Edinburgh Handbook of Evaluative MorPhologY Edited by IVicola Grandi and Lfvia Korvelyessy EDINBURGH University Press i.- editorial matter antl organrsatron. e \icola (irandi ancl i-ivr:r l(drn,elvessy.20l5 the chapters theil several authors. 2() 1 -5 Edinburgh tjnrversitl' Press Ltd 'fhe Tun l{olyrood Road 12(2t) Jackson's Enrry Edinburgh EH8 8PJ r.r'rvrr', 'l'y euppubl in l0l r shr n g. corrr 'l-rmcs \er.v Ronran br Sclvrs Filnrsetting t-td. Stockport. Cheshirc. an(l prjnted antl bouncl in (lreat llritain bv (iPI Ciroup (UK) Ltd, Ciloydon C'R0.4YY pcset 12 r\ CIP record tbr this book is availablc fiom the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 8174 7 (hardback) ISIIN 978 0 7486'7 175 4 (ivebre ad1' PDF) IStsN 978 0 7486 8177 li (cpLrb) The right of Nicola Cjrandi and l-ivia Kortvclycssy to be identified as Editor of thrs ivork has been assened in accordance rvrth the Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1 988. and the Copyright and Reiated Rights Reguiations 2003 (SI No 2498) 15.14 Tatar Fatma $ahan Gilney I Introduction Tatar, also known as 'Volga latar'and'Kazan'Iatar', is one of the Kipchak languages of the Turkic family, The total numberof speakers of Tatar is aboLrt 5.5 million to 6 millton 'fatarstan, Ilashkortostan and Westem Sibena T'aur worldwide, most of them hving in 'fhe literary consists of tfuee dialects, namely the westem, the central and the Sibenan. language is based on the cenffal dialect in terms of rts phonetic featwes but draws most of its morpholog:cal fearures from the westem dialect. From a rypological point of view, Turkic languages, Tatar included, are syntactically left-branching and have an SOV order. Modifiers of any rype precede the head of the construction. No gender exists in Turkic and there is no agreement befween the numeral and its head. l'urkic languages are agglutrnative, characterised by well-deveiopcd rowel harmon_v and have a synthetic character. Inflectional and derivational processes arc e amed out mostly by bound morphemes. Besides rts hrghly synthetic character, many Iinguisttc categories, such as aspect and modaliry, are expressed through penphrastic conslructions, which have not become synthetic tbrms yet. 'Turkic languages, basically, iack declensional and conjugational categories, classes, inegular verbs, and suppletive forms' (Johanson 1998.36). 2 General picture The evaluative morphology of Tatar is rather sketchy, evaluative suffixes berng not very productive and the distnbution of them among word classes and various semantic groups teing far from regular. Evaluative morphemes are of a suffixal t1pe, like the other bound l-no.ph.n,ar in Tatar, and cluster mostly around diminutive and caressive functrons. The appiication of evaluative morphology across all word categorie s is restricted. Evaiuative morphemes of drminution, afrection, caressrng. intenstfication, deintensification and other t1p", ur. considered to be derivational, ancl they belong to the inventory ofderirational suffixes since they always precede the inflectional ones Augmentatives are nearly absent in TLrrkic languages, Tatar included. Excesslveness in a quantitative or qualitative feature of singular or plural form of an ob;ect, person or action is mainly expressed by repetition of the qualifyrng or quantifying modifiers preceding them, The duration, frequency, intensrty oI manner of an action expressed bv a verb form may be augmented by repeated forms of adverbs. As for adjectives and quantifiers. intensification by reduplicating the lirst syiiable of the base form and changrng the last 311 Tatar consonant of the reduplicated syllable is well attested in l'atar and other Turkic languages. ,Deintensive or attenuative forms of adjectives, on the other hand, particularly those relat,,ing to colour, are formed morphologically by attaching specific deintensifuing suffixes, snch as -su, -KIlt.1 ln Tatar, there are no specific suffixes for emotional remarks expressing disregard. drsdain or neglect, and no morphemes to augment, enlarge, increase or magnify a certain properry of an entily. One way to convey a sense of drsdain is to reduplicate and.luxtapose two elements, the second of which is the mere sound reflection of the first one: malay-Sala1, :boy and so on'. No suffixal forms of contempt, irony, sarcasm, belittlement, insult or a iccomful attitude exist in Tatar, and there are no pejoratives in suffixal form. :,1 i !1 : s 3 'n Nouns :, ..: There are some evaluative markers in Tatar, applying exclusively to nou.ns, which may not oniy indicate the smallness of an item in srze andror age, but also express positive emotions of the speaker towards a person. animal or thing conveyed by the base form. Among 1ftrcm, -kAy and -kAS carry out diminutive. endearing and caressive functions (Ganiyev 1998.219\" (l) ii bala-koy , child-orv 'dear lrttie child' *Ay and -lc4S are reported to be attached only to animate nouns and some names of body prts2 (Valiullina 1997, t2) .' a. 57): sandugag-ka1, nightingale-otv 'dear iiftle nightingale' b. bas-ka;, head-otv 'dear head' Ttrminatrng voweis are dropped before the suffix: f3) erJ-kq'< eni-ke1, mother-r)tM 'dear mother' Tbe last consonant of the suffix may be truncated, when attached to the most frequently ,reed kinship terms: i '*{) t :,,, et-ke father-otv 'dear father' .,, .:t i tl' e Tbe suffixes -lc4y and -kl,s, in some word forms -klE, attach mostly to krnslup terms, and employed when addressing someone in an affectionate way: * i ,t :{ li 't * :{ g Fatma $ahan GilneY J L/ (5) a. baba-ka1' grandi'athe r- Lliiul 'dear grandfather' b, tugan-kay brother/sl ster- otrr,l 'dear brother or sister' someone in an aftcCaressive forms and endearments. which are used when addressing ing precious r convel tionate way, are frequently formed by attaching -kAy to words valued things: (6) a. alrrn-kuy-tm gold-otv- l ross 'my precious b. q' r: gc)l-keY-im rOSC-DIM- I POSS 'my dear rose' pronoun -(1)rzi is fro. As is evident from the above examples. the first perscln possessive sense of affectiq+ quently attached ro the end of the word form in order to sfrengthen the the sufFr when attached to genenc names, such as kn'gtr|"gol',flower' andyoldtz,'star" context: appellative -kAy may indicate only dlminution and/or endearment if there is no \ l) got-Ke-v flower-oitrl 'fforet' Ltke -lc4y, it is anached bOne another suffix used as a caressive and appellativ e \s '0)y. in order to con\€li kinship terms, generally to the ones explessing closer relationships, when addressing someaii feelings of endearment and affection. Such forms are often used uncle" a caressiw brother, in aga-y'dear as speaker, the than *iro il younger or older ,brother. uncle', tt may be used as an informal title for older men and as a form of agc 'old man, elderl;' gentlernal' polite form when addressing them iirectly' Similarly baba-y of the famrlv The foe fnend a especially man, an elderly is the way to address rnforrnaliy the speaker, Som than older \r'omen addressing when apa-y, on the other hand, is uied follows: -(l)y as are -i suffix the otn.i fort, of informal address carrying (8) a. gol-i.v-im rOSC-DIM.I POSS 'my dear rose' b. cingi < cing(e)-! wif'e of the elder brother or uncle -l)l\4 'dear sister-in-law' r: mosr freouentlv usd It needs to be noted that the suffix -(1)y is not detachable from the 'elder brother"'babil abry 'father" etiy forms of kinship terms, such as eniy 'mother" ,grandfather' and ebiy 'grandmothei', which are the standard forms for the concepts tb1 convev. and no sense of evaluation is evident in their meaning' 313 'Iurkrc languages, as weli A widespread diminutive suffix across ali as Tatar, rs -EIk, whtch may also carry a caressive function: (9) Tatar: yoldrc-qtk StAI-DIM 'liftle star' pitied by the Tbe suffix -1lk may also indicate that the item diminished in size or age is diminution: of with no sense speaker, even (10) a. kos'qtk bird- otu 'poor little bird' b, hatrn-qtk woman-DlM 'poor woman' ,Tbe more archaic and less frequent suffix rn Tatar 'which gives the noun dimlnutive 'meanrng'(Ganiyev 1998, 265) is -rlft: {l l) billin-tik division-otv 'small section' ,sme word forms suffixed with -g1k or -tlk tn Tatar have already become lexicalised' and lootlme of them do not reveal any diminutive meaning. Even though such words convey unils: conceptual rdsted meanings. some of them act as independent {12) a. kaP-qrk sack-otl,,t 'small bag' :, b. buvtn-tfu Joint-DIM ,,. 'jotnt, Iimb of an insect' Diminutive -Elt is widelY used ;roductive: {$) " .l i ii 'i' fl4) Kazakh (Oner 1998' 48): tilYir-Sik sPhere-otu 'small sPhere' . Kirghiz (Oner 1998.48): kol'giik lake- otl,l 'smal] lake' among l'urkic Ianguages, though not eveni-v" as Fatma $ahon Gilney 314 (15) Karachay-Balkar (Berta 1998, 305) narat-Etk pine-ottvt 'smallpine' (16) Azerbaijani (Sch0nig 1998, 25 1): uSag-9ti child-oru 'little child' In Turkish, -qlkis a productive suffix which may attach to nouns (17a), adjectives (17b) and adverbs (17c), carrying out different semantic functions: l7) ( a. kulilbe-cik hut-Dllvl 'linle hut' b. inc'e-cik thin-oltrl 'very thin' c. yavasga-ctk slowly-otu 'very slowly' Newly formed scientific terms with a diminutive sense often carry -qlk in Turkish: (18) kann-cft abdomen-otv 'fummy; ventricule' Caressive forms and endearments may also be constructed by attaching -qlk and firg person possessive su|\x -(l)m mostly to kinship terms: ( 19) anne-c'Lg-rm mother-DtM- l POSS 'my dear molher' Repeated instances of dinrinutive fbrms ma;' also occur in Turkish: (20) Mqil(k1-cil(k1-cilk small-otv-oitra 'very very small' Among the non-productive evaluative suffixes of diminutive and caressive function are -qAk, ind -EA,both occurring with only a limited number of words in Tatar. -gAk and at bothhavediminuttveandcaressivefunctionscoupledwiththesenseofpity: (21) kilin-Eek daughter-in-law-DlM 'dear poor daughter-in-1aw' 'i.,, Tatar 3 15 :il Kazakh: ini-Sek brother-oru 'dear little brother' Krrghiz: ini-qek 'dear little brother' {24) Trakai Keirarm (Berta 1991i, 305) til-qek tongue-DiM 'little tongue' Chagatai: gukur-9ak cavity-oru '---ll Jrrl4ll ^^. !dv ik,l IrJ $.Diminutiue -qAk, which may also express pify, mostly attaches to animate names in Aiif.*ish and occurs in a few words: ,1,' ift:! ffiFf) F.. rir yavru-cak child-orv 'poor child' bzuch fonns. the sense of diminutlon. endearment and prtr mar be conreyed all together ';,Ile drminutive suffix -ql is also used rn many other l'urkic languages besides -fatar: :9,'l) Tatar: yr)zak-ca i., ': 1{1,- I lock-DIM 'small lock' The suffix -El is reported to be the most comlnon drminutive sulJix in Kazakh (Kirchner groups have used the form with ii.t99A,322), though languages of the K,rpchak and other number of words: F,{mited ffi ffiml T;:' r' Kazakh: balft-sa fish-nrlr 'small fish' ,,tD) Fi,, F a:.' Azerbarjanr: meydan-qa a 316 Fatma $ahan Giiney square-DtM 'little square' The dimrnutive and the caressive suftx -EAfilz,an extended form of -gAk, is more produc, tive in Turkish: (30) gocuk-cagtz chiid-ottvr 'poor child' Even though there are no augmentatives in J'arar, a f'ew morphemes like -but. seem to be used wrth a very iimited number of words: (31) -1,'1.9 and -re1 a. sakal-bay beard-euc 'beardie' b. mry*-laq moustache-AUG 'beardie' c. sakal-tey beard-nuc 'beardie' iii ,'&*- 4 Adjectives snd adverbs Intensification of adjectives, specifically those relating to colour, and advcrbs rn Tatr is carried out either by using intensifying particles such as dcim and or. as rn itt vatp 'brand new', ddm karo'completely black'. or by reduplicating the first sy'llable of ar adjectir e: (32) a. kap-karu nr-b1ack 'prtch black' b. ap-ank nvr-skrnny 'very skinny' Both rntensifying particles and reduplicated parts are placed just before the adjecfive; Deintensification in the same category, mainiy with regard to colour adjectives, on tbc$ other hand, rs carried out by attaching some specific deintensiffing suffixes to the word,': base. The most frequently used suffixes of deintensification are -su, (33) a, zeuger-su purple-,lt t 'someu har purple' b. yes-kilt green-AfT 'greenish' -Kllt, -,r// and -s//: 317 c, kiik-sil blue-etr 'bluish' A few formatives such as -slman and -DAy attach to nouns and express deintensification, reduction and approximation in qualiry or quantify, with more of a sense of similariry: (34) a. bala-stman child-arr 'like a childr childish' b, yifek-tey silk-xrr 'silky' Among its other semantic functions, GInAs inTatar realises the attenuation and diminution ofadjectivesandadverbs, astnyomsal(hna'quitesoft(ly)', tizgine 'atonce'.Therearea few words, however, where word forms which have the suffixal form of GInA are lexicalised and have their own independent meantng:5 (35) kic(it-kine small-olv 'small' GInA also functions as a diminutive and caressive suffix, which aftaches to a limlted number of nouns, as tn: (36) bala-gtna-m child-olv- i Poss 'my little child' The suffixal vanant of GInA aiso has the form -gmoylginey, a complex form consisting of the old diminutive suffix -grnalgin e plus -(l)1,. whtch is another diminutive and caressive sumx: J ( / ,) Ft t-grne\ waisl-Dlv 'my dear waist' Aftenuation of adjectives is camed out in Tatar by the suffix -rAk. ongrnally a comparative gffix where fwo items are compared in terms of their quality oI quantiry. However, 'when there are no items to compare with, then the sufhx -rAk gl-es the adjective a meaning ttlat the qualiry the adjective expresses is not more but less than the standard' (Hisamova 2006, l 20): (38) h.ska-rak short-ATl' 'rather short' Fqtma $ahan GilneY 318 little bit': It may even attaoh to adverbs in order to express the meaning'a (39) tigileY-rek there-att 'a littie bit there' Similarly, the artenuahve function is fulfilled by the suffixe s -,Ak and-El in Turkrsh, as in:6 (40) a. biiYti(k)-cek big-xrr 'somewhat big' b. bilYilk-Ee blg-err' 'somewhat big' meaning of adverbs:7 On the other hand, -91 intensifies or augments the (41) hrzlbca raPid/raPidlY-mr 'very raPidlY' or pcrtalnlng t0 aD quality within an obiecl 1.he propensrfy or excessiveness of some acljectival suffixes -gll, -gAn, and the deveranimate berng are expressed by the denomrnal suffix which expresses propensiry: bal adjectival suffix -KJr -EAn is qurte a producdve (42) a. Yerdem-Eil heiP-ore(euc) 'resPonsiv e' b. siiz-qen word-oxe(,ruc) 'talkative' c. siz-gir sense-ovn(r'uc) ' sensible, PercePtive' InKirghrz'.atrequentsuffixinneologismsts-qll'denotingpropensirytosomething' (Kirchner 1998, 34r): (43) ulut-7ul nation-oNe(euc) 'nationalist' languages: The suffix -E1l has srmilar fi'rnctions in other Turkic (11) Kazakh: SaY-SrL tea-DNA(AuG) 'fond of tea' Tqtar (45) 319 l'urkish: ben-cil me-DNA(AUG) 'selfish' 5 Verbs If the fulfilment of an action is less than the standard, or it does not meet the expectation of tbe speaker, some specific suffixes are added to the verb base. These suffixes are attached to the base form preceding all inflectional suffixes. The lesser degree of the qualiry of an action is expressed by the denominal verb formative -lAn attached to words of a nominal or adjectival rype: (46) divana-lan-u 'nu6_oa1,(er-T) 'to become a little wild' There are a number of deverbal verbal suffixes in Tatar used in expressing the lesser degree or partial fulfiiment of an action. Such deverbal verb formatives. such as -(l)Stlr, -KA\A8 and -(l)nklrA, can be considered as evaluatrve since, besides any other nuances, they- a1l indrcate that the action expressed by the verb is carried out not to its full extent but to a ksser degree; (47) a. uh-Str-u read-ett-r.ry 'to read randomly or flom time to fime' b. suk-kala-w plough-nrr-vl 'to plough for a whiie or from time to tt-me' c. iis-inkire-w grow-ATT-\l\ 'to grow a liftle' Today, the function of such deverbal suffixes as -(l)stlr, -KAIA and -(])nHrA is fulfilled mainly by the compound verb forms constructed with the posfverbs a/- 'to take'and to,r'to descend', which are both productive forms rn expressing a lesser degree of an action: (48) a. ktzdv-ry al-u fry-ci e PST\'-\'N 'to fry a linie' b. tury-a tc)S-i freeze-cvB psrv-\t\ 'to fleeze slightly' 6 Conclusion The evaluative morphology of Tatar is related mostly to nouns and adjectives, though a limited number of suffixes with evaluative functions do occur with verbs. and a few of F-atma $ahan (|ilne1t 320 in1'atar, and them with adverbs as weil. The semantic categories of evaluative morphology 'I'urkic languages, are concenrated marnly around diminutive and att€nuin fact in many the evaluative suffrxes of the nominal category, 'glk and -kAy are Among ative f-unctrons. 'kAy atlacba the most productive in Tatar, having both dlminutive and caressive functions' and inamanimate both with -q1k occur may whiie beings. arumate of only to the names mate nouns, to The evaluative morphology pertaining to the category of adjectives is mainl,v related 'fhe intensiilcation of adjectives is canied out matnly diminutive and attenuatrve tunctions, some speclalby reduplication, whrle deintensification tn the same category is fulfilled by suffix -r'4h adjectivai productive the and adjectives, with colour ised suftxes used mainly is also used which also has a comparable function in Tatar. GInA, oiginally a clitic tn Tatar, adverbs, and adjectives nouns, with may occur which as an evaluative suffix, -(I)nklrA, the first Verbs have fewer evaluative morphemes, namely -(l)Stlr, -KAIA and partrcularly an value, evaluative have a1l they opinion, ln our productive. two being quite 'to do something a means them any of with verb afixed form the afienuative one. since the evaiuatlve morlinie bit, fbr a while or randomly'. In terms of the formal propefiies of the inflectional precede always they and t;-pe a sr-rffixal of phemes in Tatar, they are mainly morphology. Notes l, 2, both fiont suffixes signals The dotless anci caprtalised 'l' used rn the representation of individuai iand r' Other respectviVely'as vowels. represented reduced and back vanants of mrddle unrouncied t()nsonant' rowel or sutirx oithe allaphones back and caprtalrsed letters also represent both tiont rna.v also where'{1.1 draiect centlal the belr-rngrng Valiullrna stares that tnere are sonte reglsters aftacn to oDJect namesr urrn-ka1 ' balta-ko;'- (Valiulllna 1997' 57) kine, and may anach !o particle has tbur allamorphic variations, namely grna. gine, ktna and 3. This semantic functions' It is vanous syntacttc pnrases and even sentences tn order to fulfii different orthography Tatar in not a stress-bearing unit, so it is wnnen separatelv 4. Accented vowels show the position ofpitch-accent' as $uuld 5. In such forms, prtch-accent is placed on the last sl'iiable of the word form, tn rhe regular proce\) oi u.r'd formatron 6 As (40) shows, !he word-final -l drops betbre -("'-ll'- ancl -q'l't rn I'urkrsh qabu(k)'cak'very sPeedilY' 7. .Accent has a disnnctrve function in be erpected vumulalkt'ctl' -'c11 cases such as gt)zel-ct! "rather nice", gil'zdlce (Csat6 and Johanson 1998' 207) 'I'he suffix -KAlAhas the allamorphs -kaia''keie' -gala and -gele 8. :ofi" "nicefl