2016
3(2)
Journal of
Economics and
Political Economy
Articles
Leadership and the Mandate of Heaven: Political Risk in China
Charles RARICK, Kasia FIRLEJ..................................................................... 183
The Federal Reserve as Lender of Last Resort During the Subprime Crisis – Successful
Stabilisation Without Structural Changes
Hansjörg HERR, Sina RÜDIGER, Jennifer Pédussel WU.............................. 192
International Remittances and Brain Drain in Ghana
Ryuta Ray KATO, Isaac DADSON ……......................................................... 211
Unified Growth Theory Contradicted by the Mathematical Analysis of the Historical
Growth of Human Population
Ron W. NIELSEN............................................................................................. 242
Cirebon as the Silk Road: A New Approach of Heritage Tourisme and Creative
Economy
Aan JAELANI …………………......................................................................... 264
Structural Features and Mechanisms of The Korean Powerhouses: What Makes These
Niche Companies Leaders in The Global Market?
WooJin KIM ………………………………………………..……………….. 284
Modelling the Egyptian Shadow Economy: A MIMIC model and A Currency Demand
approach
Mai HASSAN, Friedrich SCHNEIDER ….……………………..................... 309
Automating Analytics: Forecasting Time Series in Economics and Business
Anton Antonov GERUNOV….……………………......................................... 340
A Dynamic Analysis of the Determinants of the Greek Credit Default Swaps
Maria do Rosario CORREIA, Christian GOKUS,
Andrew Hughes HALLETT, Christian R. RICHTER ……………………….. 350
Exchange Arrangements and Currency Crises: What´s the matter with the exchange rate
classification?
Alexis CRUZ-RODRIGUEZ …….………………………………………….. 377
Book Review
Wladimir Andreff (Ed.), Disequilibrium Sports Economics: Competitive Imbalance and
Budget Constraints
Nicolas SCELLES …........................................................................................ 393
Matthew P. Drennan, Income Inequality: Why it Matters and Why Most Economicsts
Didn’t Notice
Pierre CLAVEL…............................................................................................ 411
Conference Notes
7th International Conference of Political Economy
Gülçin BEKEN…………..……..........................................................................415
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J. Econ. Pol. Econ. June 2016, 3(2).
iii
Journal of
Economics and Political Economy
Volume 3
www.kspjournals.org
June 2016
Issue 2
Table of Contents
Articles
Leadership and the Mandate of Heaven: Political Risk in China
Charles RARICK, Kasia FIRLEJ..................................................................... 183
The Federal Reserve as Lender of Last Resort During the Subprime Crisis – Successful
Stabilisation Without Structural Changes
Hansjörg HERR, Sina RÜDIGER, Jennifer Pédussel WU.............................. 192
International Remittances and Brain Drain in Ghana
Ryuta Ray KATO, Isaac DADSON ……......................................................... 211
Unified Growth Theory Contradicted by the Mathematical Analysis of the Historical
Growth of Human Population
Ron W. NIELSEN............................................................................................. 242
Cirebon as the Silk Road: A New Approach of Heritage Tourisme and Creative
Economy
Aan JAELANI …………………......................................................................... 264
Structural Features and Mechanisms of The Korean Powerhouses: What Makes These
Niche Companies Leaders in The Global Market?
WooJin KIM ………………………………………………..……………….. 284
Modelling the Egyptian Shadow Economy: A MIMIC model and A Currency Demand
approach
Mai HASSAN, Friedrich SCHNEIDER ….……………………..................... 309
Automating Analytics: Forecasting Time Series in Economics and Business
Anton Antonov GERUNOV….……………………......................................... 340
A Dynamic Analysis of the Determinants of the Greek Credit Default Swaps
Maria do Rosario CORREIA, Christian GOKUS,
Andrew Hughes HALLETT, Christian R. RICHTER ……………………….. 350
Exchange Arrangements and Currency Crises: What´s the matter with the exchange rate
classification?
Alexis CRUZ-RODRIGUEZ …….………………………………………….. 377
Book Review
Wladimir Andreff (Ed.), Disequilibrium Sports Economics: Competitive Imbalance and
Budget Constraints
Nicolas SCELLES …........................................................................................393
Matthew P. Drennan, Income Inequality: Why it Matters and Why Most Economicsts
Didn’t Notice
Pierre CLAVEL…............................................................................................ 411
Conference Notes
7th International Conference of Political Economy
Gülçin BEKEN…………..……..........................................................................415
J. Econ. Pol. Econ. June 2016, 3(2).
iv
Journal of
Economics and Political Economy
Volume 3
www.kspjournals.org
June 2016
Issue 2
Cirebon as the Silk Road: A New Approach of
Heritage Tourisme and Creative Economy
By Aan JAELANIaa†
Abstract. The tourism industry and creative economy in Cirebon can not be separated from
the historical aspect of the city's growth and development as silk lines in the spread of
Islam, trade, and acculturation is very smooth so that the ethnic diversification becomes a
major part in tourist activities. With a qualitative approach that emphasizes the
phenomenon of ethnic Cirebon with tourist objects that vary in every corner of this city,
then this paper confirms that Cirebon is a tourist destination that is unique in terms of
religion, culture, history, to the creative economy, especially religious tourism that will
create this city as a friendly city for tourists.
Keywords. Tourism industry, Creative economy, Heritage tourism, Ethnic diversification,
Silk road.
JEL. A10, B40, D90, L60, N30, Z10.
1. Introduction
C
ity of Cirebon, West Java Indonesia, in national spatial planning based on
Government Regulation No. 26 Year 2008 on Spatial Planning of the
National Territory as National Activities Centre (PKN or Pusat Kegiatan
Nasional) which is one of the development's metropolitan area, and is part of the
leading areas in which Ciayumajakuning (Cirebon - Indramayu - Majalengka Kuningan) with the leading sectors of agriculture, industry, fisheries and mining.
Determination of Cirebon as PKN based on its characteristics is an urban area
that serves as the main node or potentially export-import activities or international
gateway to the region, the center of industrial activities and services of a national
scale or serving some provinces; and / or a major transportation node national scale
or serving some provinces.
Determination of Cirebon as PKN was confirmed also in the Spatial Plan of
West Java Province from 2009 to 2039. The focus of the development of the city of
Cirebon as part of the Regional Development (WP) Ciayumajakuning directed as
the core city of PKN with facilities and infrastructure that is integrated with the
sphere of influence (hinterland), as well as being the main node services and trade
and industry in the area to the east, as well as to activities of cultural and religious
tourism (Urban Development Plan Cirebon Fiscal Year 2015).
The existence of Cirebon, it makes the city became an important place for
economic activity, cultural and religious tourism. Therefore, Cirebon in 2018 as a
very strategic area tourist visits in introducing the unique potential areas such as
aa
† Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Economic Faculty IAIN Syekh Nurjati Cirebon Jl. Perjuangan By
Pass Sunyaragi Cirebon 45132, Indonesia.
. +6281564616259
. aan_jaelani@syekhnurjati.ac.id
Journal of Economics and Political Economy
cultural diversity, religion, ethnicity, up culinary, also creativity economy of the
people. In this case, Cirebon can position itself as a centre of cultural and creative
industries are integral to tourism.
The Cultural tourism industry is the economic and cultural significance for
many cities, regions and countries. It is oriented on cultural heritage became the
location for tourism activities. Cultural tourism industry with a focus on the
potential for travel industry sites is an important part of cultural tourism. It refers to
the development of the tourism industry on the activity and man-made sites,
buildings and landscapes that come from industrial processes periodization
previously (Edwards & Lourdes, 1996). There are many traditional industrial areas
that have suffered a decline spiral for decades, and promote tourism as a valuable
tool for the restructuring of regional and economic development. Therefore,
tourism and the creative industries become important from the development of
space travel in Cirebon.
Based on data 2015 from the Department of Youth, Sport, Culture and Tourism
(Dinas Pemuda, Olahraga, Budaya dan Pariwisata/Disporbudpar) Cirebon, tourist
visits during 2015 to reach 481223 people for domestic tourists, while of foreign
tourists reached 6,831 people. As for the level of hotel stay during 2015 in the city
of Cirebon reached 7957 people for guests from foreign tourists, while hotel guests
from domestic tourists reached 190110 people.
Dana Kartiman (2016), the Head of Disporbudpar Cirebon, confirms that the
increase in the level of overall tourist traffic reaches 15% for domestic and foreign
travellers. The highest level of tourist visits occurred during the Christmas holidays
and New Year 2016 at tourist spots or hotel. A trend increase in tourist traffic in
the city of Cirebon after the opening of overland transportation via Toll Cipali
connecting Jakarta - Cirebon, the target increase in tourist visits in 2016 by 20%.
In particular, the Palace Kasepuhan targeting in 2018 was the destination
"Cirebon Visit Year 2018". This target set by the Palace (Keraton) of Kasepuhan
Cirebon remember in 2016, Cirebon including ten areas encouraged the Ministry of
Tourism became a tourist destination.
To succeed in Cirebon as a tourist destination, one that made the palace
Kasepuhan include holding Cirebon Enchantment Festival 2016 (Festival Pesona
Cirebon) on March 31-April 2, 2016. The festival will be celebrated with marine
activities, cultural, and culinary typical of the coast, and attended by the kingdom
empire throughout Nusantara (Indonesia).
In this regard, Deputy of Tourism Marketing Nusantara, Ministry of Tourism of
the Republic of Indonesia, Esthy Reko Astuti, who was accompanied by the
Deputy Assistant Development Market Segment Personal, Raseno Arya, confirmed
that Cirebon is very strategic to the tourism potential of facilities such as culture,
nature, religion, culinary and a strong history. The Ministry of Tourism supports
the promotion of Cirebon to travel throughout Indonesia and abroad through the
festival. The charm of this Cirebon Festival will reach 2 million visitors (Effendi,
2016).
Tourism potential in Cirebon has been pretty well known by the tourists and
pilgrims. Identity Cirebon travel among others characterised as Cirebon as Kota
Udang, creative economy in the form of Batik Trusmi, culinary in the form of rice
Jamblang, Empal Genthong, Know Genjrot, and aspects of historical and cultural
relics such as the Palace Kasepuhan and Kanoman, Cave Sunyaragi, and Sunan
Gunung Jati.
Meanwhile, from the aspect of transportation, Cirebon more easily visited by
tourists with their transport from a landline through toll Cipali, access railroad
track double Jakarta-Cirebon, Yogyakarta-Cirebon and Semarang-Cirebon. In fact,
there are 200 trains travelling through the city of Cirebon. The next few years,
JEPE, 3(2), A. Jaelani, p.264-283.
265
Journal of Economics and Political Economy
development Kertajati Airport in Majalengka will be easier for tourists to travel in
Cirebon through the transport of airline. As for the aspects of the property until the
end of 2015, growth in Cirebon rose very sharply. Within two years, nearly 200
hotel stands in the Cirebon.
Cirebon tourism activities can not be separated from the diversity of religion,
culture, ethnicity, language until culinary is the uniqueness and attraction of this
city. The development of community-based tourism concept of diversification of
the tourism industry requires making compromises with local culture, economic
potential, and the environmental community. Therefore, this article will explain the
diversification of these communities become the major potential in the
development of tourism activities and creative industries in Cirebon.
2. Literature Review
Heritage assessment has been a growing phenomenon since the late 20th
century (Herbert, 1995). Misiura (2006) made a brief definition of that heritage is
something inherited from the past. Ashworth & Howard (1999) asserts that any
general (or even not), could be a heritage, but not all. The concept of heritage
evolved as a result of adjustments and changes in attitudes, needs and demands of
people in delivering towards it (Misiura, 2006).
For Timothy & Boyd (2003), heritage is not just something to be continued by
someone from generation to generation, it is also something that is preserved and
persists for years and something that is made by setting a number of principles,
processes and practices (Misiura, 2006). Loulanski (2006) asserts that heritage has
determined separately something of a social context and increasingly perceived as
a human construction, created by the people and defined by them.
In the view of Clark (2001), the role of heritage in the narrow sense as a symbol
of unity and national pride, has evolved that includes broader phenomenon,
contributing to the ideals of political, economic prosperity, social cohesion and
cultural diversity
According to Jamieson (2006), can be shared heritage as tangible heritage and
intangible heritage. Heritage is a real need for some physical objects relating to the
history or culture and intangible heritage as an expression of the values, lifestyles,
traditions, social structure, festivals and events, and others.
The term is defined quite varied heritage tourism. Some literature concentrates
on the power of tradition and heritage tourism educational function. Hollinshead
(1988) states that local traditions and heritage of the community can serve as a
tourist attraction and heritage tourism embrace folkloric traditions, arts and crafts,
the history of ethnic, social mores, and cultural celebrations. Dickinson (1996)
asserts that heritage tourism seeks to attract visitors to historic and cultural sites.
Capalbo (1996) considered that the heritage tourism means travelling to historical
places and attractions to learn about the past in a way that is interesting and fun.
Another definition focuses on the economic benefits of heritage tourism. Fyall
& Garrod (1998) defines heritage tourism as an economic activity that uses social
and cultural assets to attract visitors. Heritage tourism can be described as an
economic venture where tourists find or learn some aspects of the culture of the
host to consume cultural products. Another definition emphasises the tourist
motivation. Zeppel & Hall (1991) states that the heritage tourism as a motivation
and views are based on the nostalgic past and a desire to experience the diverse
cultural landscape and forma‖. Poria et.al. (2001) asserts that heritage tourism as a
phenomenon based on the motivations and perceptions of visitors, not on the
attributes of a particular site.
JEPE, 3(2), A. Jaelani, p.264-283.
266
Journal of Economics and Political Economy
From the industry side, the subject of industrial heritage includes industrial
waste, such as sites, buildings and architecture, plant, machinery and equipment
(Xie, 2006). But obviously, as confirmed Hospers (2002) that all regions are
implementing several strategies heritage tourism industry has experienced a
different path of historical development. Therefore, the industry is also
distinguished tourist attractions. Some consist of industrial heritage in the field of
production and processing, including many sites are located in the basement (mine)
or on the earth's surface (eg, plants, blast-furnace and shipping yard) (Hospers,
2002). In other cases, Edwards & Lourdes (1996) states that the monument
consciously ignored the industry with the aim to show visitors the beauty of deindustrialization. According to Hospers (2002), the third category is composed of
socio-cultural attractions which are related to certain past an area, such as the
former home of the working class and plantation employers.
Literary heritage tourism industry, many of which include the introduction of a
source of heritage industry and the process of tourism development (Yale, 1997),
the evaluation of the perception of tourists towards heritage tourism industry
(Prentice et al, 1998; McIntosh & Prentice, 1999), the effects of regional
development of heritage tourism industry (Bramwell & Rawding, 1996; Hospers,
2002), analysis or comparison of the development of tourism in heritage certain
industries (eg mining, mines and factories) (McBoyle, 1996; Edwards & Llurdes,
1996; Wanhill, 2000; Pretest, 2002), and the study of industrial heritage museum
(Alfrey & Clark, 1993; Wanhill, 2000; Xie, 2006).
The term creative economy, in general, economic and cultural connect, embrace
aspects of economic development, culture, technology and social good at macro
and micro levels. It offers the opportunity for a country to use and exploit cultural
resources and their creativity for development purposes. Leslie & Rantisi (2006)
asserts that creativity is the driving force of economic growth and increased
competition in the era of global positioning excellence in creativity and aesthetics
as the material for the distinctiveness and vitality indicators as well as the
dynamics in each region and the company.
The concept of the creative economy has emerged as a means of focusing
attention on the role of creativity as a force in contemporary economic life, stating
that the economic and cultural development are not separate but can be part of a
larger process of development. The term was first introduced Howkins (2001)
which defines the creative economy as a transaction that includes a creative
product or services produced by the economy of creativity and economic value.
Broadly, the UK Department of Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) defines the
creative economy as industries derived from the creativity, skill and talent of
individuals, as well as having the potential for wealth and job creation through the
generation and exploitation of intellectual property "(DCMS, 1998).
For the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the
creative economy is an evolving concept based on creative assets potentially
generating economic growth and development (UNCTAD, 2008), that can boost
revenues, job creation and export earnings while promoting social inclusion,
cultural diversity and human development; includes aspects of economic, cultural
and social interaction with technology, intellectual property and tourism purposes;
a set of knowledge-based economic activities with the development dimension and
linkages across sectors at macro and micro levels to the overall economy; accuracy
of selection for the development of innovative, multidisciplinary policy responses
and actions across agencies; and the heart of the creative economy in the form of
creative industries.
Economically, creativity is defined as the idea that an important input for
production such as capital or human tasks. Creativity is a finite resource and
JEPE, 3(2), A. Jaelani, p.264-283.
267
Journal of Economics and Political Economy
difficult to determine. Standard rules of economics are built on the premise that the
resources available to the public are limited and precious. However, as an input
factor, creativity demonstrated new economic rules and their effects can not be
predicted by the standard model.
Taylor (1988) give a sense of creativity with the "4 Ps": the creative person, the
creative process, the creative product, and the creative press (or the creative
environment). The creative ideas are put into practice has five stages: (1)
preparation, where creativity offers with issues of interest, either consciously or
unconsciously; (2) incubation when the carrier's subconscious mind to produce
ideas relating to the matter. At this point, many associations are surprising and
ideas can come to flourish; (3) understanding, when the idea came together like
pieces of a puzzle; (4) evaluation, in which the carrier creativity evaluate ideas and
thoughts and look for their innovative elements; and (5) adaptation, when the ideas
that emerged applied in practice.
With the popularity of the theory of the creative economy, creativity is also
increasingly applied to the sphere of tourism. However, most of the research on
creativity and tourism focused on travel experience, very few studies analyse the
theory of the creative economy in other aspects of tourism. A creative economy can
be used as an effective tool to rejuvenate de-industrialization of the area, which
may influence the development of tourist and industrial activities in these areas. In
addition, the contribution of the creative artist, a super core of the creative class,
for the development of heritage tourism industry has not been explored. Therefore,
there is a need to analyse the role of creativity in tourism planning and
development of tourism and the contribution of artists to the development of
tourism. It will provide a new perspective for the planning and management of
tourism and expand tourism to areas as well as areas that may offer some of the
attractions for tourists. It would also be useful for the study of art and tourism by
exploring the role of the artist and bridge the gap between creativity and tourism
literature.
3. Methods
This study used a qualitative approach which takes place on two tourism areas
in West Java, Indonesia, namely Cirebon and Cirebon. The informant is selected by
snowball based on the total number of study subjects related to the tourist
attractions in both areas. It is used to determine the composition and restriction
informants who might have in order to meet the criteria of the required data.
Usman & Akbar (2000) said that the sampling will continue to grow snowball
(snowball) is aimed (purposive) until the collected data is considered
representative.
Other data sources such as documents originating from the institutions of
tourism and tourism information about the latest developments in Cirebon travel
through local news sources, such as Radar Cirebon, Cirebon news, and other
resources both print and electronic versions. The data collected will be analysed by
processing the results of primary data by testing or inspection of the degree of
confidence of the data based on triangulation techniques or inspection through
other sources, then conclude his research.
4. Research Result
4.1. Cirebon as the Silk Road and the Roots of Religious Cultural
Tourism
In the study of history, Islamization in Cirebon can not be separated from the
overall process of Islamization in Indonesia, which until now moot. There are four
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theories, in this case, namely India theory, the theory of Arabic, Persian theory, and
the theory of China. First, India's theory states that Islam came to the archipelago
did not come from Arabic or Persian directly, but originated from the Indian
subcontinent, mainly from the West coast (Gujarat and Malabar) propagated by the
Arabs wing Shafi'ites that many migrated and settle in India before they spread
Islam to the archipelago. In another opinion, the Indian region in question is
Deccan in Coromandel coast and Bengal (Azra, 1999).
Second, the theory of Arab states that Islam in Indonesia was brought by
traders from Arabia (Egypt and Hadramaut) who was involved in the spread of
Islam through trade West-East since the beginning of the 7th and the 8th century,
which evidenced the Arab settlement of Muslims in west coast of Sumatra and do
interbreed with the indigenous people who make up the Muslim community who
have embraced Islam. (Hasjmy, 1993).
Third, the theory Persian stressed that Islam in the archipelago of Persian origin,
which can be proved, among others, some elements of Persian culture, such as the
mystical teachings of Islam in culture in the archipelago, Persian term used in the
system spelling Arabic in Indonesia, the 10th anniversary of Muharram or Asyura'
as a day commemorated by Shiites (Morgan, 1986; Suryanegara, 1998).
Fourth, the Chinese theory that says the number of Chinese people's role in the
development of Islam in Indonesia. This can be evidenced by the Chinese of great
figures such as Sunan Ampel and Raden Fatah (the Sultan of Demak), as well as
the influence of Chinese culture that is attached to the clothes, language,
architecture, and so forth (Graaf, 1998).
Based on these theories, the process of Islamization in Indonesia needs to be
made phases of development. In this case, as stated Khuluq (1988), the
Islamization of the Java community has five phases of deployment. First,
Islamization carried out by Muslim traders from India and Arabia to the
community on the north coast of the island of Java. Second, Islamization carried
out by the scholars called "wali sanga". Third, Islamization under Islamic Mataram
kingdom centred in the interior of the island of Java. Fourth, Islamization tinged
with Islamic purification movement brought to the archipelago in the 18th century.
Fifth, the reform movement Islamization characterised by Islamic organisations,
such as al-Khair (1901), Islam (1911), Muhammadiyah, and so forth.
The phases of Islamization in Java as described above shows that in the second
phase of the development of Islam is very quickly done by the trustees sanga as a
pioneer and propagator of Islam charismatic. As known, the trustee has the power
sanga powerful socio-religious formally, as well as political rulers or kings
(Kartodirdjo, 1992).
In general, the major success of the Muslims in the trade and the spread of Islam
in Southeast Asia occurred between the 1400 AD and 1650 AD. In the 15th
century, Malacca became an Islamic empire, once the largest port city in the
region. Malacca also encourages the spread of Islam throughout the coastal areas of
the Malayan peninsula and East Sumatra. Port cities of Islam and then follow along
the path of the spice trade to the north coast of Java and Maluku, also to Brunei and
Manila.
Islamization of the most powerful period coincided with the peak period of
commerce, the future flood of silver in the year 1570-1630 AD. Historically, this
period is a form of economic relations, religion, and military with Mecca and
Caliph Utsmaniah (Ottoman), an increase in the spirit of confrontation with the
infidels (Christians) have aggressively represented by the Portuguese (Reid, 1988).
Later in the XV and XVI centuries, on the island of Java, Cirebon as an
important base in the inter-island trade and shipping lanes. Its location on the north
coast which lies on the border between Central Java and West Java port and make
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it act as a "bridge" between the Javanese and Sundanese culture, so as to create a
distinctive culture.
The first foreign sources of Cirebon obtained from the Portuguese in 1513 AD
sends four vessel fleet to Java to buy spices. One passenger ship is Tome Pires,
official tax inspectors, secretaries and accountants from the office of the
Portuguese in Malacca, who lived in the years 1511-1513 AD Malacca expedition
to Cirebon from March to June 1513 are recorded in detail in a book he wrote
between 1513-1515. The historical record Tome Pires found by Armando Cortesao
in the Library of the House of Representatives in Paris, published under the title
"the Suma Oriental of Tome Pires: an account of the east, from the Red Sea to
Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512 - 1515 and the Book of Francisco
Rodrigues, Rutter of a Voyage in the Red Sea, Nautical Rules, Almanack and
maps, written and drawn in the east before 1515". The book was published two
volumes in English and Portuguese by the Hakluyt Society, London (1944).
Information sourced from local sources, Babad Cirebon and Purwaka Caruban
Nagari mention that the founder of the Islamic empire was Sunan Gunung Jati
Cirebon (Sheikh Syarif Hidayatullah). Cirebon was originally a fishing village that
does not mean, named Hamlet Pasambangan (located 5 km north of the city of
Cirebon right now), and the city of Cirebon today was formerly called
Lemahwungkuk, a village founded by Ki Gedeng Alang-alang (Kuwu Cerbon
appointed ruler Pajajaran) for the settlement of the Muslim community. Then the
power delivered to Cirebon by Pangeran Walangsungsang appointed ruler with a
degree Rajagaluh Cakrabhumi.
Another important information to mention that in Gunung Jati has grown quite
crowded boarding school led by Sheikh Datuk Kahf. When Tom Pires visited
Cirebon 1513, Cirebon is a port that around 1,000 families and rulers have been
Muslim. Islam has been present in Cirebon circa 1470-1475 (Prodjokusumo, et. al,
1991). In fact, HJ. de Graaf stated that Cirebon was the first region in West Java
who has converted to Islam (Ambary, 1996).
Related to the existence of communities that inhabit Cirebon that time, the local
script works Prince Wangsakerta, Reader Negarakretabhumi, parwa 1 sargah 3,
states that Cirebon in 1369 Saka (1447) total population of 346 people, consisting
of 182 men and 164 women. As for their origins, Java includes 106 people, 16
people Swarnabhumi (Sumatra), 4 Hujung Mendini (the Malay Peninsula), 2
Indians, 2 Persians, 3 Sham (Syria), 11 Arabs and 6 Chinese.
Based on the above information, the Islamization of Cirebon has been going on
since the 15th and 16th century along with the growth of Cirebon as a port into
trade and international shipping lanes. In this case, Cirebon has a diverse and
multicultural population can not be separated from the various movements and
religious thought which continues to grow, since its growth in the future. The
channels of Islamization in Cirebon is quite diverse, as the Islamization of the
archipelago, among others, through trade, marriage, tarekat (sufism), education,
and the arts (Norhuda, 2007).
Areas on the north coast of Java appears to have had some settlements Muslims
since the X1 century AD, while the rapid development taking place in the XV-XVI
centuries AD In this case the development of Islam in Java, including Cirebon, can
not be separated from the role of wali sanga, that politically this phase indicates
reliability of institutionalization of Islam (Sofwan, et. al, 2004).
As one of the areas on the north coast of Java, Cirebon including rapidly
growing areas in the development of Islam. This is supported also by the harbour
into a strategic meeting of merchants and other communities with different
purposes. Economically, Cirebon is the centre of the city at once agrarian maritime
empire that is more focused on the economic life of trade and agriculture. As for
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the growth and development of the towns of the kingdom due to several factors:
geographic, economic, political, cosmology, and magical-religious (Pusponegoro
& Nugroho, 1995).
Caruban bans have already bustling port and have a beacon to give instructions
to sign anchored sailboats calling at the port of Muara Jati called (now called Alas
Konda). The harbour is crowded visited by boats merchants of various countries,
among others, from Arabic, Persian, Indian, Malacca, Tumasik (Singapore), Paseh,
junk (China region), East Java, Madura, Palembang, and Bugis (Sulendraningrat,
1985).
Cirebon located on the coast is closely connected with the geographical position
is important, especially for traffic relationships. At this time, forming a series of
port cities as a key shipping and trade that stretched between the Straits through the
north coast of Java to the Moluccas. This led to the creation of a tangle of shipping
transportation, economy, and politics with an Islamic kingdom such as Cirebon and
Demak in the 16th century. In this context, the growth and development of Cirebon
related to political factors, because political rulers associated with Demark, even
into the inner regions of Denmark..
Bandar Cirebon as the main link maritime silk road provides politically strategic
role for other Islamic kingdoms. The political movement in this period can be
identified by their political fabric of the kingdom of Demak and Mataram Cirebon
that occurred in the late 16th century until the mid 17th century.
Cirebon develops into silk lines. Naming the "silk road" (Jalur Sutera) is one of
the UNESCO programme, namely the years 1988-1997 the Decade for Cultural
Development. The programme is called Integral Study of the Silk Road: Roads of
Dialogue, an inter-nation study with activities spread across various countries. The
word "silk" is taken as a metaphor of softness and smoothness are tightly
interwoven relationships between people and between cultures are carried along the
trade routes through the historic. So, the path is silk trade route that stretched from
east to west since time immemorial (Lapian & Sedyawati, 1996).
Cirebon as silk lines (Lapian & Sedyawati, 1996) became the centre of a busy
port as well as a centre of Islamic tamaddun that has some character, among others:
1. The growth of Islam breath of city life with the patterns of society and the
preparation of complex social hierarchy.
2. The development of architecture both sacred and profane, for example,
Great Mosque of Cirebon, palaces Kasepuhan, Kanoman, Kacerbonan, and
Kaprabonan, building Sitinggil adapting the design and local ornaments
including the pre-Islam.
3. The growth of the art of glass painting and sculpture that produces the
works of Islamic calligraphy is very typical of Cirebon, which among other
things also showed the presence of anthropomorphic elements that are not
common in Islamic art.
4. Growth and development of the arts such as dance, batik, music and a
variety of traditional performing arts Islamic breath, ornaments typical cloud
Cirebon, and others.
5. Cirebon gets into the broadcasting network Islamists led by the walisanga
most famous on the island of Java.
6. The growth of the writing of religious texts and religious thought that the
physical remains stored in palaces and elsewhere Cirebon in West Java, which
still requires in-depth review.
7. Growing proliferation Syatariah congregation in Cirebon who later gave
birth to literary works in the form of mysticism fibre containing the teachings of
the seven wujudiyah or dignity. The tradition of mysticism fibre is then very
influential on writing literary tradition.
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8. Flourishing of Islamic educational institutions in the form of religious
schools in Cirebon, Indramayu, Karawang, Majalengka and Kuningan
In the context of the economic, strategic role Cirebon as silk lines provide a new
direction for the city's growth in the next period. Many things that are positive from
the media trade between nations at that time, mainly as a channel of Islamization in
Cirebon. Of course, Islam never separate the trading activity with the obligation to
preach Islam to others. Besides the cross-community involvement ranging from
kings and nobility class local and small communities. The early phases of this led
to the formation of Muslim communities in Cirebon coloured traditional
hierarchies.
To strengthen its position, the Government of West Java Province to promote
"Cirebon Metropolitan" by projecting the city into a development centre that
develops travel system "City Tour", the concept of travel to the surrounding tourist
attractions in Cirebon and its surroundings.
Muhammad Akbar, cultural practitioners and Deputy Director of the Agency
business Sunyaragi Goa, confirms that Cirebon already has a track called "golden
thread" in the promotion of tourism in the city Shrimp. City and County of Cirebon
has a "golden thread" that straight, from one end to the other is the historical sights,
shopping, and culinary.
Tourist track "golden thread" This will be combined with a travel agent who
will take the tourists around Cirebon. This tour will start from the four palaces in
the city of Cirebon and continued to some tourist attractions. This path begins at
the eastern end, that there are historical and cultural attractions such as the Keraton
Kasepuhan, Kanoman, Kacirebonan, and Keprabonan. Then to the west have
attractions Sunyaragi Goa, then there is the location of the manufacturing industry
scallops, and the surrounding area there are culinary form Empal barrel in the
Central area Tani. On the same track anyway, tourists can continue to visit all the
tourist attractions Batik Trusmi until it ends in the village Sitiwinangun, Jamblang,
to see the pottery, then proceed to visit tourist sites in the village of rattan industry
Tegalwangi.
Thus, the development of Cirebon from the political, cultural, economic, and
ethnic groups have been started since the early days of the formation of the local
Muslim community through the fabric-braided smooth when Cirebon established
itself as silk lines. Not only the results of spices and other crops that became a
milestone Cirebon that time, but also the softness and smoothness of the fabric of
human relations and intercultural inclusive in it through routes of trade, particularly
in the port of Cirebon that time. Therefore, Cirebon leaves aspects of the cultural
and historical heritage of high value and distinctive as the roots of tourism
development at the present time.
Thus the position of Cirebon as silk lines simultaneously display the city as a
tourist area can be illustrated by the following featuredCirebon Lots of charm and
beauty in Cirebon Tourism
Cirebon has prepared itself into a leading tourist destination. Sultan Sepuh XIV
Keraton Kasepuhan, PRA Arief Natadiningrat confirms that Cirebon has lots of
charm which could serve as a leading tourist destination. Cirebon has been known
to the world since the 14th century AD with its various charms. The city has
become the world silk trade route from China, Persia and India and Palace
Kasepuhan be a relic of the oldest and most complete castles throughout the
archipelago. Cirebon save the architectural relics of the Demak kingdom and the
Padjadjaran kingdom, whereas his own palace, both Padjadjaran and Demak is not
there.
Cirebon another charm in the form of a collection of plates from China aged
700 years of the Ming Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty. In this city there are nearly
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30 ancient mosque, which is still the original, upright stand and work until now,
one of the Great Mosque of Cirebon, which was established by the Wali Songo.
The mosque is still the original building, including saka chips made Sunan
Kalijaga. There is also a relic sword Sunan Gunung Jati and Sunan Kalijaga.
Cirebon also has the charm of custom and tradition. For tradition, thick with
Islamic nuance relics of Sunan Gunung Jati, ranging from 1 Muharram to 1
Muharram next year. To the charm of art, there sampyong, Tarling, puppet show
smacking, sintren, mask dance and many more. While charm Cirebon craft,
including batik, rattan, pottery, leather and natural stone carving. In addition, there
is also a culinary charms and charm of nature. Cirebon has many culinary wealth,
good nature and the mountains and the sea coast.
4.2. Cirebon as Cultural Centers
Tourism requires effective management, especially from the local government.
Since the enactment of Law No. 22 of 1999 which was later refined or replaced as
Law No. 32 of 2004 on Regional Government, is actually better ensure the ideals
of upholding the principles of democracy that upholds pluralism, transparency,
accountability and based on local capabilities. The essence of regional autonomy is
greater opportunities for local government to improve the welfare of society, not
just rely on the balance of central and local funding, but also dig out potential
sources of local revenues with due regard to the principles of justice and
sustainability. However, local authorities have not been optimally exploring the
sources of income in the region, particularly in the development of the tourism
sector.
As an example that the city has the potential to become a tourist attraction can
be seen in several cities in developed countries, such as in the city of Sidney
Australia can be found the old building used to accommodate vendors. Many old
warehouse building, restored and transformed into a mall street vendors, including
a warehouse at the port which became the centre of activities of young people.
There is an assumption, if not seen Sidney or Sydney Harbour Sunday Market, it
has not been to Sidney.
Unlike the city of Cirebon, some of the old buildings of historical value, such as
the Palace Kasepuhan and Goa Sunyaragi seems not to be developed, because it
requires building renovations while the city government funds are very limited.
More interestingly, if the local government or municipal Cirebon also try solving
concept of street vendors (Pedagang Kaki Lima or PKL), the small traders who sell
culinary, and the like as these indicate the possibility of creative solutions. Cities
usually have a lot of storage, such as military warehouses, warehouses and
factories, warehouses PJKA, textile warehouses, and so forth. If you really want to
help solve the problems of the city, old buildings can be put to good addition,
owners can also gain, while complying with the Law No. 5 of 1992 on the
preservation of cultural heritage, in addition to contributing to solving the problems
of the city. The restoration was actually cheaper than the new building and the
characteristics of a city as the ancient industrial city are not lost.
Local Government and City Government Cirebon need to immediately increase
the means of non-formal education activities. Museums can be a source of
inspiration and information about the cultural creativity of man and the human
ability to improve the quality of life in the past. For example, in some cities in
Europe, the museum has become a source of knowledge, especially about the
history, and also designed as a tourist attraction of the city. Although Cirebon has a
diverse cultural heritage, the development of the tourism sector still requires the
government's seriousness if it will put the heritage of this cultural heritage as one
of the gold panners and local livelihoods.
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On the other hand, the assets of human cultural history can also be a tourist
attraction. If all the wealth of the cities in Indonesia are managed with the help of
the Department of Culture and Tourism, will be very interesting and valuable for
future generations. People would happen aware of science, cultural history, as well
as a tourist attraction, as an alternative place for recreation, in addition to the mall.
The concept of thinking to add a non-formal educational activities such as this,
would be the nation's education programs in general and youth in particular.
According Ardika (2006), tourism and grows because of the difference,
uniqueness, locality either in the form of landscape, flora, fauna and of the culture
as the result of creativity, initiative, sense and human budhi. Without that
difference, there would be no tourism, no people who travel or traveled. Therefore,
to preserve and uphold the natural and cultural diversity is the primary function of
tourism. Nature and culture with all its uniqueness and difference is a tourism asset
that must be preserved. The loss of natural and cultural uniqueness, means the loss
of tourism precisely that.
Building on the principle of the uniqueness and localities, the Indonesian
tourism is based on the life philosophy of the Indonesian nation itself, the concept
of a balanced life. The balance of human’s relationship with God, human’s
relationship with other human beings, and human’s relationship with the natural
environment. This concept teaches us to uphold the noble values of religion and
able to actualize, to appreciate the values of humanity, tolerance, equality,
solidarity, fraternity, maintaining the natural environment. Awareness to balance
the material and spiritual needs, the imbalance of resource utilization and
conservation.
This concept also puts human beings as subjects. The man with all the
creativity, taste, intention, and behaviour is cultural. Thus the Indonesian tourism is
a tourism-based community and culture. Tourism is built on the principle of the
people, by the people and for the people. So too should the development of tourism
in the county and the city of Cirebon.
Cirebon City Government through the Department of Youth, Sport, Culture and
Tourism (Disporbudpar) will encourage a number of cultural heritage (heritage) so
flagship tourist destination. The first cultural heritage will be encouraged so tourist
destinations are located in the vicinity of Jalan Yos Sudarso, Pasuketan and Field
complex Kebumen Cirebon city because there are many ancient buildings ancient
relics.
Head of Department of Youth, Sport, Culture and Tourism (Disporbudpar)
Cirebon, Dana Kartiman, said that the complex of old buildings is a priority at this
time so that the arrangement still needs a lot more interesting. In addition to
structuring the means to add to the convenience of tourists, also needs to increase
the security in order to secure atmosphere materialize. It will gradually be
improved in order to Cirebon has an interesting heritage area.
Pretty heavy constraints felt Disporbudpar in shaping the heritage department is
to build public awareness to help support. If people participate in maintaining and
preserving the heritage area is certainly encouraging a tourist destination will be
easier to make it happen.
In this case, Cirebon become one of the cities that declared itself as a
metropolitan city, the city's ethnic diversity and develop it into travel
distinctiveness promoted to the public. In March and April 2016, Cirebon will
pamper tourists and the local community with a variety of performances and travel
festival titled "Charm Cirebon Festival" (Festival Pesona Cirebon 2016). Because
of that, there are also people who have called Wonderful Cirebon.
4.3. Cirebon as Creative Economy Centers
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Creativity is usually associated with urban areas, most of the metropolitan
centres. The main source of economic growth they are creative people and sectors
who gathered there. According to Florida (2002a), creative people representing the
creative class. Creative class consists of people who work in the creative sector
sectors (science and research, engineering, architecture, design, education, art,
music and entertainment industries). The main economic function of the creative
class to generate new ideas, technologies or new creative content.
Florida (2002b) added three other sectors of the creative class in the form of
services, manual labour and fisheries, agriculture and forestry. Florida claims that
entrepreneurial investments aimed at improving the creative class members in new
places. On the other hand, creative individuals are often attracted to the cities by
reason of a higher quality of life (comfort) based on good public facilities, culture
and cultural activities, the potential for recreation and leisure, and other
possibilities. This leads to increased investment in the development of culture and
tourism. In addition, a greater competitive advantage is in the centre of the
metropolis. Although the creative sector and the creative class seemed to gather
only in cities with working and living conditions are ideal, many writers like
Stolarick, Denstedt, Donald, & Spencer (2010a) shows that rural areas have the
potential to find creative sectors and even rural areas can attract creative class.
The creative industries are at the heart of the creative economy, and an
important means for the promotion of cultural diversity and the key for countries to
claim their own history and to imagine their own future. The emergence of the
creative class as a new social class is the dominant class in society that add
economic value through their creativity. Creative class theory believes that people,
not just the technology and capacity of the organisation as a key asset of economic
growth. The main core of this new creative class includes scientists and engineers,
university professors, poets and novelists, artists, entertainers, actors, designers and
architects, as well as thought leadership of modern society. Creativity is also
closely linked with cities and regions. The development of creative industries and
withdrawal of members of the creative class has been the key for cities, regions and
organisations for economic growth and to participate in the era of globalisation and
information. According to Landry (2000), there are more than 60 cities around the
world who refer to themselves as a creative city.
Some of the tourist attractions in Cirebon like Taman Sari Cave Sunyaragi,
Sunan Gunung Jati Cirebon, Sea Kejawanan, Keraton Kasepuhan, and the other is
a tourist destination that can be managed in order to have the economic impact.
The tourist spot is a tourist destination that is specifically designed to have a wide
range of economic impacts, especially with the creative economy for managers and
entrepreneurs in the tourism destinations. The economic sectors that are in a tourist
location are influenced by several factors trigger. Moreover, even this is a
destination travel locations considerable contribution to the economy and society
some tourism entrepreneurs.
Tourism market is sui generis in the sense that he has a direct or indirect
interaction with different markets (labour, services, assets, cultural, and others).
According to Brocklesby & Fisher (2003), a manufacturer of consumer demands of
travel in the form of various types of capital (human, natural or environmental,
physical, social, cultural and economic). Consequently, assessing the supply and
demand of a tourist area, the eventual impact on the asset allocation that requires a
reference or conceptual framework. It also requires the analytical effort of the
many variables that will be associated with the tourism industry.
Another important aspect that both consumption and production of goods is also
having an impact on them and can allow an increase or decrease in share capital
(Northcote & Macbeth, 2006). Generally, tourists consumption brings social
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benefits for tourism purposes, because there is a lot of impact on the labour market,
income generation and poverty alleviation (Blake et. al, 2008; Croes & Vanegas,
2008; Hawkins & Mann, 2007; Kakwani, Neri & Son, 2010).
Nonetheless, tourist consumption is also likely to have a negative impact (Burns
& Holden, 1995; Logar, 2009). For example, the consumption of natural assets
without the necessary ecological conscience can create negative externalities on the
environment (Davies & Cahill, 2000; Dixon et al, 2001). Likewise, the cultural
interaction can reduce the characteristics of the local culture, which is increasingly
valued by tourists all over the world (Mathieson & Wall, 1986; Yildirim, et. al,
2008).
The growth of tourist activity combined with infrastructure problems may have
more serious consequences, such as an increase in slums and insecurity. New
developments can cause environmental problems, changes in the landscape or
natural capital, increasing unmet demand for sanitation, drinking water supply, and
lack of transportation as a consequence that could interfere with the sustainability
of the tourist attractions.
Cirebon city has many interesting attractions to visit. Among other things, the
Palace Kasepuhan, Kanoman, Keraton Kacribebon and Keprabonan. Palaces built
during the Sunan Gunung Jati and his descendants it became a historical tourist
destination which has attracted many domestic and foreign tourists. End of January
2014, palaces that became a tourist destination of 96 tourists from Europe. They
are anchored in the port of Cirebon by using Cruise Caledonian Sky. Furthermore,
those using rickshaws to visit the palace.
A convoy of rickshaws carrying European tourists passing crowd Muludan
market in the area around the palace Kasepuhan (Sunday, January 6, 2013).
Hundreds of tourists from Europe visiting the city of Cirebon in a series of tours to
a number of tourist destinations in Indonesia and Malaysia with cruise ship MV
Minerva.
Cirebon entered the world travel map, such as Bali, Lombok and Komodo
Island. Visits hundreds of tourists from Europe to Cirebon especially Kasepuhan
Palace became one of the proofs. Cirebon city became the city's first stopover in a
series of European tourist group travel tours to a number of tourist destinations in
Indonesia and Malaysia. Hundreds of tourists who come by cruise ship MV
Minerva picked up from the Port of Cirebon to Kasepuhan Palace, the traditional
vehicle rickshaw.
A convoy of rickshaws ridden the tourists, accidentally passed along the old
city, before coming to the Palace Kasepuhan. Vacationers have to pass through the
crowd funfair "Muludan" that routinely takes place every year, for a month around
the area of the Palace Kasepuhan and another palace in the city of Cirebon.
European tourist visits proved that Cirebon is a tourist destination, especially the
historical and cultural tourism.
The phenomenon of the European tourist visits to Cirebon can be illustrated by
the following:
One tourist, Linda (64 years) from Nottingham, United look "very delighted"
once set foot on the land of the Port of Cirebon. Her happiness increasingly
looks as she met at the Palace Kasepuhan area. In some corners of the palace
Kasepuhan, she looks so enjoyed detail ornate carvings and ornaments there.
According to Linda, Kasepuhan Palace is very beautiful, as well as the
community and the city. "Cirebon is very beautiful," she said. (www.pikiranrakyat.com, January 6, 2013).
According to Maria, one of a team of Nusantara Tour and Travel Agent,
explains relevant segmentation country of origin of tourists, that tourists from
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different nationalities. However, the average predominantly from the UK. Tourists
who visit the palace Kasepuhan, about 280 people set off from Singapore heading
to Cirebon. After that, they will leave for Semarang, Bali, Lombok, Komodo,
Makassar, Pare-pare, to Sandakan (Malaysia). (www.pikiran-rakyat.com, January
6, 2013).
Sultan Sepuh XIV PRA Arief Natadiningrat said they deliberately set up
welcoming the tourists from Europe it with something traditional. Arief speech
illustrates the palace and confirmed Cirebon as a tourist destination following:
From the start of vehicle driven to the palace, until the dance presentation and
the food, we prepare the traditional round. Tourist arrivals from Europe it is
increasingly proving that, Cirebon noteworthy. Cirebon Sultanate has the
oldest historical evidence in Indonesia that is still intact the palace. Which is
necessary to improve the facilities and infrastructure environment Kasepuhan
Palace. A place of rest, cleanliness and comfort of the environment, even to
the toilet into votes for them.
In this regard, the Head of Disporbudpar Cirebon, Hayat said also that Cirebon
has the slogan "The Gate of Secret", it deserves to be an international tourist
destination city. Moreover, with its diverse cultural and tourist owned. Cirebon as
one of the international service is evidence of progress for the city. By doing so,
the world community will know the characteristics of travel in Cirebon complete
with historical aspects.
The appeal of Cirebon in view of tourists started to show a positive
development. A total of 277 foreign tourists are predominantly from Europe and
America, visited a number of tourist sites, including the Palace Kasepuhan
Cirebon. Sultan Sepuh XIV Palace Kasepuhan Cirebon, PRA Arief Natadiningrat
delivered, the presence of 277 foreign tourists using the cruise ship, a proof that
Cirebon has become an international destination. Furthermore, Arief said that the
arrival of the tourists is not only able to increase tourism in Cirebon, the
community's economy is also good businessmen travel, batik, artists, pedicab
drivers, and culinary entrepreneurs.
The presence of a cruise ship in the port of Cirebon was not the first time in this
city. Since 1998, the palace had put an ad in one of the international magazines to
promote the city of Cirebon as one of the international tourist routes. Since then,
the yachts from abroad are coming to Cirebon to enjoy a variety of historical relics,
artefacts, food, and art.
One source of local news, Cirebon Trust, an online depicts also tourists visiting
the Netherlands and the United Kingdom in Cirebon as an international tourist
destination, that hundreds of overseas travelers coming from the Netherlands and
the United Kingdom using the cruise ships have docked at the Port of Muara Jati
Cirebon city to visit tourist attractions in Cirebon. They get around by using
transport tricycles (becak), which rely on human power. They visited historic
locations, including the Palace Kasepuhan and old buildings from the Netherlands.
The tourists are very impressed and in awe of the building and historical heritage in
the city. Michael John, a tourist who came from England Wales said that "this is
very wonderful, it is beautiful". (www.cirebontrust.com, September 20, 2014)
Cirebon as a tourist destination should be prepared for the arrival of foreign
tourists in large numbers in addition to the five countries visa-free short visit since
January 2015. An additional five states, namely China, Japan, South Korea, Russia,
and Australia, which is the main market of Indonesian tourism .
President of Pacific Asia Travel Association, Purnomo Siswoprasetijo (2014),
said that the entry into force of the visa-free short visit will certainly increase the
number of tourists from the five countries. For the city of Cirebon, traditional
tourists from China is certain to be attracted by the region once visited by Admiral
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Journal of Economics and Political Economy
Cheng Ho, who had anchored in the port of Muara Jati Cirebon in 1415 AD. Even
Cirebon city with its wealth of heritage such as the palace and the other, also amaze
travellers European origin. As for the rating of Japan and South Korea, attractions
spa in Kuningan regency could be a tourist destination that is highly anticipated.
West Java region with all its cultural wealth, natural and other potentials can be the
main goal of foreign tourists to Indonesia, not just Bali.
The agreement at the same time correcting long-term programmes that target
the government of West Java world-class tourist destination by 2025. The
agreement followed a Sepuh XIV provoked Prince Kasepuhan, Sultan Arief
Natadiningrat. Arief stated:
If the West Java became a world-class tourist destination by 2025, so over
time. Not necessarily our age until that year. We should be confident and
optimistic Jabar with all the wealth of cultural, natural and other potentials,
should become a world-class tourist destination in 2018. Moreover,
infrastructure ranging from railways, airports and ports, fully owned by
Jabar. It is still to be done the revamping of all aspects. But if we all move
together, the will and determination, nothing is impossible. (www.pikiranrakyat.com, November 13, 2013)
Thus, the embodiment of Cirebon as a tourist city needs energy from all sides.
Indicators include a tourist town people courteous, friendly, serve visitors well.
Besides facilities for tourists who come available so they are comfortable and quiet
to enjoy Cirebon. Therefore, the palace will revitalise Kasepuhan Palace and a
number of historic sites, namely Masjid Sang Cipta Rasa, Sunan Gunung Jati and
Cave Sunyaragi. It also changed the Mosque Sang Cipta Rasa and Tomb Sunan
Gunung Jati into the Islamic Center, so the convenience and safety for visitors are
met.
Meanwhile, Kardianto, a visitor to the Mosque Sang Cipta Rasa said from
Jakarta in Cirebon, Cirebon potential for being a tourist town has great potential
because the area has several historic relics, such as the Palace Kasepuhan,
Kanoman, Kaprabonan, Sang Cipta Rasa Mosque and Tomb Sunan Gunung Jati.
Kardianto said that, "in need of improvement of service in both the public and the
government and managers of historic heritage, in order to entice visitors to come to
New York because he had a religious tourism should be developed"
(http://travel.kompas.com, August 3, 2013).
4.4. Cirebon as a Islamic Tourism Destination Friendly
Islam as a religion rahmatan lil 'alamin encourages activity "trip" as part of the
tourist activities. Muslims generally consider themselves closer to God while on
the go and pray more effectively when travelling than when done at home.
According to Timothy & Olsen (2006), Muslim travellers eager to travel not only
for religious purposes but also in terms of business objectives, visiting friends and
relatives. Muslims also practice a unique behaviour in terms of food consumed, the
company and also facilitate all the tourist activities that they do.
Islamic Tourism is a new ethical dimension in the field of tourism in the form of
values generally accepted as the high standard of morality and decency. It also
means to respect the local traditions and beliefs, as well as care for the
environment. This is a new outlook on life and society. The concept gives a new
meaning of the urgency of the values in people's lives when rampant consumerism
and providing all the use and abuse of selfishly. It also fosters understanding and
dialogue between countries with different civilisations and efforts to know the
background and heritage of different communities (Hassan, 2004).
While the economic concept, Islamic tourism is a concept that is oriented to the
extension and expansion with a focus on the importance of tourism to the intraMuslim and intra-Arab in terms of market entry of new travel and tourism
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Journal of Economics and Political Economy
destination. The concept of Islamic culture for tourism includes visions and ideas
that describe the entry of religious sites-Islamic culture in tourism education
programmes and confidence building elements. While the concept of religiousconservative Islamic tourism has not articulated theoretically. But a variety of
opinions and comments in the discussion about the future of tourism in the Arab
and Islamic world as well as several hotel management practices indicate that the
articulation and implementation are only a matter of time. (Ala-Hamarrneh, 2011).
As for Timothy & Olsen (2006) asserted that the Islamic tradition encourages
travelling in groups to fill the holiday to remote places. Religion has provisions
related to the type of accommodation options and facilities for a holiday that will
be consumed. For Muslims choice, the especially hotel features a swimming pool
with separate gender and recreational facilities, place of worship or a hotel located
near the mosque. Additionally, restaurants must provide kosher food produced in a
manner consistent with the provisions of Muslim consumption.
Duman (2011) illustrates that Islam covers also travel tourism activity Muslim
with a beach destination for relaxation and entertainment interests which are
managed by a hospitality company that applies the principles of the Shari'a.
Categorization connected tourism with the goods and services that are designed,
produced and presented on the market in accordance with Islamic tourism or
tourism lawful (halal tourism). Such as the use of common terminology in
everyday use such as trips are permissible (halal trips), hotel, airline, food, and
more. The concept of halal, which means "permissible" in Arabic, not only applied
to food but includes products in accordance with the Shari'ah (shari'a compliant)
ranging from matters facility provided banks such as cosmetics, vaccines and
tourism.
Crescent Tours states that Islam offers travel tour packages and destinations that
are specially designed to meet the needs of Muslims. Thus, countries around the
world should begin to enter the Islamic tourism market by ensuring that Muslim
travellers equipped with optimal service during their journey and were able to
perform religious obligations while on vacation.
Tourism has traditionally been closely associated with religion has served as a
strong motive for travelling. Religious buildings, rituals, festivals and religious
events are an important tourist attraction for them as followers of a particular belief
system (Henderson, 2003). The evolution of tourism in Europe and the Middle East
revealed a different pattern most associated with religious doctrines (Ritter, 1975).
Today, research has been conducted to identify the relationship in various aspects
of religion and tourism. The commercial potential of religious tourism market has
also been highlighted in Muslim countries (Bywater, 1994; Russell, 1999).
Factually, Islamic tourism is a new tourist destination in the world today. There
are 54 Muslim countries in the world which are largely located in the main point in
this world. Because of the importance of the geographical and economic aspects of
Muslim countries, tourism is increasing day by day. Islam will become famous
tourism in the countries and the whole world. Islamic Tourism is not the kind of
tourism, in terms of tourism secular. Tourism will help to extend the prospects for
intellectual inquiry.
Some scholars have described this as a tourism religious tourism which consists
of two types of tourism, ie tourism as part of religious obligations and tourism as a
scientific inquiry that develops widely. The purpose of this tour to get the blessing
of God and other destinations that provide an attraction for tourists. Islam has
encouraged tourism so that people can follow the rules of life and gain experience
and maturity. For example, Muslims from Andalusia to China, India, Persia, and
Turkey visited Indonesia as part of God's command to seek employment and gain
JEPE, 3(2), A. Jaelani, p.264-283.
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knowledge (Jubair, 2002). Thus, Islamic tourism has a major impact on tourists and
travellers as well as the Muslim community.
Meanwhile, the fact that the concept of sharia hotel is a relatively new concept
has resulted in debate and confusion on this subject. Currently, the literature that
discusses the concept of Shari'ah relatively small hotel. Hotel Islam is also known
as Sharia-compliant hotel (according to shari'a), but the term is not widely accepted
in academic or industrial environment.
According to Yusuf (2009), Sharia means the path to be followed by Muslims.
Therefore, Shari'ah hotel can be defined as hotels that provide services in
accordance with the principles of Shari'ah. Hotel Shari'ah is a hotel that is not only
limited to serve halal food and beverages, but operational throughout the hotel is
managed based on Islamic principles. However, there are no formal criteria for this
concept even in the Middle East, but only the scrutiny of statements made by
industry practitioners and analysts revealed broad agreement on the completeness
of the attributes of the hotel.
The characteristics of Shari'ah hotel, Henderson (2010) gives the following
details: no alcohol, no kosher food (according to Islam), al-Quran and prayer
paraphernalia in every room, the bed and the toilet was positioned so as not to face
the direction Qibla (kaaba-Mecca), a decent bathroom, there is a place of prayer,
entertainment Islami, the hotel staff takes precedence Muslim, clothing employees
courteous and ethical, recreational facilities, separate for men and women, the
separation of men and women (not mahram), there is a code of conduct for guests
and shari'a-based funding.
In particular, the hotel occupancy rate (occupancy) in Cirebon increased by 10%
-15% annually. Arts and culture, that is what contributes to the increase in hotel
occupancy. Abidin Aslich, Department of Tourism Culture, Youth and Sports
Cirebon, says that the number of tourists who stay in hotels aims to enjoy a holiday
by viewing a number of historical attractions, art and culture. For the foreseeable
future, the priority will be devoted to the arts and culture, because it's been focused
on trade and services (www.traveltextonline.com, October 15, 2014).
Meanwhile, the entrepreneurs of hospitality services requested the City
Government Cirebon to reproduce arts and cultural events to attract tourist traffic.
Because every art and cultural events are held regularly (annually) is expected to
attract tourists who will have an impact on the increase in hotel occupancy in the
area.
Meanwhile, another potential Cirebon is handicraft industry in collaboration
with local craftsmen. For example, in the village of Toll Astapada near Cirebon
West into the area with the multi-dimensional shell craft, namely craft centre with
raw materials made from shellfish. Even this craft industry into one of the potential
in developing the creative economy in Cirebon.
Other multidimensional aspects generated by Nur Handiyah, a craftsman of art
which has been producing a variety of products in addition to accessories of
mussels, but also furniture such as tables and chairs, lamps, glass, even a human
statue beautiful. This craft embellishments on be some hotel in Cirebon.
In order to socialise shari'a travel, Sultan Arief Natadiningrat confirms that
should Cirebon is one of the "halal tourism" in Indonesia, Cirebon residents
because the majority of Muslims. Moreover, Cirebon is an area that is relatively
ready to become one of the cities "halal tourism" in Indonesia. Therefore, Cirebon
very precisely into the city 'halal tourism', instead of Bali (http://jabar.pojoksatu.id,
March 29, 2016).
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Journal of Economics and Political Economy
5. Conclusion
The tourism industry and creative economy in Cirebon can not be separated
from the historical aspects of growth and development of Cirebon called silk road,
especially in the spread of Islam through trade. To reposition Cirebon as silk lines
required the development of the tourism industry to optimise the full potential of
such cultural heritage, history, as well as the creativity of the community are
tangible results of arts, crafts and culinary. Interwoven are tightly finely grown
since the beginning of the development of Cirebon makes this town has a unique
form of diversification of the tourist attractions, culture, ethnicity, religion, history,
until the creative economy can be visited virtually every corner of the region in,
especially religious tourism that makes Cirebon as a city friendly to tourists. Of
course, proper management in the field of tourism can succeed "Cirebon Visit Year
2018."
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