Messengers of Peace - African Scouts Scouting, Noble Citizenship & Youth Programme of Human Security Costantinos BT Costantinos, PhD Chief Scout, Ethiopian Scouts, Professor of Public Policy, School of Graduate Studies, College of Business and Economics, AAU A panel lecture on Africa Scout Day A Scout is Trustworthy, Loyal, Helpful, Friendly, Courteous, Kind, Obedient, Cheerful, Thrifty, Brave, Clean, Reverent Summary Advances in human thought and action towards global justice and universalization of guarantees for human rights, are gathering added momentum with the motive energy contributed by unprecedented events following the end of the Cold War. Such developments notwithstanding, conflicts have displaced over 60 million people today. The Messengers of Peace initiative by some 40 million young scouts worldwide is taking on the task of human security globally. Our vision is that Scouting will be the foremost youth program of character development and valuesbased leadership training. Scouting will continue to offer young people responsible fun and adventure; instil in young people lifetime values and develop in them ethical character as expressed in the Scout Oath and Law. It is to train young people in noble citizenship, service, and leadership to serve communities and families with its quality, values-based programmes. We envision Scouting entering its second century as an influential, value-based enlightening movement focused on achieving its mission, attracting and retaining more and more young people coming from broader segments of society; in all cultures; as dynamic, innovative Movement with adequate resources and democratic decision making processes where organization, management and communication are effective at all levels. In this regards, scouts will engage in brave and direct action taking the bull by the horn in training and civic education on stemming human insecurity and domestication of international instruments, build coalition to ensure human security capacity building is undertaken by civil societies. Promote integrated humanitarian and development projects, including income generating and self-reliance activities, education and infrastructure development; establishing human security research capacity, develop durable solutions and comprehensive response strategies to human insecurity. Key words: messengers of peace, citizenship, youth development, empowerment, peace 1. Introduction The Africa Region continued to constitute the region in the world being most affected by violent conflicts and wars. These caused unspeakable suffering and destruction to its people, the infrastructure and its environment. Although various efforts were made in the past to bring an end to these wars and violent conflicts in the region - some of them successful, others less so - it became more and more imperative to embark on a comprehensive and concerted effort for the creation of a sustained human security framework in the region. For instance, the Heads of State and Government of the eleven Member States of the Great Lakes of Africa signed the Dar Es Salaam Declaration (DD) on 20 November 2004. They expressed their conviction that there is need for Reestablishment of interstate and intrastate relations based on trust, revitalization of cooperation and integration, within the framework of a regional and inclusive vision for the promotion of sustainable peace, security, democracy and development (§ 13), calling for “for the establishment of a framework for conflict prevention, management and peaceful settlement of conflicts. Similar declarations have been made by the African Union and The Regional Economic Communities (RECs). Secretariats have been formed as inter-governmental administrative organs for the follow-up mechanism, with core tasks of coordinating and implementing the programmes of action. There are regular monitoring and periodic evaluation, strengthening linkages to bring policy makers closer and facilitating dialogue with development partners including the Group of Friends during the implementation phase of programmes of action. The aim is augured at facilitating active participation of youth, youth, civil society, academia, the media, the private sector and local communities, information dissemination and sensitization of key stakeholders, determining complementarities and linkages of projects to avoid misallocation of resources and ensure timely implementation, preparing and transmitting reports based on information received from member states and affiliated institutions, The peace, state and human security programmes are based on strengthening civil society and the various coordinates of governing institutions. Support to civil society, political parties and business community will focus on civic education, political participation and conflict management, communications, information management and the media. The Secretariats created to act as the technical arm to initiate, facilitate, and coordinate the implementation of the Pact, implementation of the decisions of the Summit and the InterMinisterial Committee, and reporting on it. The Secretariats aim at ensuring that the implementation results in making peace, stability and development become real through regional conflict management, joint problem solving and concerted common development efforts. The objectives are to transform the Africa region into a space for sustainable human security, political and social stability, shared growth and development, and cooperation among the countries of the region. In order to fulfil these objectives, four thematic cluster areas have been targeted: peace, security, democracy, good governance, economic development, and regional integration, humanitarian and social issues, it also addresses crosscutting issues such as gender, environment, human rights, human settlements… The Regional Programmes of Action for Human Security seek to develop such a framework in the Africa Region. In this effort, two basic concerns have to be taken into consideration: First: existing structures and mechanisms should be used and strengthened. Secondly, specific issues must receive special attention. This should be addressed through priority projects to be implemented immediately in the framework of the pact on security, stability and development. These relate specifically to the reinforcement of border security, the fight against illicit small arms and light weapons, transnational crime and terrorism. This article is about how scouting as messengers of peace that can enhance citizenship and build a secure and peaceful society. Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 1 2. Threats to human security – Poverty, corruption, conflicts, diseases, and climate change: In the ICGLR countries, poverty is a real threat to human security; hence meeting the SDGs is not an option. The plundering of public wealth directly hampers development and undermines trust in democracy and institutions. A report by the AU claims that Africa loses an estimated USD 148 billion annually to corrupt practices (25% of the continent‘s GDP). Implementing supply-demand strategies and curtailing the misuse public funds is hence imperative. The proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALP), the real weapons of mass destruction is another threat.i Better control and tracking of supply needs a global treaty regulating the small arms trade, also an important priority linked with the Freedom from Fear agenda. The global threat of terrorism is an important test case for the human security agenda, as the human security approach would assuage the paucity in conventional counter terrorist measures. (Elworthy & Rifkind, 2005) This include inter alia, sanctions or military force against a nation but not a specific target, detention without trial, body searches and night raids, that threaten to erode the very civil liberties it seeks to protect. (Fekete, L. 2002) Human security also emphasises the protection of human rights and respect for the rule of law. (Amnesty International, 2005) In many countries, some counter-terrorist measures violate human rights (Human Rights News, 2004) that serve to intensify the threat of terrorism. Human security argues that a failure to respect human rights in one state may undermine international effort to cooperate to combat terrorism (Kaldor, M, in R Belcher (Ed), 2004 cited in Elworthy & Rifkind's, 2005), thus more effort should be invested in the effective inclusion of human rights protection and the needs to address physical, psychological and political dimensions. The psychological aspect highlights that the violence of a state military response simply begets further violence, provokes, and consolidates support for those groups. Instead, sustainable victory in such conflict situations means, ―To win a battle for the society, for its mind-sets and psychologies, to address sources of grievance and anxiety, and to shore up institutions of governance‖. The challenges to promote human security in the Region are manifold and immense. All Member States are faced with a wide range of internal issues, which may at times interfere or compete with regional objectives. External interests, interfering with national and regional processes and goals, may compound these challenges. Therefore, it will require the determination and perseverance of political leaders and the people to pursue their common vision. Acute risks to the efforts and peace building in the region in particular continue to exist through armed groups, which are still causing havoc and destabilization in some of the member countries. Addressing this threat will constitute a first reality test of the processes and the pacts to yield. Yet, rather than succumbing to the continued threats in the region, this should be seen as a historic and unique chance and opportunity to create and foster trust, confidence and cooperation among the countries in the region to overcome these obstacles by joining forces for the betterment of living conditions for all people in the region. 3. Paradigmatic development of the notion of human security: Human security, a post-Cold War concept, is a multi-disciplinary understanding of security involving a number of research fields, including development studies, international relations, strategic studies, and human rights. The 1994 Human Development Report (HDR), a milestone publication in the field of human security, introduces a new concept of human security. This equates security with people rather than territories, with development rather than arms, ensuring “freedom from want” and “freedom from fear” for all persons are the best path to tackle the problem of global insecurity. It refers to an emerging paradigm for understanding global vulnerabilities whose proponents challenge the notion of national security by arguing that the proper referent for security should be the individual rather. It examines both the national and the global concerns of human security and seeks to deal with these concerns through a new paradigm of Sustainable Human Development (SHD), capturing potential peace dividend, a new form of development co-operation and a restructured system of global institutions. Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 2 Increasing human security is investing in human development, not in arms, engaging policy makers to address the emerging peace dividend and giving the UN, AU and scouts a clear mandate to sustain development. It is to enlarging the concept of development co-operation so that it includes all flows, not just aid. Human security holds that a people-centred view of security is necessary for global stability, and is now frequently referred to in a wide variety of global policy discussions.ii In the 2005 World Summit outcome document, the UN GA committed itself to discussing and defining the notion of human security.iii 3.1. Freedom from fear vs. freedom from want: While the HDR originally argued that human security requires attention to both freedoms from fear and from want, divisions have gradually emerged over the proper scope of that protection and over the appropriate mechanisms for responding to these threats. The Freedom from Fear School seeks to limit the practice of human security to protecting individuals from violent conflicts. This approach argues that limiting the focus to violence is a realistic and manageable approach towards human security. Emergency assistance, conflict prevention, and resolution, peace building are the main concerns of this approach. On the other hand, according to UNDP 1994, "Freedom from Want" school focuses on the basic idea that violence, poverty, inequality, diseases, and environmental degradation are inseparable concepts in addressing the root of human insecurity. Different from "Freedom from Fear", it expands the focus beyond violence with emphasis on development and security goals. In reality both should serve as an important impetus to global action,iv nevertheless, attempts to implement this human security agenda have led to the emergence of these two major schools of thought.v The UNDP's definition of human security argues that the scope of global security should be expanded to include threats in economic, food, health, environmental, personal and community securities. Since then, human security has been receiving more attention from the key global development institutions. 3.2. Human and State Security: State security is about a state's ability to defend itself against external aggression and threats, using deterrence strategies, (Lippmann, W, 1943) under the rubrics of the values of international security predominance and the ascension of the nation-states. While political theory asserts variants of state security, the fundamental trait of security focus is on the primacy of the state: shielding boundaries, people, institutions, and values. Human security shifts the focus to protecting well-being of individuals and responding to ordinary people's needs in dealing with sources of threats, expanding the scope of protection to inter alia environmental pollution, infectious diseases, and economic deprivation. It not only protects, but also empowers people and societies, hence its realisation, involves a broader participation of all stakeholders, including people who could contribute by identifying and realising solutions to insecurity. Hence, human security and national security are not mutually exclusive concepts and neither can be attained independently (UNCHS, 2003). Human security has long been argued that the "scope" of global security should be expanded to include the threat of infectious disease. The primary goal of human security is the protection of individuals, and infectious diseases are among the most serious threats to individuals around the world. Given the trans-national nature of infectious disease, the traditional unilateral, statecentred policy approaches to these threats by infectious diseases is ineffective over the long run.vi Therefore, adopting a people-centred human security model with its emphasis on prevention, individual empowerment, and treatment strategies delivered by an array of global actors is possibly a pioneering approach to deal with the increasing diversity of contagious diseases (Kaldor, 2004). 4. What is citizenship? Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009 assert that though scholars have argued about citizenship for centuries, even today citizenship is a highly contested concept. At its most basic, citizenship entails membership in a community, the rights and obligations that flow from that membership and equality of status to other members. It is not only about the relationship between individuals and the state but also about the relationship between individual citizens within a community. Within these relationships, citizenship entails both rights and obligations. The balance of which is often a source of major debates (Lister 2003; Janoski 1998). Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 3 As a whole, rights-based approaches to citizenship are grounded in the liberal political tradition of equality of the individual, and the right to participate in decision-making in social, economic, cultural and political life is seen as basic to the lexicon of rights-based citizenship. In his essay on citizenship rights: civil, political and social. Civil rights guarantee individual freedom, such as liberty of person and freedom of speech, thought and faith. Political rights secure an individual’s participation in the exercise of political power. Social rights protect a minimum of economic welfare and security. They have been shown to be important for guaranteeing the effective use of civil and political rights, including promises of autonomy (Orloff 1993; Esping-Andersen 2002; O‘Connor 1993). Yet citizenship also implies duties. This perspective not only emerges from more ancient notions of civic republicanism but also from more recent work on communitarianism (Sandel 1996), wherein the liberal (rights) perspective was challenged by a communitarian approach emphasizing citizenship obligations over rights (Mead 1986; Novak and Cogan 1987). While not all scholars agree, it is generally accepted that citizenship is not only passive, but also agentic, requiring the fulfilment of a variety of responsibilities (Delanty 2000: 19; Faulks 2000). 5. Scouting and citizenship Strong Scout leadership at all levels of society is essential for an effective auguring of quality human capital, which should be complemented by the full and active participation of civil society, the business community, and the private sector. Leadership involves citizen commitment and concrete actions. Hence, education for democratic citizenship to enhance Scout citizenship is an important concept in the late twentieth century. The crux of the challenge in leadership mentoring is creating, retaining, and putting to productive use with such qualities throughout social, political, and economic arenas. It is about having the ability and willingness to identify, sequence, and execute youth-centred priorities and programmes in the face of limited human, financial, and institutional capacities. It boils down to formulating and executing national and sectoral policies that would enhance countries aggregate commitment, will power and capacities to mobilize, develop, motivate, encourage and utilise all segments of the population. To meet this challenge is synonymous to meeting the development challenge at large. The results, under all probability, would lead to the creation of a strong nation active in both domestic and world transactions. Youth should organize both inside and outside political parties. Being organized either in interest groups outside or as caucuses inside political parties provides valuable experience for youth and gives them a power base on which to build if they aspire to office. Political as well as professional groups such as scout doctors‘ or scout lawyers‘ associations can play an important role as a recruiting ground for scout candidates. Being organized also increases visibility and legitimacy. In addition, in political parties, where the youth commonly do a considerable amount of the essential party work, it is important to be organized into a scout caucus that can lobby for improved representation. Organised youth‘ movements should urge parties to set down clear rules for candidate selection. Generally, youth will benefit if parties have clear bureaucratic procedures for selecting candidates rather than a system based on loyalty to those in power. When the rules of the game are clear, it is possible for youth to develop strategies to improve representation. When the process is dominated by patronage, rules can be unclear and decisions are often made by a limited number of persons, who are almost certainly predominately male. Organised youth‘ movements should carefully evaluate all parties of any proposed electoral system for their possible advantages or disadvantages for youth. Even when there is broad agreement on a system based on geographical electoral districts, there will usually be different ways of implementing such a system. Those interested in increasing youth representation should not neglect these alternatives. Existing research suggests that the more seats in the national legislature the better for youth, because this will increase party magnitude. When deciding how many geographic districts should be formed, the smaller the number of districts created the better for youth, again because this will increase party magnitude. (Meier, Petra, 2004) 5.1. Socio-political accountability Socio-political accountability (SA) as messengers of peace is a means to fulfil commitments to achieve economic efficiency. Socio-political accountability policies recognise the dependence Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 4 of the paid economy on the unpaid care sector and plan for both of them appropriately. While economic efficiency is a compelling reason for development plans to be gender-responsive, the goal of equity is equally important. Citizen participation in social accountability (SAc) focuses on the use of SAc approaches by citizens as a means to make basic service delivery more effective, efficient, responsive and accountable. It is about strengthening knowledge of citizens regarding budgets and budget processes, and their capacity to engage therein. It is also about piloting of SAc approaches, assess experience gained, disseminate lessons, and prepares the scaling-up of effective SAc approaches; and directly support improvements in citizens‘ understanding of their rights and responsibilities vis-à-vis public services, pilots will be demand-side interventions that build the bridge between public service providers and citizens. Citizen Report Cards (CRC) and Community Score Cards (CSC): CRCs are participatory surveys that provide quantitative and qualitative feedback on user perceptions on quality, adequacy, and efficiency of representation and public services. The ability to define and realise higher representation of scouts in decision-making vision and goals effectively depends on contextual factors—the environment in which capacity is shaped—―factors influencing capacity to respond to a given substantive development problem‖ comprising institutional norms and practices and links and relationships within and between levels. Ingredients or elements, which contribute to capacity of an entity to act or achieve, comprising structure/division of labour, space/authority to act, motivation, leadership, analysis of context/problem-solving/learning systems, resources and performance/ achievements. 6. Capacity building for higher representation of scouts in decision-making: 6.1. providing the environment in which scouts can exercise their capabilities Capacity building and mentoring as messengers of peace in decision-making is not just a matter of providing youth with the skills to accomplish tasks and solve problems related to representation; it also means providing the environment in which youth can exercise their capabilities. In addition, these mentored skills need to be mobilised and applied, involving factors such as the motivation and efforts of individuals to improve their livelihood and the mobilisation of people to reach common goals that are mutually beneficial to a society. Capacity building as messengers of peace in decision-making must go beyond reforming technical capacity but also address the institutional and policy environment, which affects its effectiveness. Resources are very important as messengers of peace in decision-making. The basic tenets of financial self-reliance for the higher representation of youth in decision-making process is based on few principles: cost-effectives to maintain and improve the delivery of per capita net benefits, opportunity for additional programme areas that will enhance the objective, efficiency to maintain the financial integrity of scouts organisation and tools for varied strategic planning. There are two tools or strategic alternatives: identification of those factors, which provide the development of a strategy and development of strategic alternatives that emerge from analysis of the environment and competitive position. It grows constantly assessing the future, find new directions as events unfurl, and direct the organisation's skills and resources into new balances of dominance and risk aversion by incrementally modifying previous strategies. For most organisations, strategy is an on-going and continuing process. Hence, there is the necessity for clarity of objectives, popular participation broad strategies for financial self-reliance, whose linkages are visible. Clarity and proper dissemination of objectives lead to effective participation that can result in profitable fund raising schemes. Clarity of objectives is indeed the corner stone of attracting stakeholders to subscribe and support for the higher representation of youth in decision-making. The dissemination of these objectives and the diffusion of knowledge among communities is indeed an effort worth the returns. The public relations strategy is based on belief in the cause, putting the fund raising and information in one package, be professional - know the subject, evaluate, accept and back new Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 5 ideas, use volunteers - the best mechanism for raising money and information dissemination, be flexible fit fund raising to the donor; 6.2. Knowledge Management (KM)/Communities of Practice (CoP): KM is essential for systematic database, learning, action, and feedback. Several KM and CoP initiatives, though not part of an institution-wide coherent plan, and targeted at satisfying the needs of only a specific department/unit, are already underway in the higher representation of youth in decision-making. Nonetheless, this is far from enough as it barely covers needs of training and mentoring the individuals who use the system and the equipment needed to support the platform developed and the cash needed to underwrite the process. Hence, a three-week study into KM development systems needs to be undertaken. Hence, higher representation of youth in decision-making must undertake a KM review with a view to define the track, media and channels of communication internally and with its entire stakeholders. CoPs enable information sharing and the exploitation of media to the desired level in communication efforts of higher representation of youth in decision-making. Development information systems for CoPs mean that higher representation of youth in decision-making needs to initiate Country Response Information Systems to stem the challenges of inequality. 6.3. Mainstreaming higher representation of youth in decision-making: Based on current experience and aimed at guiding mainstreaming higher representation of youth in decision-making at different levels, five simple principles have emerged that attempt to provide a comprehensive framework to analyse where and when to introduce and implement higher representation of youth in decision-making for scouts. Principle 1 underscores the importance of developing a clearly defined and focused entry point or theme for mainstreaming higher representation of youth in decision-making in order to maintain the critical focus necessary to make an impact. Principle 2 maintains that, at the country level, mainstreaming does not take place outside of the existing national context. Thus, national policies or strategic frameworks as messengers of peace in decision-making should be used as the frame of reference. Mainstreaming efforts should be located within existing institutional structures. Principle 3: Mainstreaming cannot be expected to develop of its own accord. Hence, it necessitates advocacy, sensitization, mentoring and capacity building in order to place higher representation of youth in decision-making in a better position to undertake mainstreaming. Principle 4 asserts the need to maintain a mainstreaming distinction between the internal domain, where youth vulnerabilities are addressed in their work place; and the external domain, where institutions undertake higher representation of youth in decision-making interventions based on their mandate and capacities in support of local strategic efforts. Principle 5 highlights the importance of developing strategic partnerships as messengers of peace in decision-making based upon comparative advantage, cost effectiveness, and collaboration. 6.4. Advocacy strategies: The development of an advocacy strategy is a critical activity in enhancing higher representation of youth in decision-making as it ensures the execution of programmes and activities that have a great impact in mitigating the gender disparity. It should be focused on promotion of behaviour change, generating and using technical information, ensuring adequate resources, developing intuitional capacity, targeted interventions at youth and law enforcement, and interventions for the awareness-raising among the general population. Many factors contribute to making such advocacy a major challenge: discrimination against and lack of resources for Youth. While progress in the member states is encouraging, there is much to be desired for an effective national strategy, which can be mounted to promote higher representation of Youth in decision-making. In each case opinion leaders, including policy makers, educators, the media, and others must recognise the challenge publicly and openly, and act with political courage in applying sound measures to reduce the opposition to higher representa- Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 6 tion of Youth in decision-making. Such successful advocacy requires clear articulation of the guideposts for action: principles, vision, goal, and objectives. Advocacy principles are broad statements of intention that help guide advocacy planning and action. Successful advocacy strategies will be constructed around a set of shared principles. Programmes Synergy and Synthesis Reduction of small arms and light weapons- Human Human Rights Violations and mineral resources trafficking Violence against Youth and Children Human security Disarmament Human and Demobilisation State security Democratic Governance Political, Economic and Social and cultural governance, Rules and Institutions Sustainable livelihoods in the Africa Region Cross cutting issues Gender equality & youth empowerment Environment development, climate change Food Security Meeting the SDGs Livelihood security Entrepreneurship Tackling poverty and the diseases of poverty Human Development and Security Infrastructure development Secretariat task-based Capacity Building: Policy and strategic harmonisation, Information and Knowledge management and Monitoring and Evaluation providing the environment in which youth can exercise their capabilities Knowledge Management (KM)/Communities of Practice Mainstreaming higher representation of youth in decision-making Advocacy strategies 7. Conclusion It almost a century now since visionaries founded the Ethiopian Scouts. We had achieved a level of development when Emperor Haile Sellasse became the Patron of the International scout Movement. Today, with 72,000 scouts, marks an end of an era and a new beginning for the Ethiopian Scouting Movement. The regeneration of our movement that I was part of since I was eight years old, is indeed a generous reprieve for our citizenship rights of a once great organization in Ethiopia. Some 40 million young people worldwide now take part in the adventure of Scouting. Our vision is that Scouting will be the nation's foremost youth program of character development and values-based leadership training. In the future Scouting will continue to offer young people responsible fun and adventure; instil in young people lifetime values and develop in them ethical character as expressed in the Scout Oath and Law; train young people in citizenship, service, and leadership; serve Ethiopia's communities and families with its quality, valuesbased programme. We envision Scouting entering its second century as an influential, value-based educational movement focused on achieving its mission, attracting and retaining more and more young people coming from broader segments of society; in all cultures; as dynamic, innovative Movement with adequate resources, simple structures and democratic decision making processes where organization, management and communication are effective at all level. Our mission is to prepare young people to make ethical and moral choices over their lifetimes by instilling in them the values of the Scout Oath and Law. The mission of Scouting is to contribute to the education of young people, through a value system based on the Scout Promise and Law, to help build a better world where people are self-fulfilled to play a constructive role in society. This is achieved by involving them throughout their formative years in a non-formal educational process using a specific method that makes each individual the principal agent of his or her development as a self-reliant, supportive, responsible and committed person. In this effort, we should assist them to establish a value system based upon spiritual, social and personal principles as expressed in the Promise and Law. The Challenges we have are relevance: meeting the needs and aspirations of young people and focusing on the distinctive contribution Scouting can make to the education of young people, particularly through the Scout Method; Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 7 membership: reaching out to more young people and attracting and retaining the adults we need; relationships and partnerships: working with others to better serve young people and pursuing a common purpose at all levels: scouting is education for life, a movement for youth, international, open to all, fun with a purpose, a challenge for adults, voluntary, non-political, non-governmental; scouting is a method, scouting is a code of living, scouts are meeting real needs 8. Plan of Action for a Human Security Framework The Constitutive Act of the African Union‘s objective augurs on promoting peace, security, and stability on the continent. It is about promoting democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance. It is about promoting and protecting human and peoples' rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and other relevant human rights instruments. It is about establishing the necessary conditions, which enable the continent to play its rightful role in the global economy and in international negotiations; promoting sustainable development at the economic, social and cultural levels as well as the integration of African economies. It is about promoting cooperation in all fields of human activity to raise the living standards of African peoples; the strategic implementation of a human security strategy and mechanism and the coordination of diverse international activities and stakeholders in the international partnership can become a challenge for both the international agencies involved and African governments. In confronting the imperatives of implementation, nothing is more challenging for partnership than the strategic coordination of diverse global and local elements, and activities within themselves, nor has anything else a greater potential for enabling them achieve successful human security, vulnerability reduction and human development. Specifically the partnership initiatives must zero in 8.1. Development of partnership policies, strategies and socioeconomic tools: Multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary institutional framework and models for active social mobilisation and participatory involvement of relevant stakeholders in assessment, planning, programme implementation, monitoring and evaluation of all activities related to human security can strengthen capacity for local development. This entails 8.1.1. partnership capacity for participatory decision-making Messengers of Peace building and enhancing local, national and international level partnership capacity for participatory decision-making, to promote self-directed state and community action and to ensure sustainable livelihood systems and establish the link between human insecurity, poverty and sustainable livelihoods and the bond between human insecurity and social governance including the rights of the affected; 8.1.2. stakeholder-driven multi-track communications Messengers of Peace developing a stakeholder-driven multi-track communications and advocacy system and partnership capacity enhancement for the provision of services and transfer appropriate technology systems that enhance community, household, and individual action -strong linkages between indigenous adaptive strategies and contemporary knowledge will be reinforced, as a means of supporting community ownership of human security programmes; 8.1.3. Integrated approach to manage insecurity Messengers of Peace jointly developing comprehensive and integrated approach to manage insecurity nationally, sub regionally and continentally that will no doubt enhance co-operation in improving the socio-economic protection and other needs of the displaced people. It will and ensure appropriate legal framework for assistance --- this in turn entails increasing assistance to address the root causes of insecurity and seeking lasting solutions such as resettlement, reintegration and return to country of origin and facilitating the active consultation and participation of forcibly displaced people in the partnership efforts. Messengers of Peace will intensify advocacy and lobbying efforts and jointly strategies in generating additional resources for programmes and Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 8 projects aimed at forcibly displaced people and strengthen linkages. They will enhance synergies between international and national efforts with a focus on building capacities of national programmes and initiatives of the government and CSOs. This is with a view to enhance cooperation in promoting good governance, protection of human rights and compliance with international conventions and norms and focus on the ways and means of sustaining the achievements of the partnership efforts over the long haul. 8.2. Partnership for Human Security: Advances in human thought and action towards global justice and universalization of guarantees for human rights, are gathering added momentum with the motive energy contributed by unprecedented events following the end of the Cold War. This process, many believe, will set the foundation for meaningful international partnership on the fight against human insecurity. Partnership, intra-agency and inter-agency harmony need to be marked by the existence of genuine relationships, mutual respect and understanding. This must be reflected in common agenda and proactive engagement with a view to foster institutions which currently do not exist, reorienting institutions which have been diverted to non-developmental ends and building in-country capacity for co-operative governance on the basis of local demand. The strategic coordination of political, policy, and programme interventions are required to address human insecurity and displacement in adequate scope and depth. These key strategies can be elaborated along several distinct axis or ―dimensions‖ including the political and policy environment, thematic strategies, geographic strategies and institutional strengthening strategies. Within each arena, the regional coordination will require stakeholder to undertake the following measures. These are to increase their action on and resource allocation to elements of the response to human insecurity and displacement, which fall under their respective mission and mandate and in which they hold a competitive and comparative advantage. They seek, apply and evaluate effective ways to collaborate and co-operate with other partners towards a united international response to human insecurity and displacement spearheaded by AU/NEPAD and UN and uphold the ultimate aim of regional partnership management coordination, which, in particular in the context of human insecurity and displacement, is to promote self-reliance; 8.3. Actionable programmes: These will be achieved through the following outputs and actionable programme areas in the short, medium and long term 8.3.1. Developing technical capacity for regional information management coordination Messengers of Peace developing technical capacity for regional information management coordination - to receive, collect, collate, analyse and interpret data on insecurity and formulate preparedness, prevention and mitigation plans that can be incorporated in the strategic plan pointing towards the establishment of an effective regional policy and programme on partnership management. The activities include inter alia strengthened framework for receiving and synthesising information data on insecurity will be established and systems setup on information and data analysis with an appropriate emergency response information networking and management system policies designed and put in place; 8.3.2. Enhancing capacity to respond to both food and non-food emergencies Messengers of Peace enhancing capacity to respond to both food and non-food emergencies arising from human insecurity as it becomes more responsive and effective to human security by undertaking in-depth analysis of inter-sectoral needs and encouraging governments and citizens in partnership management capacity building; 8.3.3. national and regional integrated recovery programme Messengers of Peace work on a well-coordinated national and regional integrated recovery programme will depend in many ways on policy and programme-planning frameworks that will be developed under a strategic objective that provides a guiding handrail throughout the policy Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 9 and programme development process. The key strategy is social mobilisation that will create an irreversible momentum of development that makes sense if and only if it addresses the value ordinary human beings can control the decision making process; 8.3.4. Interface between national level partnership management programmes Messengers of Peace will address the challenges surrounding the interface between national level partnership management programmes and regional initiatives that face many limitations. Hence, the following coordination programme domains of partnership management address the actionable agenda. First is institutional strengthening for the coordination of early warning, emergency security reserve, relief logistics, community coping mechanisms, disaster prevention and management training, and strengthen local organisations. Second is the coordination of emergency, project and programme assistance, employment generation schemes, regional disaster preparedness fund and strategic reserves. The regional partnership should embrace a set of common values and principles based on strong political leadership and commitment as the basis for effective action. It should also have strong sub-region and country focus and orientation to locally-set priorities (as people need to be major actors with their participation in partnership management). Regional institutions must respect values, a sense of shared responsibility, transparency of action and accountability for results. The nature of resource mobilisation needs careful professional follow up, continuous and well-planned promotional work -- since the partnership does not have the capacity to undertake this job by its own. The feasible method to be used in this regard is, to outsource the operation and promotion of the programme to a potential contractors who are able and willing to handle the job and to institute this official memorandum of understanding shall be singed between the partnership and the firm just before launching the programme; The most abominable form of human insecurity is Violence against Women (VAW) in both conflict and non-conflict situations. Ministers, African Ambassadors, African regional organisations and CSOs convening in Addis Ababa to discuss and formulate strategies to address the challenges of VAW emphasised the urgent need for member states to adopt, ratify, domesticate and implement legal frameworks and mechanisms that address Violence against Women. They stressed the importance of enhancing regional mechanisms for peace building, post conflict reconstruction and active women‘s participation therein. They condemned the continued abuse and violation of women and girls in situations of armed conflicts. They reiterated the importance of women‘s participation and representation at all stages of the peace processes. They acknowledge the on-going efforts of women organisations and networks across the region in the fight on VAW and promote women‘s involvement in peace building and decision-making‖.vii Hence, the Human security Plan of Action to bolster the partnership to stem the tide of insecurity is based on the following fundamental principles. Messengers of Peace need to share national experiences and expertise in addressing problems at the national level, in order to harmonise their approaches, in line with international conventions, norms and standards. Insecurity problems are best addressed at the local and community level, according to the principle of subsidiarity – i.e. locating governance at the lowest possible level, closest to the individuals and groups most affected, based on practicality. While many declarations and action plans have been drawn, real commitment to action on the ground has been hard to come for several reasons. Gender inequality in the socio-economic and political structure does not encompass the informal sector, the care-giving economy e.g. HIV/AIDS care and support, household production, labour force e.g. agricultural sector. These sectors employ women; perceptions and roles of women in the traditional settings dictate that women cannot be decision makers. The socialization process-attitudes also have dictated that women are not decision makers; gender based violence has also diverted resources; limited capacities among women; high level of illiteracy and religious and cultural believes of women. Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 10 Annex One I- Policy Analysis, Strategy Formulation & Programme Management Recommendation Actionable agenda To disseminate human security (HS) sensitive policies and legislation on violated women and children, refugees, and internal insecurity, - Undertake critical analysis of the root causes of insecurity and vulnerabilities in the region - SWOT analysis of options for policy development - Develop policies to be enacted by national institutions (legislature, ministries and agencies) - Review the ToR of the Disaster Risk Management Programme - Support MS in developing and implementing policies and strategies for the violated and displaced Promote integrated humanitarian and development projects, including income generating and self-reliance activities, education and infrastructure development - Develop projects the human development and human security programmes according to the SDGs - Develop the human security projects addressing the holistic nature of human needs - Define the arenas of post-conflict reconstruction - Establish a unit within the Secretariat to provide technical support in the implementation of the Strategy, in particular in relation to forced displacement issues - The promotion of legal standards, resource mobilisation, policy liaison and coordination with UN, and relevant partners , AU/NEPAD - Develop a regional strategy and action plan to address the environmental degradation Educate citizens and official on the value of stemming human insecurity (HIS) Establishing human security research capacity and develop a methodology for durable solutions Disseminate regional asylum and protection policy regimes and policies for urban refugees and asylum seekers in the to develop a policy response Training and civic education on stemming HIS - Convene national consultative processes on civic education - HS budget capacity building is undertaken for executives - HS budget capacity building is undertaken for policy makers - Training for politicians to develop the political will for HS - Financing TT’s to undertake sovereign research on HS; - Development of a ToR for developing the methodology by undertaking a critical analysis of refugee situations with the involvement of the civil society; - Undertaking a needs assessment for the construction of the methodology; - Developing research protocols that must be adhered to in the development of the research methodology; - analysis of the existing policy regimes in the region and identifying gaps; - Develop policy draft taking into account national policies on violated and displaced women and children, refugees, IDPs and returnees and international conventions and instruments - Policy draft presented to AU/NEPAD MS for accession and implementation - Undertake a baseline survey on the situation of urban refugees and asylum seekers in the region to develop a policy response - Undertake an analysis of the urban refugees and asylum seekers in the region to develop a policy response - Draft policy ready for discussion by AU/NEPAD member states and all partners that have responsibility for urban refugees and asylum seekers in , AU/NEPAD member states major cities - convene national consultative processes on HS - CSOs and in particular women’s groups, to be trained in the utilization of the HS public expendi- Indicators, means and sources of verification - Fulfils benchmarks set by international conventions and instruments - Review of the human security undertaken via SWOT analyses - Member state commitment enhanced - % MS states accepting process - poverty among IDPs reduced by 90% - HIV/AIDS prevalence - Primary education - sustainable livelihoods programmes - % improvement in Gender and Gender based Violence, mother and child health programmes - Number and functioning of communities of practice - Governance regimes enhancing lives of peoples - Scouts to provide sources of verification - % of leaders understand HIS - % of executive understand HIS - % of leaders articulate HIS clearly - % of ministers voting for HIS - DP Reports, CSO Reports - % of research work undertaken; - ToR, methodology and research protocol development process is participatory and output oriented, fulfils standards required and is HS sensitive; - Scouts to provide sources of verification - professionalism and exhaustiveness of the gap and situation analysis - participatory nature - quality of inputs into the policy development process - Scouts to provide sources of verification - Fulfils benchmarks set by international conventions and instruments - , AU/NEPAD’s capacity to support member states is tested fully - Percentage of MS states accepting process - Scouts to provide sources of verification - Contestability - Clarity of roles and responsibilities Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 11 and domestication of international instruments, build coalition to ensure human security budget capacity building is undertaken by civil societies - - ture tracking system (PETS) so as to track allocation and utilization of public resources for HS Domestication of national M&E systems tools and methodologies and training on the same; HS-specific allocations that are equal opportunity allocations intended to promote HS equality and mainstream allocations that examine whether such allocations address the needs of different social and economic backgrounds equitably; Networking and Communities of Practice Adaptation of HS tools for use at all levels Training of parliamentarians and local councillors on the integration of HS into national budgeting Strengthening parliamentary oversight of government’s implementation of HS budgets Creating a knowledge base for stemming HIS II - Strategy and Business Plan Development Recommendation Actionable agenda - Public availability of information - Comprehensiveness - Predictability - Contestability - Clarity of roles and responsibilities - Public availability of information - Open budget preparation, execution and reporting - Scouts to provide sources of verification Indicators, means and sources of verification Develop a comprehensive response strategy, including establishing and strengthening national institutions supporting violated children, women, refugees, IDPs and returnees - strengthening or establishing national institutions to serve as interlocutor on issues of violated and displaced women and children, refugees, returnees and IDPs - develop multi-sect oral policy, strategies and action plans to address the root causes of insecurity with a view to formulating regional approaches to insecurity - ensure the respect for the human rights, safety and dignity of migrants by advocating and showing compassion in the treatment and handling of the migration issue; in this respect, ensure that people fleeing from conflicts and persecution among them are awarded international protection - % institutions created strengthened and their mandates - % capacity and ability of institutions to determine the public good as it concerns the displaced and returnees - % response coverage and extent of its application - Scouts to provide sources of verification Development of the HS Code of Practice - consultation with all stakeholders to draft HS code of practice - Endorsement of the Code - Developing partnership mechanisms for the Code - Developing monitoring mechanism for the Code - Agreement on development of the Code - Elements of HS that are essential to the Code included - Indicators for monitoring the Code human security disaggregated data collection for evidence based decision making support national consultative processes to develop capacity of CSOs to effectively monitor the implementation of human security responsive budgets Develop a resource mobilisation strategy for the activities above and the international community to consider the decreasing assistance to violated and displaced women and children, refugees - Development of training programmes for the different groups; - Establishment of regional Think Tank on stemming HIS - Conduct training in advocacy and lobbying skills - Encourage transparency legislations - Allocation of micro & macro credits & technologies to support CSO businesses - Train CSO on entrepreneurship skills - Collaboration with Observatory for information gathering and sharing on stemming HIS and related issues; - An effective HS M&E system developed enabling CSOs to assess extent of allocation and utilisation of resources - Engage private sector to create opportunities for the violated/displaced in post-conflict societies; - Facilitate Policy Organs to engage donors; - Challenge the unequal treatment of violated and displaced women and children, refugees …; - Engage development partners to fulfil pledges; - the international community to address global issues that contribute to the causes of insecurity - the international community to address the declining assistance to the violated and displaced according to their peculiarities using creativity, flexibility and adaptability - the international community support peace and post-conflict reconstruction processes in States - ‘best practices’ - Capacity of key Ministries (e.g.; Finance and Gender) for human security responsive budgeting developed; - Observatory for information gathering and sharing on stemming HIS and related issues; - CSO group’s annual surveys on human security monitoring and evaluation system - Appropriateness of tools developed for private sector mobilisation; - Number and coverage of foundations and trusts that have been compiled into a database as potential donors - % of potential donors approached for funding feasible projects by AU/NEPAD - % of Oslo donors contacted - Justification developed by AU/NEPAD to contact donors Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 12 References and Endnotes Amnesty International. Counter-terrorism and criminal law in the EU, (Brussels: AI, 2005): Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, Citizenship beyond politics: the importance of political, civil and social rights and responsibilities among women and men (The British Journal of Sociology, Volume 60 Issue 4, 2009 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.14684446.2009.01274.x/pdf) Commission on human security, Human security Now, p.2-6 Chapter 1 (New York, UNCHS, 2003) Conover, P., Searing, D., and Crewe, I. ‗The Elusive Ideal of Equal Citizenship: Political Theory and Political Psychology 2004, British Journal of Sociology 60(4) in Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, Citizenship beyond politics: the importance of political, civil and social rights and responsibilities among women and men (The British Journal of Sociology, Volume 60 Issue 4, 2009 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2009.01274.x/pdf) Dalton, R.J. The Good Citizen. How a Younger Generation is Reshaping American Politics. Citizenship Norms and the Expansion of Political Participation, (Washington DC: CQ Press. 2008a) Delanty, G. Citizenship in a Global Age: Society, Culture, Politics, Buckingham, (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 2000 in Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009) Elworthy & Rifkind Hearts and Minds: human security Approaches to Political Violence, UK: DEMOS, 2005) Esping-Andersen, G. ‗A New Gender Contract’ in G. Esping-Andersen, D. Gallie, A. Hemerijck and J. Myles (eds) Why We Need a New Welfare State, London: Oxford University Press 2002) Fekete, L. All in the name of security in Scraton P. (Ed) Beyond September 11: An Anthology of Dissent, Pluto Press, London. 2002) Human Rights News. Human Rights and Counter-Terrorism, (New York, 60th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights. 2004): Human security Gateway, http://www.humansecuritygateway.com Inglehart, R. and Welzel, C. Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2005in Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009) Kaldor, M, The red zone in R Belcher (Ed), Re-imagining Security, London: British Council, 2004 cited in Elworthy & Rifkind's Hearts and Minds: human security Approaches to Political Violence, UK: DEMOS, 2005 Lijphart, A. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press 1984in Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009) Lijphart, A. Unequal Participation: Democracy’s Unresolved Dilemma, (The American Political Science Review 91: 1–14 in Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009) Lippmann, 1943 W, U.S. Foreign Policy, Boston, p.51 Lister, R. Citizenship: Feminist Perspectives, (New York: Palgrave Macmillan 2003 in Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009) McKinnon, C. Civil Citizens in C. McKinnon and I. Hampsher-Monk (eds) The Demands of Citizenship, New York: Continuum 2000, in Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009) Mead, L. Beyond Entitlement: the social obligations of citizenship, (New York: The Free Press. 1986) Meier, Petra, Gender Quotas or Electoral Reform: Why More Women Got Elected during the 2003 Belgian Elections‘. Paper presented at International IDEA conference on The Implementation of Quotas: Experiences from Europe, Budapest, 22–23 October, 2004 in Julie Ballington and Azza Karam Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers, IIED: Stockholm Novak, M. and Cogan, J., Eds. A Community of Self-Reliance: The New Consensus on Family and Welfare, (Milwaukee: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1987 in Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009) Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 13 O‘Connor, J.S. Gender, Class and Citizenship in the Comparative Analysis of Welfare State Regimes: Theoretical and Methodological Issues, (The British Journal of Sociology 44: 501–18 1993 in Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009. Orloff, A.S. Gender and the Social Rights of Citizenship: The Comparative Analysis of Gender Relations and Welfare States, American Sociological Review 58(June): 303–28 in 1993Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009. Sandel, M. Democracy’s Discontent, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 1996 in Catherine Bolzendahl and Hilde Coffé, 2009) UN World Summit outcome document, paragraph 143(New York, UN, 2005) UNDP HDR: New Dimensions of human security, (New York, UNDP, 1994) accessed on March 09, 2013 http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1994/ i International Action Network on Small Arms, www.smallarmssurvey.org, www.iansa.org, UN Department for Disarmament Affairs, http://disarmament.un.org:8080/cab/salw.html, The NGO campaign for a small arms treaty is at www.controlarms.org, The Small Arms and human security Bulletin, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, Geneva, is online at www.hdcentre.org/index.php?aid=61 ii human security Gateway, http://www.humansecuritygateway.com iii UN (2005) World Summit outcome document, paragraph 143 iv The 1994 Human Development Report first drew global attention to the concept of human security and sought to influence the UN's 1995 World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen. v The UNDP‘s Human Development Report of 1994 (chapter two) pioneered exploration of these questions http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1994/en/pdf/hdr_1994_ch2.pdf International Chamber of Commerce www.iccwbo.org the UN Global Compact www.unglobalcompact.org and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development www.wbcsd.org for perspectives on the important roles of business in fostering human security, in coalitions with civil society and governments and www.humansecuritynetwork.org vi The World Health Organization www.who.int and UNAIDS www.unaids.org are indispensable sources. Chapter Six in human security Now describes an urgent and practical global health agenda. For more on health in the human security context: Chen, L., Fukuda-Parr, S. and Seidensticker, E., eds., Human Insecurity in a Global World, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003. vii Resolution on the Regional Strategic Seminar on Violence against Women in the AFRICA Region Held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 14-16, May 2007 Scouting, Noble Citizenship and a Regional Youth Programme of Action for Human security. Page 14