFXVVHGE\ 1HZE\LQWHUPVRIDFRQWUDVWEHWZHHQ³DEVRUSWLRQ´DQG³HUXGLWLRQ´2QWKHIUDXJKW UHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ³ULWXDO´DQG³LQWHOOHFWXDO´PRGHVRIYLHZLQJLQDQWLTXLW\VHH(OVQHU HVS±±DQG(OVQHU  2QWKHUHOLJLRXVVLJQL¿FDQFHRIcharis DQGQRWLRQVRIUHFLSURFLW\VHH0DF/DFKODQ DQG3DUNHU Art History in the Temple 207 FRPPHQWVXSRQWKH³FOHYHUQHVV´RIIHPDOHDUWLVWU\ IJઁȤȡોȝĮıȠijȫIJĮIJȠȞਖ șȒȜİȚĮ DQGWKH³VZHHWQHVV´RIWKHVLQJHU¶VYRLFH ੪ȢȖȜȣțઃijȦȞİ૙ EHIRUH DGGUHVVLQJWKHLUIDUHZHOOVGLUHFWO\WR³GDUOLQJ$GRQLV´KLPVHOI ȤĮ૙ȡİਡįȦȞ ਕȖĮʌĮIJ੼ LQDJHVWXUHRIULWXDODEVRUSWLRQ32:KHWKHUZHDUHPHDQWWRPHGLWDWH XSRQWKHVKDUHGsophia RIDUWDQGSRHWU\RUODXJKNQRZLQJO\DW7KHRFULWXV¶V ³ZRPDQLVK´GLVWRUWLRQRIFRQQRLVVHXULDOPRGHVRIGLVFRXUVHZHVKRXOGDOVR UHFRJQL]HWKDWWKHSRHP¶VLQWHUQDOSHUIRUPDQFHVHUYHVWRUHFRQWH[WXDOL]HWKH K\PQQRWPHUHO\DVD³WH[WZLWKLQDWH[W´EXWDVDVDFUHGJHQUHLQDULWXDO mise en abyme WKDWQHFHVVDULO\FRPSOLFDWHVWKHUHVSRQVHVRIERWKLQWHUQDO YLHZHUZRUVKLSSHUVDQGWKHSRHP¶VH[WHUQDODXGLHQFH $OWKRXJK 7KHRFULWXV¶V PLPH LV DV 5LFKDUG +XQWHU FRPPHQWV  ³H[SOLFLWO\FRQFHUQHGZLWKVWDQGDUGVRIDHVWKHWLFMXGJHPHQW´ OLNH+HURGDV¶VSRHPLWUHYHDOVKRZ+HOOHQLVWLFSUDFWLFHVRIYLHZLQJDSSUH FLDWLQJDQGGLVFXVVLQJDUWDQGOLWHUDWXUHLQDHVWKHWLFWHUPVZHUHQRWDOZD\V HDV\WRWHDVHDSDUWIURPWKHULWXDOHYHQWVDQGVDFUHGVSDFHVLQZKLFKWKH\ ZHUH RIWHQ HQFRXQWHUHG :H PLJKW FRPSDUH &DOOLPDFKXV¶V VL[WK Iambus LQ ZKLFK DQ XQLGHQWL¿HG VSHDNHU GHVFULEHV 3KHLGLDV¶V FKU\VHOHSKDQWLQH VWDWXHRI=HXVWRDWUDYHOHUDERXWWRHPEDUNRQDWULSWR2O\PSLD338QDEOH WRFRQYH\WKHHSLSKDQLFthauma SURGXFHGE\WKHLPDJHKHPXVWUHVRUWWR GU\OHDUQLQJUHFLWLQJDQXPHULFDOVXPPDU\RILWVGLPHQVLRQV2QWKHRQH KDQG KLV UHVSRQVH PRFNV YLHZHUV DQG E\ LPSOLFDWLRQ OLWHUDU\ FULWLFV  ZKRFDQRQO\YDOXHJUHDWVL]HLVRODWLQJWKHTXDOLW\RImegethos IURPWKH FRPSOH[DUUD\RIIDFWRUVHPSOR\HGE\KXPDQFUDIWVPHQWRFRQYH\GLYLQH SUHVHQFHDQGPDJQL¿FHQFH342QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHFRPLFLQVXI¿FLHQF\RI WKHVSHDNHU¶VGHVFULSWLRQLQWLPDWHVVRPHWKLQJPRUHVHULRXVH[SUHVVLQJERWK WKHIUXVWUDWLRQVRIHNSKUDVLV ZKLFKPXVWDOZD\VIDOOVKRUWLQLWVDWWHPSWV  7KHRFULWXV ± 2Q SDUDOOHOV EHWZHHQ WKH ZRPHQ¶V UHVSRQVHV WR YLVXDO DQG OLWHU DU\H[SHULHQFHLQWKHSRHPVHH%XUWRQ±DQGRQWKHIUDXJKWTXHVWLRQRIWKH K\PQ¶V VWDWXV DV D OLWHUDU\ SDURG\ +XQWHU ± 2Q WKH TXDOLW\ RI ³VZHHWQHVV´ LQ7KHRFULWXV¶VSRHWU\DQGLWVSURJUDPPDWLFXVHLQWKH¿UVWIdyllVHH+XQWHU± ±DQG&DLUQV  2Q WKLV WH[W DQG WKH DFFRPSDQ\LQJ VHYHQWK Iambus RQ WKH DQLFRQLF VWDWXH RI +HUPHV 3HUSKHUDLRV  VHH 0DQDNLGRX ± .HUNKHFNHU ± $FRVWD+XJKHV ±DQG,3HWURYLFDQGIRUWKFRPLQJ  )RUDPHWDSRHWLFLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHVL[WK IambusDVDQDOOHJRU\RIUHVSRQVHVWR+RPHULF HSLF LQ ZKLFK WKH VSHDNHU LV HTXLYDOHQW WR WKH 7HOFKLQHV RI WKH Aitia SURORJXH  VHH , 3HWURYLF2QWKHUROHRIEHDXW\DQGVL]H kallos kai megethos LQK\PQLFVFHQHVRI HSLSKDQ\ DQG WKHLU LQÀXHQFH RQ WKH FKU\VOHSKDQWLQH WHPSOH VWDWXHV RI 3KHLGLDV DQG KLV VXFFHVVRUVVHH6WHLQHU±DQG3ODWWIRUWKFRPLQJFKDSWHUVDQG 208 Verity Platt WRWUDQVODWHYLVXDOH[SHULHQFHLQWRYHUEDOGHVFULSWLRQ DQGWKHLPSRVVLELO LW\RIFRQYH\LQJGLYLQHHQFRXQWHUVLQKXPDQWHUPV/LNHWKHODQJXDJHRI charis LQ7KHRFULWXV¶V¿IWHHQWKIdyllVXFKLQVXI¿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¿HVWRDWKRURXJKLQWHJUDWLRQRIWKHVFKRODUO\DQGWKHVDFUHGLQ DQXPEHURIKLJKSUR¿OH+HOOHQLVWLFLQVFULSWLRQV2XUPRVWVWULNLQJH[DP SOHLVWKHVRFDOOHG³/LQGLDQ&KURQLFOH´DFDWDORJRIYRWLYHRIIHULQJVDQG GLYLQHHSLSKDQLHVVHWXSLQ B.C.ZLWKLQWKHVDQFWXDU\RI$WKHQD/LQGLD RQ 5KRGHV ZKLFK KDG EHHQ HQKDQFHG ZLWK D QHZ WHPSOH DQG WZR JUDQG VWRDVGXULQJWKHWKLUGFHQWXU\IROORZLQJDGHVWUXFWLYH¿UHLQ The GHFUHHLQVFULEHGDFURVVWKHWRSRIWKHVWHOH VHFWLRQ$ FODLPVWKDWDV³WKH PRVW DUFKDLF DQG WKH PRVW YHQHUDEOH  LQ H[LVWHQFH´$WKHQD¶V VDQFWXDU\ ³KDV EHHQ DGRUQHG ZLWK PDQ\ EHDXWLIXO RIIHULQJV IURP WKH HDUOLHVW WLPHV RQDFFRXQWRIWKHYLVLEOHSUHVHQFH epiphaneia RIWKHJRGGHVV´%HFDXVH PRVWRIWKHVHanathemataKDYHEHHQ³GHVWUR\HGE\WLPH´LWVWLSXODWHVWKDW WZR ORFDO DXWKRUV²7KDUVDJRUDV DQG 7LPDNKLGDV²VKRXOG ³LQVFULEH IURP WKHOHWWHUVDQGIURPWKHSXEOLFUHFRUGVDQGIURPWKHRWKHUHYLGHQFH´ZKDW HYHUVKRXOGSURYHD¿WWLQJVRXUFHRIHYLGHQFHIRU$WKHQD¶VHSLSKDQLHVDQG  Syll3 FGrH%OLQNHQEHUJDQGQR&KDQLRWLV7 2QWKH VDQFWXDU\VHH'\JJYHYRODQG+LJELH2Q+HOOHQLVWLF5KRGHVVHH*DEUL HOHQHWDODQG:LHPHUDQG  $±ਥʌİ੿IJઁੁİȡઁ@ȞIJ઼ȢਝșȐȞĮȢIJ઼ȢȁȚȞįȓĮȢਕȡȤĮȚȩIJĮIJȠȞIJİțĮ੿ਥȞIJȚȝȩ>IJĮ@_IJȠȞਫ਼ʌȐȡȤȠȞ ʌȠȜȜȠ૙Ȣ ț>Į੿ țĮȜȠ૙Ȣ ਕȞĮșȑȝĮıȚ ਥț ʌĮȜĮȚȠIJ@ȐIJȦȞ ȤȡȩȞȦȞ țİțȩıȝȘIJĮȚ įȚ੹ IJ੹Ȟ IJ઼Ȣ șİȠ૨ ਥʌȚijȐȞİȚĮȞ    7H[W EDVHG RQ %OLQNHQEHUJ  QR  ZLWK VRPH PRGL¿FDWLRQV  DQG WUDQVODWLRQIURP+LJELH Art History in the Temple 209 WKH YRWLYHV GHGLFDWHG LQ KHU KRQRU37 'LVSOD\HG LQ WKH temenos RQ D VWHOH PWDOOWKHLQVFULSWLRQZRXOGKDYHEHHQYLVLEOHWRDQ\RQHYLVLWLQJWKH WHPSOHWKXVIXQFWLRQLQJDVDQLPSRUWDQWIUDPLQJGHYLFHIRUWKRVHYLHZLQJ WKHVDQFWXDU\DQGLWVWUHDVXUHV38 7KHLQVFULSWLRQ¶VMX[WDSRVLWLRQRIDYRWLYHFDWDORJZLWKDVHULHVRI QDUUDWLYHVUHFRXQWLQJGLYLQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQV DJHQUHZHPLJKWFDOO³HSLSKD QRJUDSK\´ KDVOHGWRFRQVLGHUDEOHFRQIXVLRQRYHULWVHSLJUDSKLFFDWHJRU\ 7KHORQJOLVWRIGHGLFDWLRQVZLWKGHWDLOVRITXDQWLW\PHGLXPDQGFDWHJRU\ RI REMHFW HFKRHV WKH IRXUWKFHQWXU\ WHPSOH LQYHQWRULHV WKDW VXUYLYH IURP 'HORVDQGWKH$WKHQLDQ$FURSROLVSODFLQJWKHVWHOHLQDWUDGLWLRQRIVDFUHG HSLJUDSK\ WKDW KDV LWV URRWV LQ SUH+HOOHQLVWLF GRFXPHQWDU\ WUDGLWLRQV39 7KHOLVWRIHSLSKDQLHVPHDQZKLOHORRNVWRWKLUGDQGVHFRQGFHQWXU\ B.C. HSLJUDSKLFKDELWVUHODWHGWRORFDOFXOWVDQGIHVWLYDOVVXFKDVD&KHUVRQHVH GHFUHHFRPPHPRUDWLQJDZRUNRQ³WKHHSLSKDQLHVRIWKH3DUWKHQRV´E\D ORFDOKLVWRULDQQDPHG6\ULVNRVRUWKHFRUSXVRILQVFULSWLRQVFHOHEUDWLQJWKH PDQLIHVWDWLRQ RI $UWHPLV /HXFRSKU\HQH DW 0DJQHVLDRQWKH0DHDQGHU40 'HVSLWH WKHLU GLIIHUHQW RULJLQV KRZHYHU ERWK JHQUHV RI LQVFULSWLRQ KDYH WKHLU URRWV LQ SUDFWLFHV RI GHGLFDWLRQ DQG FRPPHPRUDWLRQ IRFXVHG XSRQ VSHFL¿FGHLWLHVDQGLQWKLVVHQVHKDYHDFOHDUUHOLJLRXVIXQFWLRQ:KLOHWKH /LQGLDQHSLSKDQ\QDUUDWLYHVGLUHFWWKHYLVLWRU¶VDWWHQWLRQDZD\IURPPDWHULDO  2Q WKH LQVFULSWLRQ¶V DXWKRUVKLS VHH %OLQNHQEHUJ  5LFKDUGV  DQG +LJELH ± 2Q WKH GHVWUXFWLRQ RI GHGLFDWLRQV VHH +LJELH ± DQG %UHVVRQ ± ZKR FRPPHQWV WKDW WKH ¿UVW  YRWLYHV OLVWHG  SHUFHQW  DOO SUHGDWH WKH ¿UHRI7KRVHWKDWSRVWGDWH QRV± ZHUHWKHRUHWLFDOO\VWLOOYLVLEOHLQWKH VDQFWXDU\DVVXJJHVWHGE\DFKDQJHLQWHQVHIURPਥʌİȖȑȖȡĮʌIJȠ ³KDGEHHQLQVFULEHG´ WR ਥʌȚȖȑȖȡĮʌIJĮȚ ³KDVEHHQLQVFULEHG´ DQGDVPDOOHUQXPEHURIFLWDWLRQV  7KHVWHOHLVPKLJKPZLGHDQGPGHHSVHH6KD\D±±DQG +LJELH±ZKRHDFKGHVFULEHWKHWH[W¶VVWUXFWXUHDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQLQGHWDLO7KH VWHOHZDVGLVFRYHUHGLQWKH%\]DQWLQHFKXUFKRI$JKLRV6WHSKDQRVZKHUHLWKDVEHHQXVHG IDFHXSDODV DVDSDYLQJVWRQH,WVRULJLQDOSRVLWLRQZLWKLQWKHVDQFWXDU\LVXQNQRZQ  6HH HJ 5LFKDUGV  ZKR HQWLWOHV WKH LQVFULSWLRQ ³$ +LVWRULFDO ,QYHQWRU\ RI WKH 7HPSOH 7UHDVXUHV´ 3DUDOOHOV ZLWK LQYHQWRULHV IURP 'HORV 'LG\PD DQG WKH $WKHQLDQ $VFOHSLHLRQ DQG VDQFWXDU\ RI$UWHPLV %UDXURQLD DUH GLVFXVVHG E\ 6KD\D ± VHHDOVR+LJELH±2QWHPSOHLQYHQWRULHVLQJHQHUDOVHH/LQGHUV DQG$OHVKLUH+DUULV+DPLOWRQDQG'LJQDV  0DJQHVLDRQWKH0DHDQGHU IvM   Syll.  UHYLVHG E\ (EHUW  5LJVE\  QR  ZLWK FRPPHQWDU\  DQG 6ODWHU DQG 6XPPD  VHH DPLG D YDVW ELEOLRJUDSK\ 'XQDQG*HKUNH3DUNHUDQG3ODWWIRUWKFRPLQJFKDSWHU&KHUVRQHVXV IOSPE ,   FGrH  7, DQG &KDQLRWLV  ( VHH 5RVWRYW]HII ± +LJELH±3HWULGRX±%UHVVRQ±&ODUNH± DQG3ODWWIRUWKFRPLQJFKDSWHU 210 Verity Platt REMHFWVWRZDUGVWKHWUDQVFHQGHQWIRUPRI$WKHQD DVVKHPDQLIHVWVKHUVHOI WRSURPLQHQWFLWL]HQVDQGKHUSULHVWV WKHYRWLYHRIIHULQJVOLVWHGLQWKHFDWD ORJGLUHFWWKHUHDGHUEDFNWRSK\VLFDOPDUNHUVRIWKHJRGGHVV¶VDXWKRULW\ ,QWKLVZD\WKHYLVLEOHDQGLQYLVLEOHDUHEURXJKWLQWRDPXWXDOO\UHLQIRUF LQJUHODWLRQVKLSWKDWERWKLQWHQVL¿HVWKHVDQFWLW\RIWKH/LQGLDQWHPSOHDQG SUHVHUYHVLWVIUDJLOHKLVWRU\ <HWZKLOHWKH/LQGLDQWH[WFDQEHUHDGDVWKHORJLFDORXWFRPHRI HSLJUDSKLFJHQUHVW\SLFDORIORFDOFXOWLWVYRWLYHFDWDORJDQGHSLSKDQRJUDSK\ DOVRHFKRSUDFWLFHVWKDWDUHW\SLFDORI+HOOHQLVWLFVFKRODUVKLSFRQVWUXFWLQJ DGH¿QLWLYHDUFKLYH RU³FDQRQ´ RIREMHFWVHYHQWVDQGWH[WVVXSSRUWHGE\ IXOOGRFXPHQWDWLRQ7KHVHTXHQFHRIHSLSKDQLHVIRUH[DPSOHSDUDOOHOVWKH EURDGHUHQF\FORSHGLFDQGSDUDGR[RJUDSKLFDOLQWHUHVWVRI+HOOHQLVWLFVFKRODUV VXFKDV,VWURV RI$OH[DQGULD ZKR SXEOLVKHGZRUNV OLVWLQJWKHHSLSKDQLHV RI$SROORDQG+HUDFOHV DQG3K\ODUFKRV ZKRLVOLVWHGLQWKHSuda as the DXWKRU RI D ZRUN ³2Q WKH (SLSKDQLHV RI =HXV´ 41 /LNHZLVH WKH FKURQR ORJLFDO VWUXFWXUH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI GHGLFDWRUV WUDQVFULELQJ RI LQVFULSWLRQV DQGGHWDLOHGVFKRODUO\DSSDUDWXVHPXODWHIRUPDOKLVWRULRJUDSK\²KHQFHWKH WLWOHRIAnagraphê ³&KURQLFOH´ FKRVHQE\WKHVWHOH¶VH[FDYDWRU&KULVWLDQ %OLQNHQEHUJ   ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKH VWHOH RIIHUV DQ HSLJUDSKLF SDUDOOHO WR &DOOLPDFKXV¶V Pinakes DQG WKH +HOOHQLVWLF DUW KLVWRULHV ZKRVH WUDFHV FDQEHJOLPSVHGLQ3OLQ\¶VHistoria NaturalisSURYLGLQJWKHUHDGHUZLWKD FKURQRORJLFDOFDWDORJRI REMHFWV DFFRPSDQLHGE\ FRQQRLVVHXULDOREVHUYD WLRQVUHODWHGWRVW\OHPHGLXPGDWHLFRQRJUDSK\DQGSURYHQDQFHWRJHWKHU ZLWKVXSSRUWLQJGRFXPHQWDWLRQ ,Q UHVSRQVH WR WKHVH VWULNLQJ SDUDOOHOV ZLWK +HOOHQLVWLF VFKRODUO\ SUDFWLFHV-RVHSKLQH6KD\DKDVUHFHQWO\DUJXHGWKDWWKH/LQGLDQ&KURQLFOH FRQVWUXFWVWKHWHPSOHDVDIRUPRI³FRPPXQLW\PXVHXP´LQZKLFKWKHV\P EROLFGLVSOD\RIWUHDVXUHGREMHFWVKHOSHGWRIRUJHORFDOLGHQWLW\FRQVWUXFWLQJ DQGUHSUHVHQWLQJPHPRU\WKURXJKWKHKLJKO\PDQLSXODWHGRUJDQL]DWLRQRI  )RU,VWURVVHHFGrH)±RQ3K\ODUFKRVVHHFGrH 7DQG.UR\PDQQRE 6XSSO7KHSudaDOVROLVWVDZRUNȆİȡ੿șİȓȦȞਥȞĮȡȖİȚ૵Ȟ ³2Q'LYLQH$SSHDU DQFHV´  E\ WKH VHFRQGFHQWXU\$' DXWKRU$HOLDQ (SLSKDQLHV RI ORFDO GHLWLHV DUH DOVR UHFRXQWHGE\WKHVHFRQGFHQWXU\B.C.DXWKRU/HRQRI6DPRV FGrH7RQ+HUD VHH &KDQLRWLV±±±DQG3HWULGRX2QHSLJUDSKLFHYLGHQFHIRU UHJLRQDOVDFUHGKLVWRULHV LQFOXGLQJFDWDORJXHV RI HSLSKDQLHVVHH &KDQLRWLV %RIIR  ,VDJHU  /OR\G-RQHV  :LHPHU ± 6KD\D ± +LJELH ±'LOOHU\DQG&ODUNH2Q+HOOHQLVWLFSDUDGR[RJUDSK\VHH*LDQ QLQL*DEED6FKHSHQVDQG'HOFURL[DQG+DQVHQDQG Art History in the Temple 211 NQRZOHGJH42&HUWDLQO\WKHPXVHXPSURYLGHVDKHOSIXOPRGHOIRUFRQVLGHU LQJKRZLQVWLWXWLRQVSULYLOHJHFHUWDLQREMHFWVLQWKHLUHIIRUWVERWKWRSUHVHUYH WKHSDVWDQGWRVKDSHWKHWHOOLQJRIKLVWRU\LQOLQHZLWKVSHFL¿FLGHRORJLHV $WWKHVDPHWLPHKRZHYHUWKHVHFXODUFRQFHSWRIWKHPXVHXP²ZLWKLWV FORVH WLHV WR WKH ULVH RI WKH PRGHUQ QDWLRQVWDWH²SURMHFWV DQDFKURQLVWLF QRWLRQVRIRZQHUVKLSGLVSOD\DQGUHFHSWLRQRQWRDQWLTXLW\LQGHHGDV7DQ QHUSRLQWVRXWLQWKLVYROXPHPXVHXPVZHUHH[SOLFLWO\IRXQGHGDVLQVWLWX tions autonomous fromWKHUHOLJLRXVVHWWLQJVIRUZKLFKPDQ\RIWKHLUKROG LQJVZHUHRULJLQDOO\SURGXFHG437KHDUWKLVWRULDQ,YDQ*DVNHOOFRPPHQWV  WKDWPXVHXPVKDYHWKHSRZHUWR³WUDQV¿JXUH´DQGHYHQ³P\VWLI\´ WKHREMHFWVWKH\GLVSOD\ DQGLQGHHGZHFDQQRWLJQRUHWKHHW\PRORJ\RIWKH 0RXVHLRQPRGHUQPXVHXPVPD\EHPHWDSKRULFDO³WHPSOHVRIWKHDUWV´EXW WKHLUDQFLHQWHTXLYDOHQWVZHUHVKULQHVLQDUDWKHUPRUHOLWHUDOVHQVH <HWDV *DVNHOOSRLQWVRXWWKHSURFHVVRIWUDQV¿JXUDWLRQLVQRWRQHRIFRQVHFUDWLRQ ³IRULWFRQFHUQVWKHQXPLQRXVQRWLQWKHVHQVHRIGHGLFDWLRQWRDUHOLJLRXV SHUVRQ RU DVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWK DQ REMHFW RI ZRUVKLS EXW LQ WKH VHQVH RI WKH FLYLFWKHKLVWRULFDODQGWKHDHVWKHWLF´ *DVNHOO $OOWKHVHIDFWRUVDUH UHOHYDQWWRWKH³/LQGLDQ&KURQLFOH´LQZKLFKWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQRISULYLOHJHG REMHFWVZRUNVWRFRQVWUXFWDORFDOKLVWRU\WKDWFHOHEUDWHV/LQGLDQDXWRQRP\ LQWKHIDFHRI3HUVLDQLQYDVLRQVHOIDJJUDQGL]LQJNLQJVDQG LPSOLFLWO\ WKH OHQJWKHQLQJVKDGRZRI5RPH44(YHQVRWKHREMHFWVOLVWHGRQWKHVWHOHRQO\ KDYHPHDQLQJE\YLUWXHRIWKHLURQJRLQJVWDWXVDVGHGLFDWLRQVWR$WKHQDDQG WKHLUV\PELRWLFUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKKHUYLVLEOHSUHVHQFHDW/LQGRV7KHOLVWRI YRWLYHVIRUH[DPSOHOLVWV³DWRUTXHDQGD3HUVLDQFDSDQGDUPOHWVDQGD 3HUVLDQFXUYHGVKRUWVZRUGDQGWURXVHUV´DOOGHGLFDWHGE\³WKHJHQHUDORI WKHNLQJRIWKH3HUVLDQV'DULXV´ &± ZKLOHWKH¿UVWHSLSKDQ\UHODWHV KRZDIWHU$WKHQDVDYHGWKH/LQGLDQVZLWKDVXGGHQWKXQGHUVWRUPGXULQJWKHLU VLHJHE\D3HUVLDQDGPLUDO³WKHHQHP\ZDVDVWRXQGHGDWWKHepiphaneiaRI WKHJRGGHVVDQGWRRNRIIKLVRZQDFFRXWUHPHQWVFRYHULQJKLVERG\´GHGL FDWLQJKLVPDQWOHWRUTXHDUPOHWV3HUVLDQFDSDQGFXUYHGVZRUGWR$WKHQD /LQGLD '± 7KHQDPHRIWKHDGPLUDOLVGDPDJHGDQGKDVEHHQLGHQ WL¿HGDV'DWLV$WDSKHUQHVRU$WD[HU[HV\HWWKHFRUUHVSRQGHQFHEHWZHHQ  6KD\D  VHH DOVR 6KD\D  IRU D PRUH H[WHQVLYH GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH LQVFULSWLRQ¶V PXVHRORJLFDOVLJQL¿FDQFHWRJHWKHUZLWKDWUDQVODWLRQDQGFRPPHQWDU\  6HHDOVR7DQQHU±ZLWK'XQFDQDQG:DOODFKDQG7RPOLQVRQ  7KHVRFLRSROLWLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQVRIWKHLQVFULSWLRQ¶V³FRQVWUXFWHGKLVWRU\´DUHH[SORUHGDW OHQJWKLQ+LJELH 212 Verity Platt WKHWZRHQWULHVDQGWKHVRXUFHVWKH\FLWH VXFKDV(XGHPRV¶VLindian Topics7LPRNULWRV¶VAnnalistic Account %RRN+LHURQ¶VAbout Rhodes%RRN  VXJJHVWWRWKHFDUHIXOUHDGHUWKDWULWXDOUHVSRQVHVWR$WKHQD¶VHSLSKDQ\ PLUURUSUHFLVHO\WKHSUDFWLFHVRIGHGLFDWLRQLQKHUVDQFWXDU\UHLQIRUFLQJWKH DHWLRORJLFDOUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHJRGGHVV¶VSUHVHQFHDQGKHUPDWHULDO WUHDVXUHV%\LPSOLFDWLRQDQ\RIWKHYRWLYHVOLVWHGRQWKHVWHOHFDQWKXV EHUHDGDVDZLWQHVVWRKHUPDQLIHVWHI¿FDF\ &UXFLDOO\PRVWRIWKHVHGHGLFDWLRQVQRORQJHUH[LVWHGDWWKHWLPH RIWKHLQVFULSWLRQ¶VFRPSRVLWLRQKDYLQJEHHQGHVWUR\HGE\WLPHRUWKH¿UH RI/LNHDOODUWKLVWRU\WKHFDWDORJRIYRWLYHVLVDQHNSKUDVWLFH[HU FLVH²DQDWWHPSWWRSUHVHUYHH[DPLQHDQGFHOHEUDWHLQZRUGVZKDWFDQQRW QHFHVVDULO\ EH VHHQ 7KLV SK\VLFDO LQWDQJLELOLW\ KRZHYHU LV QHFHVVDULO\ PDWFKHGE\WKDWRIWKHJRGGHVVKHUVHOI7KHHSLSKDQLFGHPRQVWUDWLRQVRI $WKHQD¶VSRZHUEDODQFHDQGUHLQIRUFHWKHUHFRUGRIREMHFWVWHVWLI\LQJWRKHU HI¿FDF\WKURXJKRXW/LQGLDQKLVWRU\IURPWKHHSRFKVRI/LQGRV+HUDFOHV +HOHQDQG0HQHODXVWRWKRVHRI$OH[DQGHUDQG3WROHP\,,QWXUQWKHVH ORVWPDWHULDOVLJQVRI$WKHQD¶VDXWKRULW\DUHVXEVWLWXWHGE\WKHLQVFULSWLRQ ZKLFKIXQFWLRQVDVDWH[WXDODQGSK\VLFDOPDUNHURIERWKWKHGHGLFDWLRQV¶ IRUPHUSUHVHQFHDQGWKHHOXVLYHSUHVHQFHRIWKHJRGGHVV477KHHSLJUDSKLF DYDODQFKHRIREMHFWVWH[WVQDPHVDQGHYHQWVWKXVFRQVWLWXWHVDUHVSRQVHWR WKHSUREOHPRIDEVHQFH²ZKHWKHUGLYLQHWUDQVFHQGHQFHRUPDWHULDOGHFD\ 7RJHWKHUWH[WXDOFLWDWLRQDQGSK\VLFDOLQVFULSWLRQDFWWRUHPDWHULDOL]HERWK YRWLYHVDQGHSLSKDQLHVIRUWKHUHDGHUZLWKLQWKHVDQFWXDU\,QWKLVVHQVHWKH VFKRODUO\RUPXVHRORJLFDODVSHFWVRIWKHLQVFULSWLRQKDYHDVSHFL¿FUHOLJLRXV IRUFHDQGWKHMX[WDSRVLWLRQRILQYHQWRU\DQGHSLSKDQ\RIIHUVDQLPSRUWDQW UHPLQGHURIWKHWKHRORJLFDO²DVZHOODVFXOWXUDODQGSROLWLFDO²LPSOLFDWLRQV RIGLVSOD\LQJFDWDORJLQJDQGDFFRXQWLQJIRUREMHFWVZLWKLQVDFUHGVSDFH CONCLUSION 7KHLQVFULSWLRQVIURP0HVVHQHDQG/LQGRVERWKGHPRQVWUDWHKRZ YHUEDOUHVSRQVHVWRLPDJHVLQUHOLJLRXVFRQWH[WVVKDUHLPSRUWDQWLPSXOVHV ZLWK FRQWHPSRUDU\ VFKRODUO\ SUDFWLFH 1HLWKHU FRXOG EH GHVFULEHG DV ³DUW  2Q WKH LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI WKH 3HUVLDQ GHGLFDWRU VHH +LJELH ± DQG %UHVVRQ $WDSKHUQHV ZDV VXJJHVWHG E\ %OLQNHQEHUJ  DQG  FROV ± 'DWLVE\5LFKDUGVDQG+HOW]HU$WD[HU[HVE\%DVOH]±  2QDUWKLVWRU\DVDIRUPRIHNSKUDVLVVHH(OVQHU  2QWKLVSRLQWVHHDOVR.RFK3LHWWUHZKRVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHVWHOHLV³XQHUHOLTXH GHUHOLTXHVXQHUHOLTXHDXFDUUp´ Art History in the Temple 213 KLVWRU\´LQDIRUPDOVHQVHEXWERWKGUDZXSRQDUDQJHRIFRQQRLVVHXULDODQG GRFXPHQWDU\VWUDWHJLHVWKDWLQWHUVHFWZLWKRWKHUFXOWXUDOGLVFRXUVHVLQWKHLU DWWHPSWWRHQKDQFHDQGSUHVHUYHWKHVDQFWLW\RIWKHREMHFWVWRZKLFKWKH\ UHIHU$W0HVVHQHWKLVHQWDLOVDFHOHEUDWLRQRIWKHDUWLVWDQGDQHPSKDVLV XSRQKLVVNLOODQGSLHW\²KLVtechnê DQGtheosebeiaDW/LQGRVWKHQDPHV RIPDNHUVDUHVXSSUHVVHGLQRUGHUWRFRQFHQWUDWHXSRQIDPRXVGHGLFDWRUV SUHFLRXV PDWHULDOV DQG KLVWRULFDO VLJQL¿FDQFH 'HVSLWH WKHLU HSLJUDSKLF UDWKHU WKDQ OLWHUDU\ VWDWXV ERWK WH[WV DUH FRQFHUQHG ZLWK SUREOHPV IDPLO LDUWRDUWKLVWRU\LQWKDWWKH\DWWHPSWWRUDWLRQDOL]HWKHYLVXDODQGPDWHULDO SRZHURISULYLOHJHGREMHFWVLQYHUEDOIRUPZKLOVWVLPXOWDQHRXVO\DVVHUWLQJ WKHWH[W¶VLPSRUWDQFHDVDJXLGHWR²RUHYHQDVXEVWLWXWLRQIRU²WKHYLHZ LQJ RI VXFK REMHFWV ,Q WKLV VHQVH WKH\ DOVR VKDUH PXFK ZLWK +HOOHQLVWLF HNSKUDVWLFSRHWU\ZKLFKH[KLELWVDQLJKREVHVVLYHDZDUHQHVVRIWKHSUREOHP RI DEVHQFH DQG WKH GLI¿FXOWLHV RI DFFRXQWLQJ IRU LPDJHV LQ ZRUGV:KLOH WKHIUXVWUDWLRQVRIHNSKUDVLVDUHRIWHQH[SORUHGLQUHODWLRQWRGLVFRXUVHVRI SRZHUDQGJHQGHULWLVFOHDUIURPWKHWH[WVGLVFXVVHGDERYHWKDWWKHVSH FLDOTXDOLWLHVDWWULEXWHGWRLPDJHVHQFRXQWHUHGLQVDFUHGFRQWH[WVZHUHDOVR DNH\IDFWRULQ+HOOHQLVWLFQHJRWLDWLRQVRIWKHYLVXDO7UDGLWLRQVRIYRWLYH GHGLFDWLRQ ULWXDO YLHZLQJ DQG HSLJUDSKLF FRPPHPRUDWLRQ VKRXOG QRW WKHQEHH[FOXGHGIURPRXUDFFRXQWVRI³WKHELUWKRIDUWKLVWRU\´EXWDUHD IXQGDPHQWDOSDUWRIWKHVWRU\,QGHHGWKHVXEWOHWKHRORJ\DWZRUNLQWKHVH H[DPSOHVPLJKWVHUYHWRUHPLQGXVKRZLWLVE\QRPHDQVVWUDLJKWIRUZDUG WRVHSDUDWHWKHSUDFWLFHRIDUWKLVWRU\IURPDEURDGHULPSXOVHWRGRFXPHQW WKH VDFUHG DXUD DURXQG FHUWDLQ REMHFWV²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¿JXUH LQWHOOHFWXDO SUDFWLFH ZLWKRXW UHIHUHQFH WR WKH GLYLQH FDQ SDUDGR[LFDOO\REIXVFDWHWKHYHU\FXOWXUDOFRPSOH[LWLHVZHVHHNWRXQFRYHU LIWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQOLEUDU\DQGWHPSOH²ERWKIRUWKHDQFLHQWVDQG RXUVHOYHV²LVQRWLWVHOIFDUHIXOO\KLVWRULFL]HG The University of Chicago