Oceania Publications, University of Sydney The Social Correlates of Mortuary Patterning at Kaloko, North Kona, Hawaii Author(s): Joe Tainter Source: Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Apr., 1973), pp. 1-11 Published by: Wiley on behalf of Oceania Publications, University of Sydney Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40386185 . Accessed: 10/12/2014 14:13 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Wiley and Oceania Publications, University of Sydney are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Archaeology &Physical Anthropology in Oceania. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 14:13:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions & ARCHAEOLOGY PHYSICALANTHROPOLOGY IN OCEANIA A JOURNAL DEVOTED TO THE STUDY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGY AND PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY OF AUSTRALIA, NEW GUINEA, SOUTH EAST ASIA AND THE ISLANDS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN VOLUME VIII. No. ι APRIL, 1973 THE SOCIAL CORRELATES OF MORTUARY PATTERNING AT KALOKO, NORTH KONA, HAWAII By Joe Tainter* Introduction of in the archaeologicalrecordof the social characteristics ΠΡΗΕ reconstruction ·*is which is an area of investigation communities rapidlybecominga prehistoric for the studyof the recordof primaryfocusof research. Indeed this shouldbe so, diachronic social patterningadds a critical perspectiveto several areas prehistoric been has it correctlynoted (Saxe, of anthropological investigation. Furthermore, sources of 1971 : 39) that archaeologicalsites are rapidly becoming our only which have of sociocultural characteristics systems about the pre-contact information the most But perhaps been drasticallyaltered by global European expansion. visithe on studies from derived be to archaeological benefit focusing important understand to in our increase willbe a substantial ability bilityofsocialorganization the relationshipsbetweensocial patterning,social change, and such variables as subsistencetechniques,and environmental patterning(cf. populationdemography, Deetz, 1965 ; Hill, 1966 ; Longacre,1968 ; Bellwood,1971). isolatesand evaluates One approachto this studyof paleo-socialanthropology those aspects of mortuaryritualwhichsymbolicallyrepresentthe social positions and socialrelationships participatedin by individualsduringlife(Saxe, 1970). Since much of mortuaryritualis fossilizedin the archaeologicalrecord,we have at our about the characteristics commandlargequantitiesof data whichcarryinformation of extinctsocial systems. Studies of the social dimensionsof mortuarypractices have to date yieldedresultswhichare impressiveand promising. Employingcomplementarytheoreticalpropositionsdevelopedby Lewis Binford(1962, 1971), James Illinois. * Departmentof Anthropology, Northwestern University, This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 14:13:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 2 SOCIAL CORRELATES OF MORTUARY PATTERNING Brown (1971), and ArtherSaxe (1970), currentresearchis focusingon severallines of inquiry. Amongthese are the delineationof socioculturalcomplexity(Stickel, of com1968 ; Decker,1969 ; Buikstra,1972 ; cf. Fried, 1967), the reconstruction and descent and of the groups(Binford,1964, munitypatterning recognition kinship 1972 ; Brown and others,1967 ; Longacre,1968 ; L. King, 1969 ; Finnertyand others,1970 ; T. King, 1970 ; Tainter,1971 ; Hitchcock,1971 ; Saxe, 1971), the ofpost-marital residencepatterning inference (Binfordand others,1970; Saxe, 1971), ; Larson, 1971 ; Peebles, 1971), and social and politicalorganization(Brown,1971 economicchange (Haviland, 1967 ; Rathje, 1970). Followingin these directions, recorded the presentstudy will attemptto identifyelementsof ethnohistorically Hawaiian social structurefromthe patterningobservedin a Hawaiian cemetry. Mortuary Patterning at Kaloko The area referred to todayas Kaloko appearsto have beenan aboriginalHawaiian land tractrunningfromthe sea inlandup the slopesof Mt. Hualalai (Renger,1970). to by thenativetermahupua'a,had theadvantage Thistypeofland division,referred a numberof environmental of cross-cutting zones,and therebyprovideda diversity of resourcesfor exploitationby the social units inhabitingthe division. Kaloko itselfis located on the westernside of the Island of Hawaii in the Districtof Kona, 2.5 milesnorthof the townof Kailua-Kona (Renger,1970 : 2). approximately The cemeterydiscussedin thispaperwas locatedin themakai(seaward)portion of Kaloko and was situatedatop a flowofa*a lava. The cemeteryhas beenrecorded as site D13-14 in the filesof Bernice P. Bishop Museum,and is the only burial area recordedat Kaloko. The coastal regionhas been thoroughlysurveyedby RobertRenger,whosereport(1970 : 23) containsa partialmap of the burialarea. No additionalcemeteries are thoughtto existhere. However,thesurveyofthemauka (upland) portionof the ahupua'a by the 1971 Kaloko ArchaeologicalProject was randomsample,and it is possiblethatan undisconductedon thebasis ofa stratified covered additional cemeterymay exist in this region. The implicationsof this possibilitywill be discussedlater. Manyoftheitemsassociatedwithburialswerenotedto be ofa perishablenature, such as gourdsand coconutshells. Additionally, itemsof Europeanderivationand a woodencoffinwarrantassigningsome burialsto the periodof European contact. These two factsseem to stronglyimplya terminaldate forthe cemetery sometime the site was rather the historic than during early period. Although sampled fully excavated,it seems that the total numberof individualsinterredwithinthe burial area is somewhatless than 200. This small populationsuggestsa relativelyshort and sinceno otherburialareas have been timeperiodforutilizationofthe cemetery, foundat Kaloko, the entireahupua'a could not have been inhabitedformorethan a few generationsprior to historiccontact. Dates available thus far trom other confirm excavatedsites(R. Renger,personalcommunication) thisconclusion. strongly This situationprovidesus withexcellenttemporalcontroloverthe data, and renders meaningfula synchroniedescriptionof social patterning. This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 14:13:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PATTERNING SOCIALCORRELATESOF MORTUARY 3 The mortuaryassemblage itselfconsists of burial caves, platforms,crevice inhumations,and some intermentsoutside the cemetery. Within the numerous burialswerecommonlyinterredin a cryptconstructedof pahoehoeslabs. platforms, The most usual type of inhumationwas an incompletebundle of disarticulated inhumbones,althoughtwoextendedburials(in one cave) and one semi-rearticulated ation were found. Many of the burials interredin lava crevices were badly difficult. deteriorated,and this conditionoften made age and sex identification bones were innominate that the was it observed interred, rarely only Additionally, preciseageingof olderadultsimpossible. Due to theseproblems, therebyrendering refined was only to the point of inclusionin categoriesof infant,child, ageing adolescent,or adult. (And forthe purposesof the presentanalysis,age is further condensedinto categoriesof adult and subadult, taking characteristicsof bone growthwhichoccurbetweenthe ages of 18 and 23 as indicatorsof adulthood.) Due evaluatedon the basis to the lack of innominatebones,sex of burialswas primarily of cranial characteristics.All ageing and sexingwas conductedby the authorin the field. The size of this cemetery, coupledwiththe lack of timeto conducta complete of a samplingstrategydesignedto ensure the necessitated excavation, employment of all reliable and recovery potentialvariability. The methodutilizedwas adequate randomsample. The procedurefollowedin selectingthis sample was the stratified the burialsintogroupsof interments to stratify) to divide (in samplingterminology, on the basis of similarsurfacecharacteristics.This procedureresultedin the subdivisionof the cemeteryinto burialsin caves, burialsin lava crevices,and burial on the basis of formalcharacterdifferentiated platforms. These latterwerefurther istics such as shape, size, and architecturalfeatures. These groupsof burials (or samplingstrata) are describedas follows. A: Tall, faced, roughlycircularplatforms,varyingin heightfromi*5-2m. from3x31^-4x4-5111. and horizontally circularplatformswhichrangedin heightfrom15Β : Tall, faced, perfectly 2 m. and in diameterfrom1-5-2 -5m. C : Low, faced, rectangularplatformswhichwere less than o -4m. high and less than 2 X4 m. in area. D : Tall, faced,square to rectangularplatformswhichvaried between0-7 and 1 m. in heightand between2 ·5 χ 3 m. and 3 ·5 X3 ·5 m. horizontally. E : Circularplatforms,similarin size to type B, but unfacedand occurring eithersinglyor in groupsof two or three. of the grave. F : Burial in a lava crevicewith no modification G : Burial caves. H : Large, low, faced platformswhich range in heightfrom0-5-07111. and from4-5X5#5m--5XI7'5m· horizontally Fromeach ofthesestrata,a randomsample,drawnfroma table ofrandomnumbers, was selectedforexcavation. The aim was to recoverat least a 20% sample from This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 14:13:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 4 SOCIALCORRELATESOF MORTUARY PATTERNING each stratum. However,someburialgroups(caves,lava crevices)did notrequireany excavation,and theseweresubjectedto a 100% sample. Additionally,manyplatformshad open depressionsleadingdirectlyto the burialcrypt,and thesealso were recordablewithoutexcavation. For thisreason,manyplatform groupsweresubjected to a sample largerthan that selectedfromthe randomnumberstable. Listed in Table i Sampling Frequenciesof Burial Strata Stratum A Β C D E F G H Population 5 ii 3 7 25 ^20 44 2 Random Sample ι 3 ι 2 4 o o o Non-Random Sample ο 4 ο ι 14 20 44 1 Sample Percentage 20-00 6363 3333 42*85 72-00 ^ioo-oo 100 *00 50-00 Table 1 are the samplingfrequencies of the different burialgroups. It willbe noted thatstratumF is classifiedas havingbeensampled<; 100%. Sincethistypeofgrave stronglyresemblesnaturallydepositedlava, it is possiblethatnot all groupF burials were located. The total sample for which observationswere made amountedto 95 individuals. Beforeproceedingto our analysis,we shall presentthe primarydata derived fromthe investigations, indexed accordingto burial groups(Table 2). Social Patterning at Kalokc ofsocial organization whichwe shallsearchforin the Kaloko The characteristics data are first,the aboriginalpatternof social ranking,and second,elementsof communitystructure. A certain amount of ethnohistoricdata on Hawaiian social organizationand mortuarypracticesshould provide a frameworkfor our investigations. MarshallSahlins(1958 : 13-14)describesthe rankedclassesof Hawaiian society as beinggroupedon threelevels: the chiefsofvariouslevelsand theircloserelatives (alii) ; personsof intermediaterank who administeredthe domainsof a chiefdom (konohiki); and the commoners(makaainana). Descent lines were ramifiedand social positionswere inheritedon the basis of the descentnetwork. The number of personsin each social class was less than the numberin the next lowerclass, and a pyramidalor conical arrangement resulted. An ahupuaa (describedpreviously)was subdividedinto a numberof smaller land unitstermedHi. Each ili was associatedwitha socialunitknownas the 'ohana, a minimalramagecomposedof a numberof households(Sahlins,1958 : 208). Affili- This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 14:13:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions PATTERNING SOCIALCORRELATESOF MORTUARY 5 residencewas optative(Kirch,1971 : 83), ationwithan 'ohanathroughpost-marital but descentwas tracedonlyfromthe fatherof the partnerwho remainedstationary at marriage(Sahlins,1958 : 146, 161). Giventhissystemof optativeaffiliation, any Table 2 KalokoCemetery PrimaryData Key : m= male, f= female,ad = adult, s/ad=subadult Burial Stratum Cavei Cave2 Cave3 Age Sex Numberoí Occurrences A Β Β Β Β C D D D £ E E E E F F F F F ad ad ad ad ? ad ad ad ? ad ad ad s/ad ? ad ad ad s/ad ? f m f ? ? m f ? ? m f ? ? ? m f ? ? ? 1 2 3 ι ι ι ι ι ι 2 5 4 5 2 2 7 5 2 4 G G G ad s/ad ? ? ? ? 2 2 ι G G G ad ad ad m f ? 10 12 ι G G G ad ad ad m f ? 7 8 ι H s/ad ? 1 ili supportedindividualsoriginallyfromseveralOhana,but a coreof consanguineally relatedindividualswere always concentratedin the ili withwhichtheir'ohana was associated (Handy and Pukui, 1958 : 5). Localized portionsof each 'ohana maintained separate burial caves (Ellis, 1917 : 270 ; Fornander,1969 : 106) for the intermentof locally residentconsanguines. Coresidentaffinalrelativeswere not permittedinto a housein whicha memberof the local 'ohana had died (Malo, 1951 : 97), and werealso deniedaccess to local 'ohana burialcaves (Kamakau, 1964 : 40). This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 14:13:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 6 PATTERNING SOCIALCORRELATESOF MORTUARY Social Ranking to identify Thereare two distinctapproacheswhichwe may employin an effort in the Kaloko cemeterythe different Hawaiian social classes. The firstfollows ritualsare a function Lewis Binford's(1971 : 21) suggestionthatindividualmortuary statusresponsibilities of the compositionand size of the social aggregaterecognizing which to the deceased. Binfordproposesthat a largerarrayof statusrelationships, is characteristic of personsof highrank,willentitlethe deceasedto a largeramount of corporateinvolvement and to a largerdegreeofdisruption in the act ofinterment, of normal communityactivitiesfor the mortuaryritual. Expanding upon this and the proposal,we may suggestthat both the amountof corporateinvolvement, of amount will the of to energy degree activitydisruption, positivelycorrespond expended in the mortuaryact (cf. Buikstra,1972). Energyexpenditurein turn shouldbe reflected in the size and elaboratenessof the burial facility(in our case, caves, crevices,and platforms),such that increasedenergyexpenditurewill result in the constructionof a largerand moreelaborate facility. Linkingtogetherthe elementsof this argument,we can constructthe followingcausal chain: higher amountofcorporateinvolvesocial rank-^largerarrayofstatusrelationships->larger ment and greaterdegreeof activitydisruption(that is, greateramountof energy expenditure)in the mortuaryritual->largerand/ormore elaborateburial facility. : lower social rank->smaller And conversely,we would also expect the following involvement and activitydisruption status of array relationships-^lesscorporate in the less ritual-^smaller is, (that and/orlesselaborate mortuary energyexpenditure) intermentfacility. Our second approach to the delineationof social rankingwill of these arguments. providea test forthe verification relative In a societycharacterizedby pyramidallyorderedsocial stratification, in of various social classes be reflected should the relativefrequencies frequencies of differenttypes of burials (Brown, 1971 ; Saxe, 1970). It followsfromthe knowledgeof pyramidalorganizationthat the highestsocial rank will containthe least numberof individuals,and vice-versa. Similarly,the burialtypewhichoccurs in least frequencywhouldbe that of the highestsocial position,and those burials whichoccurin the greatestnumbershouldbe personsof lowestrank. This observation may provide a test of our argumentrelatingsocial status to the size and elaborateness oftheinterment facility. We shouldexpectto findan inversecorrelation betweenfrequencyof occurrenceof burial groupson the one hand, and size and elaboratenessof the burial facilityon the other. That is, the largestnumberof burialsshouldbe thoseof the mostsimpleform,and the least numbershouldbe of correlation between the mostelaborate. If we findin the Kaloko data a significant these two criteriaforinferring social ranking,then we may be confidentthat we have accuratelydelineatedelementsof the Hawaiian rankingsystem. Withregardto burialplatforms, the formalcharacteristics used to createa rankorderon the basis of size and elaboratenessare first,overallvolumeof the structure in question,and second, presence(and extensiveness)or absence of stone facing around the peripheryof the monument. The core fillof all platformsconsistsof This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 14:13:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOCIAL CORRELATES OF MORTUARY PATTERNING 7 lava bouldersoverlainby smallstones. Since thereis no apparentvariationin this The following rank-order fin,it cannotbe utilizedto measurestatusdifferentiation. can be createdfroman evaluationof thesecharacteristics. H : These low, faced platformsare considerablylargerthan all others,varying in heightfromo-s-o^m., and horizontallyfrom4-5X5-5m.-5Xi7'5m. A : Dramaticallysmallerthan groupH, yet largerthan any others,theseplatwithunusuallyelaboratefacing. Theirheightranges formsare constructed from1 ·5-2 m. and theirhorizontaldimensionsfrom3x3 m.-4 χ 4 ·5 m. B: These tall (i-5~2m.), faced, circularplatformsrange in horizontalsize from1 -5-2-5m. in diameter. D : Platformsin this categoryrangein heightfrom07-im. and horizontally from2-5x31^-3-5 χ 3 -5m. Althoughone of these platformsis slightly larger than the structuresin group B, it is ranked lower due to the considerably greaterenergyexpenditurerequiredforthe moredetailed, elaboratefacingfoundon the groupΒ platforms. had maximumdimensions C : Theselow (lessthano -4m. high),facedplatforms, of 2X4m. E : The circularplatformsin this categorywere slightlysmallerin size than groupB, but lacked any facingand appearedamorphousand hastilyconstructed. They werethe least elaborateof all typesof burialplatforms. F and G : These intermentstotally lacked any formof man-madeburial facility, and thus indicatethe lowestamountof energyexpenditureof all burials. Table 3 CorrelationBetweenRank-OrderCriteria Rank-Orderby IncreasingFrequency Η (ΐ·7%) C(2-6%) A (4-2%) Rank-Orderby DecreasingSize and Elaborateness Η A Β D (59%) Β (9-3%) E> C F and G (55·1%) F and G E (21-2%) Ε Rank Placement Difference ο 1 2 o 3 ο o In Table 3, the amount of correlationbetweenthe two criteriaemployedto is made visible. The firstcolumn,which includesall observed create rank-orders of each type of burial (not just thoseexcavated),containsa rank-order occurrences of occurrence, while the second column createdon the basis ofincreasingfrequency sizeandelaborateness. just createdon thebasisofdecreasing duplicatesthe rank-order The last columnmeasuresthe degreeto whichthe placementof burialgroupson the fromtheirplacementon the basis of the first. basis of the secondcolumndiffers This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 14:13:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 8 SOCIALCORRELATESOF MORTUARY PATTERNING In orderto measurethe degreeof positivecovariationbetweenthesetwo sets ofcriteria,a rankcorrelation coefficient (Kendall's tau) was computedwhichyielded a value ofo ·62, significant correlation at theo ·025 level. This statistically significant allows the conclusionthat both amountof energyexpenditureas well as frequency of occurrenceof burial types are reliablemeasurements of social rankingsystems. for some burial Table did not indicate Although 3 groups perfectfitbetweenthese two criteria,this phenomenonmay have resultedfromthe exclusionofcertainage groups (discussedlater in the paper) fromintermentin some platformtypes,but created notin others. Such exclusionwouldtendto skewthe resultsof a rank-order on the basis of frequencyof occurrence. The Kaloko mortuarydata appear to indicatea sharpdistinctionbetweenthe amountof energyexpendedon the construction and the comparative of platforms, lack of energyexpended on the intermentof individualsin caves and crevices. as indicating Followingour earlierarguments,platformburialscan be interpreted individualsholdingstatusrelationships(alii and konohiki)withlowerrankingsocial individualsofthelowest units,whilecave and creviceburialswouldseemto represent status (tnakaainana)who lacked the rightto large-scalecorporateinvolvementand it followsthat platform activitydisruptionfor their inhumation. Furthermore, to alii of the highestrankrepretypeH, the largestand mostelaborate,corresponds sentedat Kaloko, whiletype E, the most simpleplatforms, are thoseof the lowest rankingkonohiki. Calculatingthe frequenciesof platform(H, C, A, D, B, E) as opposed to cave and crevice (G and F) burials fromthe firstcolumnin Table 3, we obtain a picture of a social system in coastal Kaloko which consistedof approximately 45% alii and konohikiand 55% makaainana. At this pointthough it should be cautionedthat if an undiscoveredadditionalcemeteryexists in the unsurveyedportionsof upland Kaloko, thesefiguresmightbe somewhatinaccurate ifutilizedas an estimateoftheentireahupua'a. The percentages shouldbe considered only applicableto the social unitsresidentin the coastal portionof Kaloko. Community Organization In theethnohistoric data citedpreviously, it was observedthatlocalizedportions of an Ohana maintainedseparatecaves (Ellis, 1917 : 270 ; Fornander,1969 : 106) forthe intermentof locallyresidentconsanguines,and that coresidentaffineswere denied access to these places (Kamakau, 1964 : 40). Of the threeburial caves at numberto warrantinterKaloko, one containsonlyfiveindividuals,an insufficient pretationas the intermentlocus of a corporate,ramifieddescentgroup. Burial caves 2 and 3, however,contain 23 and 16 individualsrespectively.Considering the extensiverestrictions on rightto placementin these caves (to be notedbelow) and theshorttimeperiodrepresented in thecemetery, thesecaves containa sufficient numberof individualsto be consideredas archaeologicalexamples of the ethnodescribed'ohana burialcaves. Additionally,since only locallyresident historically consanguineswere interredin caves, it would followthat coresidentaffineswho This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 14:13:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SOCIALCORRELATESOF MORTUARY PATTERNING 9 residencewith one of the two 'ohana at Kaloko would have opted forpost-marital in burialgroupF. been buriedoutsidethesefeatures,and are represented We note in the two 'ohana-typeburialcaves a combinedtotal of 17 adult males and 20 adult females(theseproportions also occurin each cave individually). Since local who remained only consanguines stationaryat marriagewereinterredin these the Kaloko it would that locations, by a nearlyequal regionwas characterized appear incidenceof post-maritalresidencewith the husband's and the wife'snatal unit, withresidencein the wife'sfather'slocale occurringslightlymore often. In fact, such a patternwould be the expectedresultof the systemof optative affiliation whichwas characteristic of the 'ohana (Kirch, 1971 : 83 ; cf. Goodenough,1955). A striking factabouttheOhana-typeburialcaves is thetotalabsenceofsubadults in one of these features interredwithinthem. Apparently,the rightto interment was dependentupon the achievementof adulthoodby the timeof death. In other words,low status social unitsat Kaloko appear to have maintainedmechanismsof status attainmentbased at least in part upon age-gradeddistinctions(cf. Binford, (groupsΒ and D) 1962,1971; Saxe, 1970). In addition,someoftheburialplatforms also totallylacked subadultburials,and would also seem to have maintainedagegraded systemsof status achievement. However,there are also burial platforms (groupsE and H) whichdo containsubadultsinterredwithinthem,and the typesof seem to have been inheritable. statusesindicatedby thesefeatureswould therefore In summary,mortuarydata fromcoastal Kaloko, coupled with certainethnohistoricobservations,reflectspyramidalsocial rankingand the aboriginalclass classesand it was proposed structure. Percentageswerecalculatedforthesedifferent and 55% that approximately 45% of the coastal populationwerealii and konohiki, makaainana. The data were amenableto identifying consanguinealand coresident affinalrelativesamonglow rankingsocial units. A slighttendencytowardspostmaritalresidencewiththewife's,as opposedto thehusband's,natalunitwas discerned amongthe 'ohana at Kaloko, and the attainmentof certaintypesof statuseson the basis of age-gradingwas proposed. In closing,it should be mentionedthat in cemeterieswherethe human skeletal materialis not as badly deterioratedas at Kaloko, osteologicalcharacteristics may be employedto elicitadditionalelementsof social organization(cf. Lane and Sublett,1972 ; Buikstra,1972). Acknowledgements Differentversionsof this paper have benefitedfromthe criticalevaluations ofJamesA. Brown,AlbertC. Spaulding,MichaelA. Glassow, and helpfulsuggestions Thomas F. King, Barbara Voorhies,and Ross Cordy. The fieldwork upon which thisstudyis based was conductedas partofthe 1971 Kaloko Archaeological Project. The Kaloko Project,organizedby RobertRenger,had as its objectivethedelineation of subsistencepatterningat Kaloko, and I mustexpressmygratitudeto Mr.Renger forallowingme the timeand crewto investigatea problemwhichwas afterall only was fundedby peripheralto the main focusof the Kaloko research. The fieldwork This content downloaded from 129.81.226.78 on Wed, 10 Dec 2014 14:13:17 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions io SOCIAL CORRELATES OF MORTUARYPATTERNING theKana CoastCompany, HuehueRanch. Mr.DennisHaserot,ourliaisonwiththe the project. These Kona CoastCompany, provedinvaluablyhelpfulthroughout fieldcrew. excellent of be mention without would my incomplete acknowledgements and Roberta were Sens«:, Menees, Kathy Buono, John Carpenter, Katy They Cathy thesuggestions Sullivan.Finally,I shouldlike to acknowledge givenme by Ross Hawaiiansocial the locationof ethnohistoric data on aboriginal Cordyconcerning and mortuary structure practices. References Bellwood,P. S. (1971): "Varietiesof EcologicalAdaptationIn The SouthernCook Islands." In Oceania,Vol. VI, pp. 145-169. and PhysicalAnthropology Archaeology Vol 28, pp. Binford,Lewis R. (1962): "Archaeologyas Anthropology."AmericanAntiquity, 217-225. on WassamRidge. Carbondale: Southern Investigations LewisR. 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