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2011 История развития и основные направления эколого-антропологических исследований в науке США

2011 История развития и основные направления эколого-антропологических исследований в науке США

Profile image of Anatoly N YamskovAnatoly N Yamskov

2011, Гуманитарная экология и мир человека: материалы Всероссийской научной конференции с международным участием, 27-29 октября 2011 г. – Киров.

Ямсков А.Н. История развития и основные направления эколого-антропологических исследований в науке США // Гуманитарная экология и мир человека: материалы Всероссийской научной конференции с международным участием, 27-29 октября 2011 г. – Киров: ООО "Коннектика", 2011, с. 39-51 Review of developing research priorities and methods in ecological anthropology in the USA from the middle 20th to the start of the 21st centuries, with parallels in the history of the Soviet (Russian) “ethnic ecology” and earlier fields of ecologically oriented ethnographic studies.

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Ethnobiology is increasingly recognized from within and outside of its boundaries as interdisciplinary. The Society of Ethnobiology defines the field as “the scientific study of dynamic relationships among peoples, biota, and environments.” Ethnobiologists are able to skillfully assess challenges of biocultural conservation across the divides of political ecology. They are situated to mediate between conservation programs that target biodiversity preservation with little concern for the needs of human communities, and those (such as the New Conservation movement) that privilege those needs. Ethnobiology also transcends the pervasive assumption in these fields that Western knowledge and economic goals should guide change. Because of ethnobiology's importance as a bridging discipline, it is important to ask what unifies ethnobiology. Is it common subject matter? Or, is there an underlying emphasis representing an “ethnobiological perspective?” Answers to these questions are explored here using content analysis and discourse-and-ideology analysis. We use the results to identify the unique roles ethnobiologists play in biocultural conservation. This analysis also proved useful in the systematic identification of four salient themes that unify ethnobiology—ethics in ethnobiology, shared environmental and cultural heritage, interdisciplinary science and non-science, and ecological understanding. How ethnobiologists conceive of themselves is critical for further enrichment of the field as interdisciplinary human-environmental scholarship, particularly in reference to biocultural conservation. Self-definition makes explicit the unique strengths of the field, which by its very nature integrates a sophisticated understanding of political ecology with appreciation of the value of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), social science, and the biological sciences.

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Ìèíèñòåðñòâî îáðàçîâàíèÿ è íàóêè Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè Ðîññèéñêèé ãóìàíèòàðíûé íàó÷íûé ôîíä «Âÿòñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ãóìàíèòàðíûé óíèâåðñèòåò» ÃÓÌÀÍÈÒÀÐÍÀß ÝÊÎËÎÃÈß È ÌÈÐ ×ÅËÎÂÅÊÀ Ìàòåðèàëû Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íîé êîíôåðåíöèè ñ ìåæäóíàðîäíûì ó÷àñòèåì «Ãóìàíèòàðíàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ â ñèñòåìå êîìïëåêñíîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ÷åëîâåêà» Êèðîâ, 27–29 îêòÿáðÿ 2011 ã. Êèðîâ 2011 ÓÄÊ 502+30 ÁÁÊ 20.1+60ÿ431 Ã94 Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ ïî ðåøåíèþ ðåäàêöèîííî-èçäàòåëüñêîãî ñîâåòà Âÿòñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî ãóìàíèòàðíîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà Ðåäêîëëåãèÿ: Îñèïîâà Í. Î., ä-ð ôèëîë. íàóê, ïðîô. (îòâ. ðåäàêòîð); Ñàâèíûõ Í. Ï., ä-ð áèîë. íàóê, ïðîô.; Ïîñïåëîâà Í. È., êàíä. èñêóññòâîâåäåíèÿ, äîö.; Êëåìåíòüåâà Í. Â., êàíä. êóëüòóðîëîãèè (îòâ. ñåêðåòàðü) Ã94 Ãóìàíèòàðíàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ è ìèð ÷åëîâåêà: ìàòåðèàëû Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íîé êîíôåðåíöèè ñ ìåæäóíàðîäíûì ó÷àñòèåì. Êèðîâ, 27–29 îêòÿáðÿ 2011 ã. – Êèðîâ: «Êîííåêòèêà», 2011. – 311 ñ. ISBN 978-5-456-00015-6  ñáîðíèê âêëþ÷åíû ìàòåðèàëû äîêëàäîâ Âñåðîññèéñêîé íàó÷íîé êîíôåðåíöèè, ïîñâÿùåííîé ïðîáëåìàì ãóìàíèòàðíîé ýêîëîãèè êàê îäíîìó èç ïåðñïåêòèâíûõ íàïðàâëåíèé ñîâðåìåííîãî ãóìàíèòàðíîãî çíàíèÿ. Êîíöåïöèÿ ñáîðíèêà îðèåíòèðîâàíà íà èíòåãðàòèâíûé ïîäõîä ê èññëåäîâàíèþ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì ñîâðåìåííîñòè, âêëþ÷àþùèé ôèëîñîôñêèé, ñîöèîëîãè÷åñêèé, êóëüòóðîëîãè÷åñêèé, åñòåñòâåííîíàó÷íûé, ïåäàãîãè÷åñêèé è èíûå íàó÷íûå äèñêóðñû â îñâåùåíèè îäíîé èç ãëîáàëüíûõ ïðîáëåì ñîâðåìåííîñòè. ÓÄÊ 502+30 ÁÁÊ 20.1+60ÿ431 Èçäàíèå îñóùåñòâëåíî ïðè ôèíàíñîâîé ïîääåðæêå Ðîññèéñêîãî ãóìàíèòàðíîãî íàó÷íîãî ôîíäà (ïðîåêò ¹ 11-06-14030 ã) ISBN 978-5-456-00015-6 2 © ÎÎÎ «Êîííåêòèêà», 2011 © Âÿòñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé ãóìàíèòàðíûé óíèâåðñèòåò (ÂÿòÃÃÓ), 2011 © Êîëëåêòèâ àâòîðîâ, 2011 ÑÎÄÅÐÆÀÍÈÅ ÏÐÅÄÈÑËÎÂÈÅ ..................................................................................................................7 PREFACE ...............................................................................................................................9 1. ÒÅÎÐÈß È ÌÅÒÎÄÎËÎÃÈß ÃÓÌÀÍÈÒÀÐÍÎÉ ÝÊÎËÎÃÈÈ ɋɚɜɢɧɵɯ ɇ. ɉ. ..............................................12 ɘɥɨɜ ȼ. Ɏ. ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚ ɋ. Ⱥ. , .................................................................21 , ȼɨɫɤɨɛɨɣɧɢɤɨɜ Ⱥ. ɗ. .........................................25 : ................................................................................... 29 əɦɫɤɨɜ Ⱥ. ɇ. ɇɟɧɚɲɟɜ Ɇ. ɂ. ɉɨɥɭɷɤɬɨɜ ɉ. ɉ. Ш ..........................................39 … .................................................................51 ( Ʉɨɪɨɬɤɨɜ ɇ. ȼ. « » Ɂɚɦɹɬɢɧ Ⱦ. ɇ. ɋɬɨɝɧɢɟɧɤɨ Ⱥ. ɘ. ) .....................................55 . . ...................................................................................59 : .......................66 Ƚɨɪɸɧɨɜɚ Ɍ. Ⱥ. Ȼɚɥɹɫɧɢɤɨɜɚ Ʌ. Ⱥ., Ɂɨɥɨɬɭɯɢɧɚ ɇ. Ɏ. ................................................95 ɋɨɥɨɧɢɰɵɧɚ Ɇ. ɇ. Ɂɚɜɨɣɱɢɧɫɤɚɹ ɂ. Ƚ. Ʉɚɫɚɬɤɢɧɚ ɋ. ɋ. ..............................................82 .................................87 .........................................................................................................99 ....................105 ɏɢɥɶɤɨ ɇ. Ɏ. ɑɚɳɢɧɚ ɋ. ȼ. .................................................................................................112 ........................114 / : ? ...............................................117 2. ÕÓÄÎÆÅÑÒÂÅÍÍÎÅ ÏÐÎÑÒÐÀÍÑÒÂÎ È ÏÐÈÊËÀÄÍÛÅ ÀÑÏÅÊÒÛ ÃÓÌÀÍÈÒÀÐÍÎÉ ÝÊÎËÎÃÈÈ ɉɨɡɞɟɟɜ ȼ. Ⱥ. Ɋɨɡɟɧɯɨɥɶɦ Ⱥ. , Ʉɥɟɦɟɧɬɶɟɜɚ ɇ. ȼ. Ƚɨɪɹɱɟɜɚ Ɉ. ɇ. Ƚɦɵɡɢɧɚ ɗ. ȼ. ....................................128 30...............135 / ..............................................................................................144 XVIII ........................................151 .........................................................................155 3 Ʉɢɪɢɱɟɧɤɨ ȿ. ɂ. Ʉɨɣɤɨɜɚ Ɍ. Ʌ. Ȼɪɚɝɢɧ Ⱥ. ȼ. ............................162 : .......................................................................................171 ............................................................................................174 Ɉɫɢɩɨɜɚ ɇ. Ɉ., Ʉɪɨɧɞɥɟɣ Ɇ. .....................................181 Ɍɤɚɱɟɜɚ ȿ. ɉ. ..............................................................................................................189 ɉɥɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɇ. Ⱥ. : .........................................................194 Ɍɢɦɲɢɧ ȼ. Ⱥ. : ....................................................................................................201 Ⱦɨɠɞɟɜɵɯ ɋ. Ɇ. ( « ») ..............................................................205 Ʉɢɛɟɲɟɜɚ ȿ. ɂ. .......................................209 Ɋɨɞɨɦɚɧ Ȼ. Ȼ. ё .............................................................................217 Ɂɨɪɢɧɚ Ʌ. ɇ. ........................................................227 Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɜɚ Ʌ. ȼ. ...........234 Ʌɨɛɚɱɟɜɚ Ʌ. Ⱥ. 30–50( )...................................................................................243 ɋɚɧɧɢɤɨɜɚ Ɍ. Ɉ. .............248 ɒɤɚɥɢɧɚ Ƚ. ȿ. ...........................................................253 Ⱥɛɞɪɚɫɢɥɨɜɚ Ƚ. Ɂ. ..........................................................................263 Ⱥɝɚɮɨɧɨɜɚ Ⱥ. Ȼ. XIX : ( ɋɚɜɟɥɶɟɜɚ Ɉ. Ɉ. ɉɨɫɩɟɥɨɜɚ ɇ. ɂ. ɋɨɛɨɥɟɜɚ Ɇ. ȼ. 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Review of developing research priorities and methods in ecological anthropology in the USA from the middle 20th to the start of the 21st centuries, with parallels in the history of the Soviet (Russian) “ethnic ecology” and earlier fields of ecologically oriented ethnographic studies.  ïåðâîì äåñÿòèëåòèè XXI â. íà÷àëñÿ íîâûé ïåðèîä â ñôåðå ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ò. å. â ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè â øèðîêîì ñìûñëå ýòîãî ñëîâà, îçíàìåíîâàâøèéñÿ ÿâíîé àêòèâèçàöèåé íàó÷íîé äåÿòåëüíîñòè è âçðûâíûì ðîñòîì ïóáëèêàöèîííîé àêòèâíîñòè ó÷¸íûõ1. Ýòî ïðåâîñõîäèò ïî ñâîèì ìàñøòàáàì äàæå òî, ÷òî ñëó÷èëîñü â 1960– 1970-å ãã. Òîãäà äàííàÿ îáëàñòü íàóêè åù¸ òîëüêî îôîðìëÿëàñü, äèôôåðåíöèðóÿñü ïî ìåòîäîëîãèè è çàäà÷àì íà îòäåëüíûå íàó÷íûå øêîëû èëè íàïðàâëåíèÿ, íî ïî÷òè ñðàçó æå ïðåâðàòèëàñü â îäèí èç íàèáîëåå âëèÿòåëüíûõ â òî âðåìÿ ñåãìåíòîâ êóëüòóðíîé àíòðîïîëîãèè2. Ïîñëåäíþþ, èñõîäÿ èç å¸ èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ öåëåé è ìåòîäîâ, ìîæíî ñ÷èòàòü ïðàêòè÷åñêè àíàëîãîì îòå÷åñòâåííîé ýòíîëîãèè, â ñîâåòñêèé è èìïåðñêèé ïåðèîäû èñòîðèè èìåíîâàâøåéñÿ ó íàñ ýòíîãðàôèåé. Ïðàâäà, ïðèìåðíî ñ ñåðåäèíû 1980-õ ãã. ïîñëåäîâàë ÿâíûé ñïàä èíòåðåñà áîëüøåé ÷àñòè íàó÷íîãî ñîîáùåñòâà â ÑØÀ ê ñîáñòâåííî ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèì èññëåäîâàíèÿì3, ÷òî, âèäèìî, îáúÿñíÿëîñü ðàñïðîñòðàíèâøèìñÿ â òå ãîäû óâëå÷åíèåì ìíîãèõ àíòðîïîëîãîâ èäåÿìè ïîñòìîäåðíèçìà ñ åãî ïîä÷¸ðêíóòîé ñóáúåêòèâíîñòüþ, àêöåíòîì íà îòíîñèòåëüíîñòü íàó÷íûõ çíàíèé è ìíîãîâàðèàíòíîñòü âîçìîæíûõ èíòåðïðåòàöèé îäíîãî ñîáûòèÿ èëè ñèòóàöèè. Òàêîé ïîäõîä, åñòåñòâåííî, ïî ñàìîé ñâîåé ñóòè ïðîòèâîðå÷èë îñíîâàì ìåòîäîëîãèè ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé4, èñõîäÿùåé èç îáúåêòèâíîñòè ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ ôèçèêî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ñðåäû è îñâàèâàþùèõ îò39 äåëüíûå ó÷àñòêè ìåñòíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ ëèáî ñîöèàëüíûõ îáúåäèíåíèé, îáëàäàþùèõ îñîáûìè êóëüòóðíûìè òðàäèöèÿìè, â òîì ÷èñëå â ñôåðå ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ, õîçÿéñòâà, ìàòåðèàëüíîé êóëüòóðû, ñîöèàëüíîé îðãàíèçàöèè è ò. ï. Íî âìåñòå ñ íà÷àâøèìñÿ ñ ñåðåäèíû – êîíöà 1990-õ ãã. ïàäåíèåì ïîïóëÿðíîñòè ïîñòìîäåðíèñòñêèõ ïðåäñòàâëåíèé â ñîöèàëüíûõ íàóêàõ è â êóëüòóðíîé àíòðîïîëîãèè â ÷àñòíîñòè, â ÑØÀ áûë îòìå÷åí íîâûé âçë¸ò âíèìàíèÿ ê ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè. Íàïðèìåð, ê ïðîôèëüíîìó æóðíàëó “Human Ecology” («Ýêîëîãèÿ ÷åëîâåêà»), èçäàþùåìóñÿ ñ 1972 ã., â 1997 ã. äîáàâèëñÿ åù¸ îäèí – “Journal of Ecological Anthropology” («Æóðíàë ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè»)5. Òàêæå ïîêàçàòåëüíî, ÷òî ïî÷òè äåñÿòü ëåò íàçàä ïðîôåññîð Þäæèí Àíäåðñîí ñâîþ ðåöåíçèþ íà ÷åòûðå îïóáëèêîâàííûõ â 1998–2000 ãã. ó÷åáíèêà ïî ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêîé òåìàòèêå íà÷àë ñ õàðàêòåðíîé êîíñòàòàöèè: «Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ âñòóïèëà â âàæíûé ïåðèîä ñèíòåçà, ðîñòà è ðàçâèòèÿ»6. Íî ñ òåõ ïîð â ÑØÀ âûøëè â ñâåò åù¸ êàê ìèíèìóì òðè õðåñòîìàòèè è òðè óíèâåðñèòåòñêèõ ó÷åáíèêà, ïðè÷¸ì ïîñëåäíèå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò ïî÷òè âñå îñíîâíûå ñîâðåìåííûå íàó÷íûå øêîëû ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè7.  îòå÷åñòâåííîé ýòíîëîãèè (ýòíîãðàôèè â ñîâåòñêèé ïåðèîä) èìååòñÿ ñåðèÿ ðàáîò î ïåðâûõ ýòàïàõ ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé â ÑØÀ8. Íî âîò î ñîáûòèÿõ, ïðîèñõîäèâøèõ â ýòîé îáëàñòè íàóêè â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòü-äâàäöàòü ëåò, ñêàçàíî ìåíüøå9. Ïîïðîáóåì ÷àñòè÷íî âîñïîëíèòü ýòîò ïðîáåë, òåçèñíî íàìåòèâ îñíîâíûå ýòàïû ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè â ÑØÀ, èõ îòëè÷èòåëüíûå ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèå ÷åðòû è/èëè èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ïðèîðèòåòû, à òàêæå âîçìîæíûå ïàðàëëåëè ñ ïðîöåññàìè ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ îòå÷åñòâåííîé ýòíîýêîëîãèè. Îò÷àñòè ÿ îñâåùàë ðàíåå ýòè ñþæåòû êàê â íåêîòîðûõ ïóáëèêàöèÿõ10, òàê è â êóðñàõ ëåêöèé, êîòîðûå â êà÷åñòâå øòàòíîãî ñîâìåñòèòåëÿ ÷èòàþ íà êàôåäðå ôèçè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè è ãåîýêîëîãèè ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ôàêóëüòåòà (ñ 2010 ã. – Èíñòèòóòà åñòåñòâåííûõ íàóê) Ìîñêîâñêîãî ãîðîäñêîãî ïåäàãîãè÷åñêîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà (ÌÃÏÓ) ïî äèñöèïëèíàì «Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ è ýòíîýêîëîãèÿ» (ñ 1996/97 ã.) è «Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ» (ñ 2009/10 ã.)11. Ïðåäûñòîðèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè ïðåäñòàâëåíà êîíöåïöèÿìè ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî äåòåðìèíèçìà è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ïîññèáèëèçìà. Ì. Ôðåéëè÷ îáîñíîâàííî ñîïîñòàâèë ðàçâèòèå íàó÷íûõ âçãëÿäîâ íà âçàèìîîòíîøåíèÿ êóëüòóðû è ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû ñî çíàìåíèòîé ãåãåëåâñêîé äèàëåêòè÷åñêîé òðèàäîé: òå40 çèñ – ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèé äåòåðìèíèçì (ñðåäà ïðåäîïðåäåëÿåò ðàçâèòèå êóëüòóðû), àíòèòåçèñ – ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèé ïîññèáèëèçì (êóëüòóðà ðàçâèâàåòñÿ ïî ñâîèì ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíûì çàêîíàì, åñëè òîìó íå ïðåïÿòñòâóþò óñëîâèÿ ñðåäû), ñèíòåç – êóëüòóðíàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ, ò. å. ïåðâûé ýòàï ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé (ñðåäà è êóëüòóðà òåñíî ñâÿçàíû, èõ ðàçâèòèå âçàèìîîáóñëîâëåíî)12. Ýòó ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíóþ ñìåíó êîíöåïöèé, à òî÷íåå – íàó÷íûõ ïàðàäèãì, ìîæíî â ñàìîì îáîáùåííîì âèäå îïèñàòü ñëåäóþùèì îáðàçîì. Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèé äåòåðìèíèçì ãîñïîäñòâîâàë â XVII – âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XIX â. Îí áûë îñíîâàí íà ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿõ î òîì, ÷òî ïðèðîäíûå óñëîâèÿ è ðåñóðñû òåððèòîðèè ïðåäîïðåäåëÿþò èíäèâèäóàëüíûå ôèçè÷åñêèå è ïñèõîëîãè÷åñêèå êà÷åñòâà ÷åëîâåêà, ðîäèâøåãîñÿ è âûðîñøåãî â äàííîé ìåñòíîñòè, à êàê ñëåäñòâèå – òàêæå óðîâåíü ýêîíîìè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ è ñîöèàëüíî-êóëüòóðíûå îñîáåííîñòè ñîîòâåòñòâóþùåãî îáùåñòâà. Îòêàç îò ãåîäåòåðìèíèçìà ïðîèçîø¸ë, âî-ïåðâûõ, âñëåäñòâèå íàêîïëåíèÿ è îñìûñëåíèÿ ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ ôàêòîâ òîãî, ÷òî â ïåðåñåëåí÷åñêèõ êîëîíèÿõ ðåçêèå ðàçëè÷èÿ â îáðàçå æèçíè è õîçÿéñòâå ìåæäó åâðîïåéñêèìè ïîñåëåíöàìè è àáîðèãåíàìè, æèâóùèìè â îäíèõ è òåõ æå ôèçèêî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèÿõ, ñîõðàíÿþòñÿ ñòîëåòèÿìè. Âî-âòîðûõ, â ñåðåäèíå – âòîðîé ïîëîâèíå XIX â. â íàóêó ïðèøëî ïîíèìàíèå òîãî, íàñòîëüêî ñóùåñòâåííîé è äàâíåé ÿâëÿåòñÿ àíòðîïîãåííàÿ òðàíñôîðìàöèÿ «ïðèðîäíûõ ëàíäøàôòîâ» áîëüøèíñòâà ñòàðîîñâîåííûõ òåððèòîðèé, òàê ÷òî ýòî ïîñòàâèëî ïîä âîïðîñ ñàìó «ïðèðîäíîñòü» èëè «åñòåñòâåííîñòü» òàêèõ ëàíäøàôòîâ. Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèé ïîññèáèëèçì ïðåîáëàäàë â ñàìîì êîíöå XIX – ñåðåäèíå XX ââ. Ýòî áûë âçãëÿä íà ïðèðîäó êàê íà ñóãóáî ïàññèâíûé ôóíäàìåíò, ïðåäîñòàâëÿþùèé ëèáî îãðàíè÷èâàþùèé (÷åðåç äåéñòâèå ëèìèòèðóþùèõ ôàêòîðîâ ïðèðîäíîé ñðåäû) âîçìîæíîñòè äëÿ ïîÿâëåíèÿ òåõ èëè èíûõ ÿâëåíèé êóëüòóðû, ñîöèàëüíûõ èíñòèòóòîâ è ò. ï., ðåàëüíîå ñóùåñòâîâàíèå è îáëèê ëèáî îòñóòñòâèå êîòîðûõ â êîíêðåòíîì îáùåñòâå îáúÿñíÿëèñü óæå òîëüêî äåéñòâèåì ñîöèàëüíî-èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ôàêòîðîâ. Ãåîïîññèáèëèçì ïîðîäèë âåðó â òî, ÷òî ïî ìåðå ðàçâèòèÿ íàóêè è òåõíèêè ÿêîáû óâåëè÷èâàåòñÿ ãîñïîäñòâî ÷åëîâåêà íàä ïðèðîäîé è âñå áîëåå îñëàáåâàþò çàâèñèìîñòü è âîîáùå ñâÿçè îáùåñòâà ñ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ñðåäîé. Îòêàç îò íåãî ïðîèçîø¸ë â îñíîâíîì èç-çà íàêîïëåíèÿ ñâåäåíèé î ñåðüåçíîì íåãàòèâíîì âëèÿíèè íà ÷åëîâåêà è îáùåñòâî õèìè÷åñêîãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ è äðóãèõ ôîðì àíòðîïîãåííîé äåãðàäàöèè îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû. 41 Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ (ýêîñèñòåìíàÿ) ïàðàäèãìà ïðåâàëèðóåò â ìèðå ñî âòîðîé ïîëîâèíû – êîíöà XX â. è ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé ñèíòåç äîñòèæåíèé ãåîäåòåðìèíèçìà è ãåîïîññèáèëèçìà ïðè îòêàçå îò îäíîñòîðîííîñòè êàæäîé èç ïðåäøåñòâîâàâøèõ íàó÷íûõ ïàðàäèãì. Ýòè ñîâðåìåííûå âçãëÿäû îçíà÷àþò ïðèçíàíèå âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ (âçàèìîâëèÿíèÿ) îáùåñòâà è ïðèðîäû è èõ âçàèìîîáóñëîâëåííîãî èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ðàçâèòèÿ (êî-ýâîëþöèè) êàê ýëåìåíòîâ åäèíîãî ñèñòåìíîîðãàíèçîâàííîãî ìèðà. Èìåííî ïîýòîìó â ðàìêàõ ýêîñèñòåìíîé ïàðàäèãìû öåíòðàëüíîå ìåñòî çàíèìàåò ïîíÿòèå «àíòðîïîýêîñèñòåìà» (è ïðîèçâîäíûå îò íå¸ – “human ecosystem” â ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè, «ýòíîýêîñèñòåìà» â îòå÷åñòâåííîé ýòíîýêîëîãèè) êàê ìîäåëü ìèðîóñòðîéñòâà è îáúåêò èññëåäîâàíèé. Òàê, íàïðèìåð, èìåííî íà ïðåäñòàâëåíèè î ìèðå êàê î åäèíîé è öåëîñòíîé ñèñòåìå, ñòðóêòóðó êîòîðîé â ïåðâîì ïðèáëèæåíèè ñîñòàâëÿþò îáùåñòâî (íàñåëåíèå), ïðèðîäà (ãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ ñðåäà) è õîçÿéñòâî (ýêîíîìèêà), îñíîâàíà êîíöåïöèÿ óñòîé÷èâîãî ðàçâèòèÿ13, ïðåâðàùàþùàÿñÿ íûíå â íîâóþ èäåîëîãèþ. Êóëüòóðíàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ – ïåðâûé ýòàï ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé â ÑØÀ, íåðàçðûâíî ñâÿçàííûé ñ èìåíåì Äæóëèàíà Ñòþàðäà. Âïåðâûå îí èñïîëüçîâàë äàííûé òåðìèí â ðàáîòå, íàïå÷àòàííîé â 1937 ã.14, íî îêîí÷àòåëüíîå êîíöåïòóàëüíîå îôîðìëåíèå åãî âçãëÿäû ïîëó÷èëè â ñòàâøåé êëàññè÷åñêîé ìîíîãðàôèè 1955 ã.15 Ñóòü êóëüòóðíîé ýêîëîãèè êàê ìåòîäà èññëåäîâàíèé (à âåäü ñàì îí îïðåäåëÿë êóëüòóðíóþ ýêîëîãèþ èìåííî êàê îñîáóþ ìåòîäîëîãèþ) ñîñòîèò â òîì, ÷òîáû «ïðîàíàëèçèðîâàòü àäàïòàöèþ ê óñëîâèÿì îêðóæàþùåé ñðåäû è ïîêàçàòü, êàê â ðåçóëüòàòå ýòîãî [ïðîöåññà] âîçíèêàþò íîâûå ÿâëåíèÿ â êóëüòóðå»16.  ïðîòèâîâåñ ïðåäøåñòâåííèêàì-ãåîäåòåðìèíèñòàì è ñîâðåìåííèêàì-ãåîïîññèáèëèñòàì, êîòîðûå ïðè âñåõ ñâîèõ ðàçíîãëàñèÿõ âñåãäà ðàññìàòðèâàëè êóëüòóðó êàê åäèíîå öåëîå, Äæ. Ñòþàðä âïåðâûå ïîñòàâèë âîïðîñ î ïðèíöèïèàëüíî ðàçíûõ ôóíêöèÿõ ðàçëè÷íûõ ÿâëåíèé êóëüòóðû. Ïî åãî ìíåíèþ, ëèøü ÷àñòü èç íèõ, à èìåííî, «êóëüòóðíîå ÿäðî» (cultural core), îñóùåñòâëÿåò àäàïòàöèþ ê óñëîâèÿì ñðåäû îáèòàíèÿ è ïîòîìó òåñíåéøèì îáðàçîì âçàèìîñâÿçàíà ñ íåé. Ê êóëüòóðíîìó ÿäðó îí îòíîñèë ïðåæäå âñåãî âñ¸ òî, ÷òî «íàèáîëåå òåñíî ñâÿçàíî ñ îáåñïå÷åíèåì ñðåäñòâàìè ñóùåñòâîâàíèÿ è îðãàíèçàöèåé õîçÿéñòâà», âêëþ÷àÿ ñþäà íå òîëüêî ñîáñòâåííî òåõíîëîãèè ïðèðîäîïîëüçîâàíèÿ è ïðèíöèïû ïåðåðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîëó÷àåìîé ïðîäóêöèè, íî è ÿâëåíèÿ «ñîöèàëüíîãî, ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî è ðåëèãèîçíîãî» õàðàêòåðà, êîòîðûå ïîä42 äåðæèâàþò è íàïðàâëÿþò ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ äåÿòåëüíîñòü ñîîáùåñòâà. Íàïðîòèâ, «âòîðè÷íûå ýëåìåíòû» êóëüòóðû, èëè ïåðèôåðèéíûå ÿâëåíèÿ, «â ãîðàçäî áîëüøåé ñòåïåíè ïðåäîïðåäåëåíû ñóãóáî êóëüòóðíî-èñòîðè÷åñêèìè ôàêòîðàìè – èííîâàöèÿìè èëè äèôôóçèåé», è èìåííî îíè ïðèäàþò íåïîâòîðèìûå, ñâîåîáðàçíûå ÷åðòû äàæå òåì ðàçíûì êóëüòóðàì, ó êîòîðûõ ïî ñóòè îäèíàêîâîå êóëüòóðíîå ÿäðî17. Õîòÿ áîëüøèíñòâî ñîâðåìåííûõ ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãîâ ñ÷èòàþò êóëüòóðíóþ ýêîëîãèþ ëèøü ïåðâîé ñòàäèåé ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, íåêîòîðûå èç íèõ ïðîäîëæàþò è ïîíûíå ïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ýòèì ïîíÿòèåì äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ îáëàñòè è çàäà÷ ñâîèõ èññëåäîâàíèé18. Ýòèì ïðèçíà¸òñÿ íå òîëüêî àâòîðèòåò Ñòþàðäà, íî è âîñõîäÿùàÿ ñ íåìó îðèåíòàöèÿ íà ïðåèìóùåñòâåííîå âíèìàíèå ê ïðîöåññàì êóëüòóðíîé àäàïòàöèè ïðè ïî ñóòè èãíîðèðîâàíèè áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ, ìåäèöèíñêèõ è äåìîãðàôè÷åñêèõ àñïåêòîâ àäàïòàöèîííûõ ïðîöåññîâ è ïðè îòñóòñòâèè èíòåðåñà ê ìîäåëèðîâàíèþ è êîëè÷åñòâåííîé îöåíêå ïîòîêîâ âåùåñòâà è ýíåðãèè â ýòíîýêîñèñòåìå (human ecosystem). Âçãëÿäû Äæ. Ñòþàðäà íà êóëüòóðó è å¸ ðîëü â ïðîöåññàõ àäàïòàöèè îáùåñòâà ê ïðèðîäíûì óñëîâèÿì âïîëíå ñîîòâåòñòâóþò îòå÷åñòâåííîé êîíöåïöèè õîçÿéñòâåííî-êóëüòóðíûõ òèïîâ (ÕÊÒ) è èñòîðèêî-êóëüòóðíûõ îáëàñòåé (ÈÊÎ). Ýëåìåíòû êóëüòóðû, ïî êîòîðûì îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ å¸ âõîæäåíèå â òîò èëè èíîé ÕÊÒ, àíàëîãè÷íû «êóëüòóðíîìó ÿäðó», òîãäà êàê ÿâëåíèÿ, ïîçâîëÿþùèå îòíåñòè ýòó æå êóëüòóðó ê êàêîé-ëèáî ÈÊÎ, ïðàêòè÷åñêè òî÷íî ñîîòâåòñòâóþò «âòîðè÷íûì» èëè ïåðèôåðèéíûì ýëåìåíòàì êóëüòóðû ïî Äæ. Ñòþàðäó. Èíûìè ñëîâàìè, ÷åðåç êîíöåïöèþ ÕÊÒ ðàñêðûâàåòñÿ êóëüòóðíàÿ äèôôåðåíöèàöèÿ ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà, ÿâëÿþùàÿñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì íåîäíîðîäíîñòè ôèçèêî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêèõ óñëîâèé íà çåìíîé ïîâåðõíîñòè, êîòîðûå è ïðèâîäÿò ê ðàçëè÷íûì ðåçóëüòàòàì êóëüòóðíîé àäàïòàöèè, ò. å. ê ïîÿâëåíèþ ðàçíûõ ÕÊÒ. Êîíöåïöèÿ ÈÊÎ îòðàæàåò êóëüòóðíóþ äèôôåðåíöèàöèþ ÷åëîâå÷åñòâà, ÿâëÿþùóþñÿ ñëåäñòâèåì âàðèàöèé â ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî-âðåìåííûõ óñëîâèÿõ âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ìåæäó îòäåëüíûìè íàðîäàìè (ò. å. ðàçëè÷èé â èõ ïðîñòðàíñòâåííîé áëèçîñòè äðóã ê äðóãó è â äëèòåëüíîñòè êóëüòóðíûõ êîíòàêòîâ ìåæäó íèìè), êîòîðûå ïðèâîäÿò ê ðàçëè÷íûì ðåçóëüòàòàì – âîçíèêíîâåíèþ äîñòàòî÷íî ìîùíîãî îáùåãî ïëàñòà êóëüòóðû â ãðàíèöàõ îäíîé ÈÊÎ è ê ïî÷òè ïîëíîìó îòñóòñòâèþ îáùèõ êóëüòóðíûõ ÿâëåíèé ó íàðîäîâ èç ðàçëè÷íûõ, îñîáåííî ïðîñòðàíñòâåííî îòäàëåííûõ ÈÊÎ. Èñòîðèÿ ðàçâèòèÿ ýòîé îòå÷åñòâåííîé êîíöåïöèè, ïðåäøåñòâåííèöû ýòíè÷åñêîé ýêîëîãèè, âêðàòöå òàêîâà.  òðàêòîâêå, áëèç43 êîé ê ñîâðåìåííîé, ïîíÿòèå ÕÊÒ âïåðâûå ïîÿâèëîñü â 1947 ã.19, à â 1955 ã. îêîí÷àòåëüíîå îôîðìëåíèå ïîëó÷èëè âçàèìîäîïîëíÿþùèå ïîíÿòèÿ ÕÊÒ è ÈÊÎ (ïîñëåäíÿÿ òîãäà ÷àùå èìåíîâàëàñü «èñòîðèêî-ýòíîãðàôè÷åñêîé îáëàñòüþ»)20. Ïî ñëîæèâøåéñÿ òðàäèöèè, ïðîîáðàç ïîíÿòèÿ ÕÊÒ îáû÷íî íàõîäÿò ó Ñ. Ï. Òîëñòîâà21. Íî êàê ìèíèìóì íå ìåíåå ñóùåñòâåííûé âêëàä âí¸ñ Â. Ã. Áîãîðàç-Òàí, êîòîðûé åù¸ â êîíöå 1920-õ ãã. âûäåëÿë «ýòíîãåîãðàôè÷åñêèå çîíû» (ôàêòè÷åñêè àíàëîãè÷íûå àðåàëàì ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèÿ ÕÊÒ) è â íèõ – îòäåëüíûå «òèïû êóëüòóðû» èëè «ôîðìû êóëüòóðû» (âåñüìà áëèçêèå ïî ñîäåðæàíèþ ê ÕÊÒ) â ñåâåðíîé ÷àñòè Åâðàçèè22. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ, ðàíåå èíîãäà èìåíîâàâøàÿñÿ òàêæå ýêîñèñòåìíîé àíòðîïîëîãèåé, ñòàëà â íà÷àëå 1960-õ ãã. ñëåäóþùèì ýòàïîì ðàçâèòèÿ ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Êàê íàèáîëåå óñïåøíàÿ (ïî êîëè÷åñòâó ïîñëåäîâàòåëåé, êîëè÷åñòâó è êà÷åñòâó ïóáëèêàöèé) èç îòäåëüíûõ íàó÷íûõ øêîë, ñôîðìèðîâàâøèõñÿ â ñôåðå ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, îíà â èòîãå äàëà ñâî¸ íàçâàíèå âñåé ýòîé îáëàñòè íàóêè. Îãðîìíóþ ðîëü â å¸ ñòàíîâëåíèè ñûãðàëè ðàííèå òåîðåòè÷åñêèå ðàáîòû Ý. Âàéäû23 è ïîëåâûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ åãî ïîñëåäîâàòåëÿ è ñîàâòîðà Ð. Ðàïïàïîðòà, íàïèñàâøåãî â èòîãå êëàññè÷åñêóþ ìîíîãðàôèþ î ðîëè ðèòóàëîâ â ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèè ýêîñèñòåìû ïàïóàñîâ24, ñòàâøóþ ìîäåëüþ äëÿ îðãàíèçàöèè ïîñëåäóþùèõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Ìåòîäîëîãèþ ýòîé íàó÷íîé øêîëû îòëè÷àëè ôóíêöèîíàëèçì è äåòàëüíûé ó÷¸ò áèîëîãè÷åñêèõ, ìåäèöèíñêèõ è äåìîãðàôè÷åñêèõ àñïåêòîâ àäàïòàöèè, ïðè ïðèîðèòåòíîì âíèìàíèè ê å¸ êóëüòóðíûì àñïåêòàì. Âàæíåéøåé íîâàöèåé ñòàëî ìîäåëèðîâàíèå ýêîñèñòåìû, âêëþ÷àþùåé èçó÷àåìîå ñîîáùåñòâî è, ÷òî ãëàâíîå, êîëè÷åñòâåííîå îïðåäåëåíèå ïîòîêîâ âåùåñòâà è ýíåðãèè, ñâÿçûâàþùèõ ÷ëåíîâ ìåñòíîãî ñîîáùåñòâà ñ äðóãèìè êîìïîíåíòàìè ýêîñèñòåìû ÷åðåç ïèùåâûå öåïè, èñïîëüçîâàíèå ýíåðãîðåñóðñîâ è ò. ä. Ïîñëåäíåå äîñòèãàëîñü ïîäñ÷¸òîì âðåìåíè è èíòåíñèâíîñòè òðóäîâûõ îïåðàöèé, êîëè÷åñòâà (âåñà) è ýíåðãåòè÷åñêîé öåííîñòè ïîëó÷àåìûõ ïðîäóêòîâ ïèòàíèÿ, òîïëèâà è äðóãèõ ìàòåðèàëîâ25. Âîçíèêíîâåíèå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè ñòàëî ðåçóëüòàòîì ïðîíèêíîâåíèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé, èëè ýêîñèñòåìíîé, ïàðàäèãìû â êóëüòóðíóþ àíòðîïîëîãèþ (ýòíîëîãèþ), ÷òî çàêîíîìåðíî ïðèâåëî ê ïîÿâëåíèþ â íåé ïîíÿòèÿ, àíàëîãè÷íîãî îòå÷åñòâåííîé «ýòíîýêîñèñòåìå»26.  êóëüòóðíîé àíòðîïîëîãèè Êëèôôîðä Ãèðòö â 1963 ã. âïåðâûå ââåë è îáîñíîâàë ñîäåðæàíèå òåð44 ìèíà “human ecosystem”27 (àíòðîïîýêîñèñòåìà). Ðå÷ü â äàííîì ñëó÷àå øëà îá ýêîñèñòåìå, âêëþ÷àþùåé â êà÷åñòâå îäíîãî èç ñâîèõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ÷åëîâå÷åñêîå ñîîáùåñòâî, êîòîðîå è ñëóæèò ôîêóñîì èññëåäîâàòåëüñêîãî èíòåðåñà. Ýòî ïîíÿòèå ñòàëî îäíèì èç áàçîâûõ äëÿ àìåðèêàíñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè28.  ñîâåòñêîé ýòíîãðàôèè è âïîñëåäñòâèè â ýòíîýêîëîãèè ïîäîáíóþ ðîëü ñûãðàëà ïðåäëîæåííàÿ â 1974 ã. àêàäåìèêîì Â. Ï. Àëåêñååâûì êîíöåïöèÿ «àíòðîïîãåîöåíîçà»29. Ïðàâäà, âñêîðå È. È. Êðóïíèê, ïðîäîëæàÿ íà ïðàêòèêå íà÷àòóþ Â. Ï. Àëåêñååâûì ëèíèþ èññëåäîâàíèé, ââ¸ë äëÿ îáîçíà÷åíèÿ äàííîãî ïîíÿòèÿ èíîé òåðìèí – «ýòíîýêîñèñòåìà»30. Ïîçäíåå îá «ýòíîýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåìàõ» ïèñàë, ññûëàÿñü íà ðàííèå ðàáîòû È. È. Êðóïíèêà, àêàäåìèê Þ. Â. Áðîìëåé, âîçãëàâëÿâøèé Èíñòèòóò ýòíîãðàôèè ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ31. Ýòî, âåðîÿòíî, âî ìíîãîì ïðåäîïðåäåëèëî èòîãîâûé âûáîð â ïîëüçó íîâîãî òåðìèíà. Îäíàêî ðåøàþùóþ ðîëü, ïî-âèäèìîìó, âñ¸ æå ñûãðàëà îñíîâîïîëàãàþùàÿ ñòàòüÿ Â. È. Êîçëîâà32.  íåé áûë ââåä¸í â íàóêó ñàì òåðìèí «ýòíîýêîëîãèÿ», îáîñíîâàíû çàäà÷è è îñíîâíûå ìåòîäû ýòíîýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, â ÷àñòíîñòè «èçó÷åíèå ... çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ è ôóíêöèîíèðîâàíèÿ ýòíîýêîñèñòåì»33.  1980-å ãã. ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ ïåðåæèëà ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèé êðèçèñ, íî â èòîãå èçáàâèëàñü îò êðàéíîñòåé ôóíêöèîíàëèçìà è ïðîäîëæàåò ñóùåñòâîâàòü ïîíûíå, çàìåòíî ðàñøèðèâ ïîëå èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèõ èíòåðåñîâ34. Ýòíîýêîëîãèÿ â àìåðèêàíñêîé íàóêå èìååò ñîâñåì èíîå çíà÷åíèå, ÷åì â ÑÑÑÐ èëè Ðîññèè. Îíà íà÷àëà îôîðìëÿòüñÿ â êà÷åñòâå îòäåëüíîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ åù¸ â 1950-å ãã.35 è äîâîëüíî óñïåøíî ðàçâèâàëàñü â 1960-å è 1970-å ãã., îêàçàâ çíà÷èòåëüíîå âëèÿíèå íà äðóãèå íàïðàâëåíèÿ ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, â òîì ÷èñëå è íà ýêîñèñòåìíóþ àíòðîïîëîãèþ 1960–1970-õ ãã.36 Àìåðèêàíñêàÿ ýòíîýêîëîãèÿ ïîäìåíÿëà èññëåäîâàíèå îáúåêòèâíîé äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè èçó÷åíèåì ïðåäñòàâëåíèé îá ýòîé äåéñòâèòåëüíîñòè, îòðàæåííûõ â ñëîâàðíîì çàïàñå ìåñòíîãî íàñåëåíèÿ, ò. å. èìåëà îò÷¸òëèâî ñóáúåêòèâèñòñêèé õàðàêòåð.  ñîâåòñêîé èëè ðîññèéñêîé íàóêå àíàëîãà ó ýòîé íàó÷íîé øêîëû íåò. Îäèí èç âåäóùèõ ýòíîýêîëîãîâ, ×àðëüç Ôðåéê, âûñêàçàë òàêîé òåçèñ: «Àíòðîïîëîã íå ìîæåò áûòü óäîâëåòâîðåí âñåãî ëèøü ôèêñàöèåé êîìïîíåíòîâ êóëüòóðíîé ýêîñèñòåìû â êàòåãîðèÿõ çàïàäíîé íàóêè. Îí äîëæåí òàêæå îïèñàòü îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó òàêèì îáðàçîì, êàê åå âîñïðèíèìàåò íàñåëåíèå, è èñïîëüçóÿ ïîíÿòèÿ, óïîòðåáëÿåìûå ýòèì íàñåëåíèåì». Äàëåå Ôðåéê 45 ïîä÷åðêèâàë «áîëüøèå ïðåèìóùåñòâà» îïèñàíèé, ïîñòðîåííûõ «íà îñíîâå ïðàâèë, ïî êîòîðûì èíôîðìàòîðû õàðàêòåðèçóþò îêðóæàþùóþ ñðåäó è â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ êîòîðûìè ïðèíèìàþò ïîâåäåí÷åñêèå ðåøåíèÿ»37. Îäíàêî ïîòîì ýòî íàïðàâëåíèå èññëåäîâàíèé ïðàêòè÷åñêè èñ÷åçëî, à ñ êîíöà 1980-õ ãã. íà ñìåíó åìó è, ãëàâíîå, äëÿ ðåøåíèÿ ïî ñóòè òåõ æå íàó÷íûõ çàäà÷ ïðèø¸ë îñîáûé ðàçäåë ñîâðåìåííûõ ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé – èçó÷åíèå «òðàäèöèîííûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ çíàíèé» (TEK – traditional ecological knowledge) èëè «ìåñòíûõ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ çíàíèé» (LEK – local ecological knowledge). Ïîñëåäíèé òåðìèí îáû÷íî ïðèìåíÿåòñÿ ïðè ðàáîòå ñðåäè ìåñòíûõ ãðóïï íàñåëåíèÿ â îáùåñòâàõ, äîñòàòî÷íî ìîäåðíèçèðîâàííûõ â ñîöèîêóëüòóðíîì îòíîøåíèè (íàïðèìåð, ôåðìåðîâ èëè ðûáàêîâ ÑØÀ ëèáî Áðàçèëèè), à ïåðâûé – òàì, ãäå òðàäèöèîííûé óêëàä æèçíè ñîõðàíèëñÿ ëó÷øå (ó èíäåéöåâ Àìàçîíèè, íàïðèìåð). Îäíàêî ýòî óæå íå îñîáîå, ñ ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêîé òî÷êè çðåíèÿ, íàïðàâëåíèå èññëåäîâàíèé, êàêèì áûëà ýòíîýêîëîãèÿ â ïåðèîä å¸ ðàñöâåòà â êîíöå 1950-õ è â 1960-å ãã., à âñåãî ëèøü ñâîåîáðàçíûé ïî ñâîèì çàäà÷àì ñåãìåíò ðàáîò â ðàìêàõ ìåòîäîëîãèè êóëüòóðíîé ýêîëîãèè38 èëè ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè39. Íåñîìíåííûé èíòåðåñ ïðåäñòàâëÿþò, íàïðèìåð, ðàçðàáàòûâàåìûå â ýòîé îáëàñòè ìåòîäû âûÿâëåíèÿ ýêñïåðòîâ-èíôîðìàòîðîâ ñðåäè ìåñòíûõ æèòåëåé, èëè æå îïðåäåëåíèå òîãî, ÷òî èìåííî è íà êàêîì îñíîâàíèè ìîæåò ñ÷èòàòüñÿ ñîáñòâåííî «íàðîäíûìè çíàíèÿìè»40. Ýòè òðè ýòàïà è, îäíîâðåìåííî, îñîáûõ ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèõ èëè òåìàòè÷åñêèõ íàïðàâëåíèÿ ëèáî íàó÷íûõ øêîëû ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé, ïðîäîëæàþùèå (êðîìå àìåðèêàíñêîé «ýòíîýêîëîãèè») óñïåøíî ðàçâèâàòüñÿ è â íàøè äíè, ðàâíî êàê ãåîäåòåðìèíèçì è ãåîïîññèáèëèçì â êà÷åñòâå ïðåäøåñòâåííèêîâ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè, âûäåëÿþò ïðàêòè÷åñêè âñå àìåðèêàíñêèå ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè, ê êàêîìó áû íàïðàâëåíèþ îíè ïðè ýòîì ñåáÿ íå îòíîñèëè41. Íî âîò âàæíåéøèå èçìåíåíèÿ, ïðîèçîøåäøèå â ïîñëåäíèå 20–25 ëåò è ïðèâåäøèå ê ñóùåñòâåííîìó ïîïîëíåíèþ ñîñòàâà íàó÷íûõ øêîë èëè òå÷åíèé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè, ïîêà åù¸ íå ñòîëü îäíîçíà÷íî îñìûñëåíû.  ÷àñòíîñòè, ñ êîíöà 1980-õ – íà÷àëà 1990-õ ãã. îêîí÷àòåëüíî îôîðìèëèñü äâà íîâûõ òåìàòè÷åñêèõ è ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèõ íàïðàâëåíèÿ, ñ ñîáñòâåííûìè æóðíàëàìè è òåìàòè÷åñêèìè ñáîðíèêàìè – ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ (political ecology) è èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ (historical ecology)42, êîòîðûå âûðîñëè â 46 îñíîâíîì èç êóëüòóðíîé ýêîëîãèè, íî òåïåðü áîëüøå ñâÿçàíû ñêîðåå ñ ïîëèòè÷åñêîé íàóêîé èëè ãåîãðàôèåé ñîîòâåòñòâåííî. Íå âñå ñïåöèàëèñòû ñîãëàñíû äàæå ñ÷èòàòü ýòè íàïðàâëåíèÿ, îñîáåííî ïîñëåäíåå, âõîäÿùèìè â ñîñòàâ ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé. Ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ, âïðî÷åì, ÷àùå âñ¸ æå ïðèçíà¸òñÿ èõ ÷àñòüþ, íî â ðÿäå ñëó÷àåâ å¸ ñòîðîííèêè âñòðå÷àþò ðåçêóþ êðèòèêó ñî ñòîðîíû ïðèçíàííûõ àâòîðèòåòîâ â ñôåðå ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè43, îñïàðèâàþùèõ ìåòîäû è ïðèîðèòåòû èññëåäîâàíèé, õàðàêòåðíûå äëÿ ýòîãî ïîêà åù¸ äîâîëüíî íîâîãî íàó÷íîãî íàïðàâëåíèÿ. Åù¸ îäíî íàïðàâëåíèå, òîæå îòíîñèòåëüíî îáîñîáèâøååñÿ â 1990-å ãã., – àíòðîïîëîãèÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêèõ ïðîáëåì (environmental anthropology), êîòîðàÿ òåì íå ìåíåå áåññïîðíî îñòà¸òñÿ ÷àñòüþ ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé.  ñóùíîñòè, ðå÷ü èä¸ò î ïðîäîëæåíèè íåêîòîðûõ ëèíèé èññëåäîâàíèé, ñëîæèâøèõñÿ åù¸ â ðàìêàõ êëàññè÷åñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè (ecological anthropology) ïðè èçó÷åíèè ëîêàëüíûõ, íåáîëüøèõ ïî ÷èñëåííîñòè íàñåëåíèÿ è «òðàäèöèîííûõ» ïî êóëüòóðå ìåñòíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ. Íî ýòè èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå çàäà÷è áûëè ïåðåíåñåíû íà ñîâðåìåííûå, óðáàíèçèðîâàííûå è ìíîãîëþäíûå, ñîîáùåñòâà ñ ñèëüíî ôðàãìåíòèðîâàííîé êóëüòóðîé è ñëîæíûì ñîöèàëüíî-ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûì ñîñòàâîì íàñåëåíèÿ.  ñâÿçè ñî ñìåíîé îáúåêòà èññëåäîâàíèÿ ìåòîäîëîãè÷åñêèé àïïàðàò çíà÷èòåëüíî îáîãàòèëñÿ êîíöåïöèÿìè è ìåòîäàìè ñîöèîëîãèè, ïîëèòè÷åñêîé íàóêè è ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè44. *** Ðåçþìèðóÿ ñêàçàííîå âûøå, ìîæíî çàêëþ÷èòü, ÷òî â ïîñëåäíèå äåñÿòü – ïÿòíàäöàòü ëåò îáëàñòü ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêèõ èññëåäîâàíèé â àìåðèêàíñêîé íàóêå áûñòðî ïðîãðåññèðóåò. Ýòî, â ÷àñòíîñòè, äîêàçûâàåòñÿ âûõîäîì â ñâåò ìíîãî÷èñëåííûõ óíèâåðñèòåòñêèõ ó÷åáíèêîâ è õðåñòîìàòèé.  îòå÷åñòâåííîé ýòíîýêîëîãèè, âî ìíîãîì àíàëîãè÷íîé äàííîìó íàïðàâëåíèþ ïî èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèì öåëÿì è ìåòîäàì, òîæå íàìåòèëñÿ ÿâíûé ñäâèã â ñòîðîíó àêòèâèçàöèè ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ ýòîé äèñöèïëèíû45 â óíèâåðñèòåòàõ ñòðàíû, ïðè÷¸ì â ðàìêàõ êàê ýòíîëîãè÷åñêîãî46, òàê è ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîãî ëèáî ýêîëîãè÷åñêîãî47 îáðàçîâàíèÿ. Îäíàêî âî ìíîãèõ ðîññèéñêèõ ó÷åáíûõ ïðîãðàììàõ ïî ýòíîýêîëîãèè èëè áëèçêèì äèñöèïëèíàì ïîêà åù¸ íåäîñòàòî÷íî îòðàæåíû áîãàòåéøèé îïûò è äîñòèæåíèÿ àìåðèêàíñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè. Æåëàòåëüíî èñïðàâèòü ýòîò íåäîñòàòîê â áëèæàéøèå ãîäû, ñäåëàâ êóðñû ïî ýòíîýêîëîãèè åù¸ áîëåå 47 ñîäåðæàòåëüíûìè è èíòåðåñíûìè, à çíà÷èò – è áîëåå âîñòðåáîâàííûìè êàê ñòóäåíòàìè, òàê è àäìèíèñòðàöèÿìè ðîññèéñêèõ óíèâåðñèòåòîâ. ____________________ 1 Ñì. ïîäðîáíåå: ßìñêîâ À. Í. Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ àìåðèêàíñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè // Ýêîëîãèÿ äðåâíèõ è òðàäèöèîííûõ îáùåñòâ. Âûï. 4. Òþìåíü, 2011 (â ïå÷àòè). 2 Ñì. ïîäðîáíåå: Êîçëîâ Â. È., ßìñêîâ À. Í. Ýòíè÷åñêàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ // Ýòíîëîãèÿ â ÑØÀ è Êàíàäå / îòâ. ðåä. Å. À. Âåñåëêèí, Â. À. Òèøêîâ. Ì., 1989. Ñ. 86–107 (ñì. òàêæå ýòó ðàáîòó íà ñàéòå êàôåäðû ôèçè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè è ãåîýêîëîãèè ÈÅÍ ÌÃÏÓ. URL: http://geomgpu.edu.ru/_ld/3/ 347___1989____.pdf) 3 Íî òàêîé âûâîä îïðàâäàí ëèøü ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê êëàññè÷åñêèì äëÿ ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé àíòðîïîëîãèè èññëåäîâàíèÿì âçàèìîäåéñòâèÿ ëîêàëüíûõ ñîîáùåñòâ (îáû÷íî òðàäèöèîííûõ ëèáî áëèçêèõ ê òàêîâûì) ñ ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîé ñðåäîé. Âìåñòå ñ òåì èìåííî ñ 1980-õ ãã. â ñòðàíàõ òðåòüåãî ìèðà ðàçâåðíóëèñü êðóïíîìàñøòàáíûå ìåæäóíàðîäíûå ìåæäèñöèïëèíàðíûå ïðîåêòû ñóãóáî ïðèêëàäíîãî õàðàêòåðà, â ðàìêàõ êîòîðûõ àìåðèêàíñêèå ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãè èãðàëè âàæíåéøóþ ðîëü è òåì ñàìûì ïðîäîëæàëè íàêàïëèâàòü ôàêòè÷åñêèå ìàòåðèàëû è ñîâåðøåíñòâîâàòü èññëåäîâàòåëüñêèå ìåòîäû – ñì. ïîäðîáíåå: Moran E. F. People and Nature: An Introduction to Human Ecological Relations. Oxford, 2006. P. 34–35. 4 Ðåçêóþ êðèòèêó ïîñòìîäåðíèçìà ýêîëîãî-àíòðîïîëîãàìè ñì., íàïðèìåð: Sutton M. Q., Anderson E. N. Introduction to Cultural Ecology. 2nd ed. Lanham (MD), 2010. P. 30–31. 5 Ñì., íàïðèìåð, ñàéòû ýòèõ æóðíàëîâ – ñîîòâåòñòâåííî: http:// www.hunter.cuny.edu/humaneco; http://shell.cas.usf.edu/jea/index.html 6 Anderson E. N. New Textbooks Show Ecological Anthropology Is Flourishing // Reviews in Anthropology.2002. Vol. 31. ¹ 3. P. 231. 7 Environmental Anthropology: A Historical Reader / eds. M. Dove, C. Carpenter. Malden (MA): Blackwell Publishers, 2008; The Environment in Anthropology. A Reader in Ecology, Culture, and Sustainable Living. Eds.: N. Haenn, R. Wilk. New York, 2006; Human Ecology: Contemporary Research and Practice / eds. D. G. Bates, J. Tucker. New York, 2010; Moran E. F. Human Adaptability: An Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. 3rd ed. Boulder (CO): Westview Press, 2008; Sutton M. Q., Anderson E. N. Introduction to Cultural Ecology ..., 2010; Townsend P. Environmental Anthropology: From Pigs to Policies. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights (IL): Waveland Press, 2009. 8 Àâåðêèåâà Þ. Ï. Èñòîðèÿ òåîðåòè÷åñêîé ìûñëè â àìåðèêàíñêîé ýòíîãðàôèè. Ì., 1979. C. 242–253; Åíãèáàðÿí Ñ. Å. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêîå íàïðàâëåíèå â àìåðèêàíñêîé êóëüòóðíîé àíòðîïîëîãèè // Ôèëîñîôñêèå ïðîáëåìû êóëüòóðû. Òáèëèñè, 1980. Ñ. 217–218; Êîçëîâ Â. È. Ýòíè÷åñêàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ: Ñòàíîâëåíèå äèñöèïëèíû è èñòîðèÿ ïðîáëåì. Ì., 1994. Ñ. 112–117; Êîçëîâ Â. È., ßìñêîâ À. Í. Ýòíè÷åñêàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ …, 1989. 9 Òàêñàìè Í. ×. Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ ÑØÀ (îáçîð ôîðìèðîâàíèÿ íåêîòîðûõ íàïðàâëåíèé) // Ëè÷íîñòü. Êóëüòóðà. Îáùåñòâî. 2000. Ò. 2. ¹ 3. Ñ. 285–300; ßìñêîâ À. Í. Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ …, 2011. 48 10 Êîçëîâ Â. È., ßìñêîâ À. Í. Ýòíè÷åñêàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ …, 1989; ßìñêîâ À. Í. Ýòíîýêîñèñòåìà: ñîäåðæàíèå ïîíÿòèÿ è èñòîðèÿ åãî ðàçâèòèÿ â îòå÷åñòâåííîé ýòíîýêîëîãèè // Ðàñû è íàðîäû: ñîâðåìåííûå ýòíè÷åñêèå è ðàñîâûå ïðîáëåìû: åæåãîäíèê. Âûï. 34 / ðåä. Í. À. Äóáîâà, Ë. Ò. Ñîëîâü¸âà; ñîñò. Í. À. Äóáîâà. Ì., 2009. Ñ. 130–134, 139 (ýòà è áîëüøèíñòâî äðóãèõ ñòàòåé À. Í. ßìñêîâà, à òàêæå ïîäãîòîâëåííûõ èì ïðîãðàìì ó÷åáíûõ êóðñîâ äîñòóïíû íà ñàéòå: www.scribd.com); ßìñêîâ À. Í. Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ …, 2011. 11 Êóðñ «Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ è ýòíîýêîëîãèÿ» â îñíîâíîì ïîñâÿù¸í ýòíîýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ïðîáëåìàòèêå – ñì.: ßìñêîâ À. Í. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ è ýòíîýêîëîãèÿ // Àíòðîïîëîãè÷åñêàÿ íàóêà â âûñøåé øêîëå: ìåòîä. ìàòåðèàëû ê îðèãèíàëüíûì àâòîðñêèì ñïåöêóðñàì äëÿ ñïåöèàëüíîñòè ¹ 350100 – Ñîöèàëüíàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ / ñîñò. Þ. À. Àðò¸ìîâà; îòâ. ðåä. Î. Þ. Àðò¸ìîâà. Ì., 2006. Ñ. 111–144; ßìñêîâ À. Í. Ïðîãðàììà äèñöèïëèíû «Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ è ýòíîýêîëîãèÿ» // Ôèçè÷åñêàÿ ãåîãðàôèÿ è ãåîýêîëîãèÿ: ïðîãðàììû ó÷åáíûõ äèñöèïëèí. Ñïåöèàëüíîñòü 032500 (050103) «Ãåîãðàôèÿ» / îòâ. ðåä. Â. Ò. Äìèòðèåâà. Ì., 2008. Ñ. 193–210 (ñì. òàêæå íà ñàéòå Êàôåäðû ôèçè÷åñêîé ãåîãðàôèè è ãåîýêîëîãèè ÈÅÍ ÌÃÏÓ: http://geomgpu.edu.ru/_ld/1/144_se.pdf – îáðàùåíèå 25.09.2011 ã.). Ñîäåðæàíèå äèñöèïëèíû «Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ» îïèñàíî â ñòàòüå – ñì.: ßìñêîâ À. Í. Ãåîãðàôè÷åñêàÿ ñîñòàâëÿþùàÿ ñïåöêóðñà «Ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ àíòðîïîëîãèÿ» // Ó÷èòåëü XXI âåêà. Ñîâðåìåííîå åñòåñòâåííî-ãåîãðàôè÷åñêîå îáðàçîâàíèå: ñá. íàó÷. ñò.; ðåä. Â. Ò. Äìèòðèåâà (îòâ. ðåä.), Â. Ï. Áåëîáðîâ, À. Í. ßìñêîâ. Ì., 2011 (â ïå÷àòè). 12 Freilich M. Ecology and Culture: Environmental Determinism and the Ecological Approach in Anthropology // Anthropological Quarterly. 1967. Vol. 40. ¹ 1. P. 40. 13 Ñì. ïîäðîáíåå: ßìñêîâ À. Í. Ýòíîýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ýêñïåðòèçû â ìåæäóíàðîäíûõ îðãàíèçàöèÿõ // Ýòíîëîãèÿ îáùåñòâó. Ïðèêëàäíûå èññëåäîâàíèÿ â ýòíîëîãèè / îòâ. ðåä. Ñ. Â. ×åøêî. Ì., 2006. Ñ. 31–33. 14 Porter P. W. Ecology, Cultural // International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences / eds. N. J. Smelser, P. B. Baltes. Oxford, 2004. P. 4035. 15 Steward J. Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear evolution. Urbana (IL): University of Illinois Press, 1955. P. 30–42. 16 Op. cit. P. 34. 17 Op. cit. P. 37. 18 Netting R. Cultural Ecology. 2nd ed. Prospect Heights (IL): Waveland Press, 1986; Sutton M. Q., Anderson E. N. Introduction to Cultural Ecology ..., 2010. 19 Ëåâèí Ì. Ã. Ê ïðîáëåìå èñòîðè÷åñêîãî ñîîòíîøåíèÿ õîçÿéñòâåííî-êóëüòóðíûõ òèïîâ Ñåâåðíîé Àçèè // Êðàòêèå ñîîáùåíèÿ Èíñòèòóòà ýòíîãðàôèè ÀÍ ÑÑÑÐ. Ì., 1947. Ò. 2. Ñ. 84–86. 20 Ëåâèí Ì. Ã., ×åáîêñàðîâ Í. Í. Õîçÿéñòâåííî-êóëüòóðíûå òèïû è èñòîðèêî-ýòíîãðàôè÷åñêèå îáëàñòè (ê ïîñòàíîâêå ïðîáëåìû) // Ñîâåòñêàÿ ýòíîãðàôèÿ. 1955. ¹ 4. Ñ. 3–17. 21 Òîëñòîâ Ñ. Ï. Î÷åðêè ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîãî èñëàìà // Ñîâåòñêàÿ ýòíîãðàôèÿ. 1932. ¹ 2. Ñ. 24–82. 22 Áîãîðàç-Òàí Â. Ã. Ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå êóëüòóðû íà Çåìëå. Îñíîâû ýòíîãåîãðàôèè. Ì.; Ë., 1928. Ñ. 122. 49 23 Vayda A. P. Anthropologists and Ecological Problems // Man, Culture and Animals: The Role of Animals in Human Ecological Adjustment / eds. A. Leeds, A. Vayda. Washington (D.C.), 1965. P. 1; Vayda A. P. Introduction // Environment and Cultural Behavior: Ecological Studies in Cultural Anthropology / ed. A. P. Vayda. Garden City (NY), 1969. P. xi; Vayda A. P., Rappaport R. A. Ecology: Cultural and Non-Cultural // Introduction to Cultural Anthropology: Essays in the Scope and Methods of the Science of Man / ed. J. A. Clifton. Boston (MA), 1968. P. 477–494. 24 Rappaport R. Pigs for the Ancestors: Ritual in the Ecology of a New Guinea People. A new, enlarged edition. New Haven (CT), 1984. 25 Èìåííî ýòè çàäà÷è îäíèì èç ïåðâûõ ñôîðìóëèðîâàë è âûïîëíèë Ðîé Ðàïïàïîðò â îáùèíå Òñåìáàãà â ãîðàõ öåíòðàëüíîé ÷àñòè Íîâîé Ãâèíåè, ïîñâÿòèâ àíàëèçó ïîëó÷åííûõ ìàòåðèàëîâ ñâîþ êíèãó – ñì.: Rappaport R. Pigs for the Ancestors …, 1984. Äàííàÿ ìîíîãðàôèÿ ñòàëà, êàê ìíîãèå ñ÷èòàþò, ñàìîé öèòèðóåìîé â êîíöå XX â. êíèãîé ïî êóëüòóðíîé àíòðîïîëîãèè. 26 Ñì. ïîäðîáíåå: ßìñêîâ À. Í. Ýòíîýêîñèñòåìà …, 2009. 27 Moran E. F. Ecosystem Ecology in Biology and Anthropology: A Critical Assessment // The Ecosystem Approach in Anthropology: From Concept to Practice / ed. E. Moran. Ann Arbor (MI): The University of Michigan Press, 1990. P. 11. 28 Êîçëîâ Â. 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Ïèìåíîâ, Ò. Ä. Ñîëîâåé. Ì., 2007. Ñ. 182–187. 47 Àëåêñååâà Í. Í. Ýòíîêóëüòóðíûå àñïåêòû ãåîýêîëîãèè // Âåñòíèê ÌÃÓ. Ñåð. 5. Ãåîãðàôèÿ. 2010. ¹ 3. Ñ. 6–10; Ýòíîýêîëîãèÿ: ïðîãðàììà / ñîñò. À. Á. Áàãäàñàðîâà, Ë. Í. Ñîëîâüåâà. Ñòàâðîïîëü, 2010; ßìñêîâ À. Í. Ñîöèàëüíàÿ ýêîëîãèÿ è ýòíîýêîëîãèÿ …, 2006. 40 Ì. È. Íåíàøåâ (Ðîññèÿ, ã. Êèðîâ) ÏÅÐÅÄ ÒÅÌ ÊÀÊ ÈÑ×ÅÇÍÓÒÜ… Àâòîð ïðîãíîçèðóåò ñîöèàëüíûå ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿÿ ïëàíåòàðíîãî ìàñøòàáà íà ôîíå âîçìîæíîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé êàòàñòðîôû. The author predicts a vector of social transformations of global scale against potential environmental disaster.  ñêàçêå Åðøîâà «Êîíåê-Ãîðáóíîê» åñòü îáðàç Ðûáû-Êèò, íà êîòîðîé óþòíî óñòðîèëèñü ëþäè: Âñå áîêà åãî èçðûòû. ×àñòîêîëû â ð¸áðà âáèòû, Íà õâîñòå ñûð-áîð øóìèò, 51

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