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Learning from Learning from our Mistakes

Philosophers have long had a soft spot for like-from-like reasoning. Whatever produces a good person must be good. Whenever something is heated it is heated by something hot. The degree of perfection contained in the effect cannot exceed the degree contained in the cause. And so on. We know that there is an intuition that underlies transmission theories of causation, but we also know that the intuition is unreliable. Gin is colourless but it makes you see rainbows. Populations can become increasingly fit over time. And so on. If we were surprised to discover that knowledge can come from mistaken belief, maybe we shouldn't have been. Without some specific reason for thinking that only knowledge can beget knowledge, we should have been open to the possibility of knowledge from falsehood (KFF). In KFF cases, a subject acquires knowledge by reasoning through a falsehood. Most of the literature on knowledge from falsehood is concerned with the possibility of KFF cases. Some of it focuses on the significance of such cases. This is a paper about the significance of the possibility. For various reasons , people think that KFF cases cause trouble for the knowledge-first approach to evidence, justification, and the norm of belief. These arguments all assume that certain like-from-like reasoning fails for knowledge but holds for justification. I think this is a mistake. If it's unreliable for knowledge, it's unreliable for justification.

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