Efficient Byzantine Fault Tolerance

2009

2009

This paper presents two asynchronous,Byzantine fault- tolerant state machine replication (BFT) algorithms that are minimal in several senses. First, they require only 2f +1 replicas, instead of the usual 3f +1. Second, the trusted service in which this reduction of replicas is based is ar- guably minimal, so it is simple to verify and implement (which is possible even

2008

This paper presents two Byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication (BFT) algorithms that are minimal in several senses. First, they require only 2 f+ 1 replicas, instead of the usual 3 f+ 1. Second, the trusted service in which this reduction of replicas is based is arguably minimal: it provides an interface with a single function and is composed only by a counter and a signature generation primitive.

2001

This is an expanded draft, June 2023, of an essay intended for an encyclopaedia of archaeology.

The Lower Volga Archaeological Bulletin / Нижневолжский археологический вестник, 2024

tereatment plant

Sanshodhak, 2023

The English language, from its inception as Old English to its present form in the postmodern age, has experienced an extraordinary evolution, making it one of the most widely spoken languages worldwide. It provides a comprehensive overview of English throughout various epochs, highlighting its significant influences and transformations throughout these epochs. From its Germanic roots and the Latin and French infusions during the Middle Ages, through the standardization of the Early Modern era, to the technological and socio-cultural shifts of the Late Modern and Postmodern eras, English has demonstrated remarkable adaptability. A number of internal and external factors have contributed to the trajectory of English, as highlighted in this study. This paper aims to demonstrate the dynamic nature of English, emphasizing its resilience, malleability, and its ability to reflect the ever-evolving human experience by charting these developments.