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2009, Postcolonial Perspectives in Archaeology: Proceedings of the 39t h (2006) Annual Conference of the Chacmool Archaeological Conference
La Malinche, the female consort of Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés, is one of the most reviled (and misunderstood) individuals in history. Combining art historical, ethnohistorical, and archaeological arguments this paper will re-conceptualize Malintzin, the native princess, within her indigenous context. In a society where women held prominent political and religious offices, Malintzin was trained for precisely the kinds of courtly intrigues and alliance building that resulted in the overthrow of the Aztec empire. I argue that Malintzin was not only an active participant in the Conquest, but to a considerable extent she was the brains behind the successful campaign.
The topic of La Malinche is a delicate one not only because of the extraordinary lack of historical data about her, but also because of the extreme social reactions to whatever parts of her story we have. Malinche is either loved or hated in such extremes that her story is rarely touched upon by neutral forces. As fascinating as these studies of Malinche’s influence are, there is not enough evidence for a true personal profile of Malinche. There is however enough evidence from the writings of the participating Spaniards and natives to assess how much influence Malinche had in the conquest of Mexico. By comparing different texts, the argument can be made that Malinche was within a position of importance amongst the Spaniards, and grew only stronger after her decision to deliver intelligence that would lead to the massacre at Cholula. Keywords: Mexico, Cortes, Malinche, History, Cholula, Colonialism
USURJ: University of Saskatchewan Undergraduate Research Journal
Pocahontas and La Malinche: Mirror Images and Antithetical Archetypes2017 •
This paper compares and contrasts two Indigenous figures in Mexican history and American history. La Malinche aided conquistador Hernan Cortés during his conquest of Tenochtitlan in the sixteenth century in a way similar to Pocahontas who ‘rescued’ Capt. John Smith the following century. Both women are among the earliest Indigenous figures to become mythologized in their respective nations’ history, yet the legacy they left behind is different; La Malinche’s legacy is more contentious than Pocahontas’s. This paper explores the similarities their stories share and the role they play as mediators, mothers, and symbolic figures. It includes a careful study of the many ways Pocahontas and La Malinche have been remembered since, from artistic portrayals to comparisons with biblical figures. Finally, the paper analyzes the nuances in each of their legacies and proposes one way of interpreting why the two figures have come to be regarded differently over time.
2009 •
Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History
Malintzin, Pocahontas, and Krotoa: Indigenous Women and Myth Models of the Atlantic World2006 •
Archival documents have shown both Spain’s attempts at Christianizing the Aztecs and their justifications for the destruction of traditional native beliefs and gender roles. More specifically, these documents reveal how Spanish and Christian andocentric ideologies attempted to pacify Aztec female roles and remove them from places of power. An examination of Aztec-Spanish relations, emphasizing the religiosity and mentalities of both the conquered and the conquerors, provides an interesting correlation between the transformation of native women’s social status and their acceptance and/or denial of European patriarchical customs. This article focuses on the reciprocating system of duality existing between men and women in Aztec life and religion, the rate of acculturation of Spanish patriarchical structures by native peoples, and two contemporary Aztec case studies that exhibit differing levels of acculturation, traditional sustainability, and religious reservation. These scenarios will illustrate the various factors contributing to the transformation and, in some cases, the preservation of pre-Columbian female Aztec roles.
Montezuma Publishing
A History of the Women of Mexico and Their Agency: Goddesses, Queens, Translators, and Nuns2019 •
Investigating written accounts and illustrations provide some excellent methods for analyzing the lives of women before, during, and after the conquest of Mexico. We are allowed a foretaste into their extraordinary lives and witness the avenues available to women from all economic and social backgrounds. The overall purpose of this thesis is to explore the evolution of women in Mexico chronologically before European contact, as well as during and after the conquest of Mexico, to demonstrate women’s autonomy and resilience. Women during the fifteenth through the eighteenth-centuries consciously employed a variety of survival techniques to empower themselves both through social and economic statuses. Women like Doña Marina willingly became the translator for Cortés and paved her way to prominence, Queen Isabel de Moctezuma used the Spanish court system in order to fight the encroachment of her land, and Sor Juana Inez de la Cruz became a nun in order to educate herself and other women with literature. Women like these were important to the overall history of Mexico because they used their autonomy in order to survive and resist. Moreover, visual, role and textual modes of analysis will be employed to examine the experiences of women in Mexico from all backgrounds during these three significant stages of Mexico. In doing so, this paper will have created a comprehensive history of the women in Mexico as they progress through their ever-changing history, in hopes to demonstrate their resilience and agency that these women held throughout time. The first chapter will explore the concepts of madness and sanity and how they were used to label certain individuals in pre-contact Mexico. The second chapter will look at two specific case studies that include Doña Marina and Queen Isabel de Moctezuma. Both of these women made choices that allowed them to survive the onslaught of the conquest. Finally, the third chapter will explore a handful of case studies during the post-conquest era that deals with Casta women and their resilience. Along with these case studies, a case study of Sor Juana Inez de la Cruz will wrap up the whole of the thesis.
Here we look at the resilience of Aztec women before and after the conquest of Mexico. Major historiography of the work being published in the field.
Revista de Estudios Hispánicos
The Many Forms of Malintzin: Remembering the Colonial-era Interpreter Through Indigenous Storytelling2024 •
This article studies contemporary Indigenous authors who revisit the memory of Malintzin by writing at the intersection of text, orality, and dance. I begin by analyzing Yásnaya Aguilar Gil’s essay collection Tres veces tres (2021), which considers the colonial-era interpreter from the vantage point of Mixe ritual practices, Zapotec ceremonial dances, and Indigenous textiles. I read Tres veces tres alongside a short story by Nahua author Ethel Xochitiotzin Pérez, which records oral narratives about Malintzin as a protector of the forests in Tlaxcala. I argue by searching for Malintzin through non-textual forms, Aguilar Gil and Xochitiotzin Pérez put pressure on Mexican foundational narratives and, more importantly, question the centrality of the written word as our primary instrument for recording history. Both authors center the multilingual and multimedia traditions of Indigenous literatures as a point of departure to remember Malintzin in motion, dancing across town squares and walking through the forests of Tlaxcala.
Witchcraft, Rituals, and Colonialism
The Never-Ending Serpent: Eurocentric Christianic Castration Anxiety and Ethnocentrism of the Aztecan Goddess Coatlicue during the Age of Colonization2019 •
This paper historically examines how Coatlicue is a mirror and map in the tumultuous culture of the Aztecan colonization period. As a mirror, she reflects women as powerful, fertile, and sacrificial in Aztec culture while being a terrifying reflection of what Christian colonizers feared. Similarly, she is a map to self-transformation and power in Aztec culture, yet also a map to ruination for the Eurocentric colonizers’ way of life. In this way, Coatlicue is the antithesis of Eurocentric androcentric Christian thought and belief. This antithesis is further demonstrated through a close analysis of the “influential indigenous female” power dynamic related to one of Coatlicue’s aspectual forms (La Malinche), which demonstrates the inherent social anxieties of the colonizers as being ethnocentric castration anxiety as a whole.
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