Abdulvahap ÇAKMAK
Samsun University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty Member
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Emissions control in internal combustion engines is the big challenge faced by engine manufacturers. Modern internal combustion engines exploit various systems to reduce exhaust emissions. However, the existing emission control systems... more
Emissions control in internal combustion engines is the big challenge faced by engine manufacturers. Modern internal combustion engines exploit various systems to reduce exhaust emissions. However, the existing emission control systems will fall short of meeting stringent future emission regulations. This study attempts to reduce the exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel-biodiesel blends by utilising ethyl acetate as a renewable oxygenated fuel additive. In this context, initially, ethyl acetate is mixed with biodiesel-diesel blends by 5% and 10% volume to obtain test fuels. Then, their fuel properties are measured by applying test methods proposed in the standards. Subsequently, engine experiments are conducted on a single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine operated on distinct test conditions. The findings indicate that the inclusion of ethyl acetate in the diesel-biodiesel blends improves the fuel quality and markedly decreases emissions. A substantial reductio...
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The use of alcohol with traditional diesel fuel in diesel engines reduces environmental damage. When the ternary mixtures obtained by adding biodiesel to diesel-alcohol fuel mixtures are used without making any changes in the... more
The use of alcohol with traditional diesel fuel in diesel engines reduces environmental damage. When the ternary mixtures obtained by adding biodiesel to diesel-alcohol fuel mixtures are used without making any changes in the compression-ignition (CI) engine, there is no significant problem in terms of performance and emissions. This research dealt energetic, exergetic, and environmental evaluation for a CI engine fueled with blends created using diesel/biodiesel/n-octanol at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and different loads (25, 50, 75, and 100%). Performance and emission values were recorded in the tests. Economic and environmental analyses were realized by using the data obtained in these tests in thermodynamic relations. The losses and efficiency of the engine were computed in the energy analysis. The highest thermal efficiency was found to be 40.6% in B20 and B20OCT5 at full load, while the lowest one was observed to be 15.77% when the engine fueled with B100 at 25% load. In the exergy analysis, exhaust exergy, exergy destroyed, and entropy generation were determined. Thermal and exergy efficiencies were parallel in all fuels depending on the load. The highest exergy efficiency was calculated to be 30.4% for B20 and B20OCT5 at full load. Lower exergy destruction was acquired for diesel fuel at full load in comparison with B20OCT20, B20OCT15 and B20OCT10. CO2 emission of fuels was used in exergy-based environmental analysis. The lowest environmental cost was determined as 3.85 $ month−1 at 25% load in B20OCT10. The highest power cost was achieved to be 10.61 $ MJ−1 at 25% load when the engine was run on B20OCT20. The cost of exergy losses at 25% load was computed to be 3.67 $ h−1 for B20OCT20. While the increase in alcohol content in the blends caused a decrease in harmful pollutants, it is not economical due to the expensive pump prices. To conclude, it is to be clearly indicated that due to systematic thermodynamic, economic, and environmental analyses and the usage of n-octanol as a long-chain alcohol in the CI engine with blending diesel and biodiesel, this paper goes beyond previous efforts in the literature.
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Son yıllarda, büyük oranda petrol esaslı yakıtlar ile çalışan içten yanmalı motorlarda ikinci nesil biyoyakıtların kullanımına duyulan ilgi artmıştır. Bu çalışmada, biyodizel yan ürünü olan gliserinin katalitik dönüşümü ile üretilen... more
Son yıllarda, büyük oranda petrol esaslı yakıtlar ile çalışan içten yanmalı motorlarda ikinci nesil biyoyakıtların kullanımına duyulan ilgi artmıştır. Bu çalışmada, biyodizel yan ürünü olan gliserinin katalitik dönüşümü ile üretilen gliserin eterlerinin dizel motorda ikinci nesil biyoyakıt olarak kullanımı deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Gliserinin tert-bütanol ile eterifikasyonu sonucunda sentezlenen gliserin eterleri karışımı, %2 ve %5 hacimsel oranda dizel-biyodizel yakıt karışımı ile harmanlanmıştır. Dizel yakıtı ve %20 oranında biyodizel içeren dizel-biyodizel yakıt karışımı referans yakıt olarak kullanılmıştır. Test yakıtlarının önemli fiziksel yakıt özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Yakıta gliserin eterleri ilavesinin yakıtın viskozite, yoğunluk, ısıl değer, setan indisi ve destilasyon sıcaklıklarını düşürdüğü belirlenmiştir. Gliserin eterlerinin ilavesi ile dizel-biyodizel yakıt karışımının kinematik viskozitesinin %10-14 oranında azaldığı ve yakıtın destilasyon karakteristiğinin i...
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In this study, the number of vehicles, fuel consumption, and emissions was estimated in two scenarios by using the logistic model until 2050. The fuel consumption estimations were studied in three groups as diesel, LPG, and gasoline.... more
In this study, the number of vehicles, fuel consumption, and emissions was estimated in two scenarios by using the logistic model until 2050. The fuel consumption estimations were studied in three groups as diesel, LPG, and gasoline. Also, diesel vehicles were inspected in three groups as passenger cars, light-duty, and heavy-duty vehicles. The annual mileage values of the vehicles and the average fuel consumption per 100 km have been calculated by considering similar studies and statistics. Future estimates of the number of vehicles have been made considering that the percentage of diesel vehicles will decrease in the next few years due to the prohibition of diesel vehicles in specific regions and the increasing demand for electric cars and hybrid vehicles. Emission estimates were made by considering the European Emission Standart and future expectations of Euro norms. The total fuel consumption was estimated as 10347 million liters (ML) gasoline, 50978 ML diesel, 12767 ML LPG, and...
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Abstract n-octanol (C8H17OH), an advanced sustainable biofuel, can be originated from ligno-cellulosic biomass raw materials that is convenient for compression-ignition (CI) engine technology due to its plenty of fuel characterizations... more
Abstract n-octanol (C8H17OH), an advanced sustainable biofuel, can be originated from ligno-cellulosic biomass raw materials that is convenient for compression-ignition (CI) engine technology due to its plenty of fuel characterizations closer to traditional diesel fuel (DF) than more generally examined alcohol types. The existing paper deals with a comprehensive experimental study regarding the engine performance, harmful pollutants, and combustion characteristics of a single-cylinder, four-stroke, water-cooled, and direct-injection CI engine operating with n-octanol / DF blends of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (by volume) into pure DF, respectively. In case of the steady-state situations, the engine tests were carried out under a stable engine speed of 1500 rpm and four distinct engine loading conditions (25%, 50%, 75%, and full load). The experimental outcomes displayed that NO and CO emissions remarkably descended down to 25.08% and 11.67%, respectively along with an ascending proportion of the n-octanol in the n-octanol / DF blends. On the other hand, CO2 emission that is an indicator of the complete combustion moderately got larger up to 8.57% with the infusion higher-order alcohol into the DF. According to the performance indicators of the researched engine, the highest BTE and the lowest BSFC were observed with using DF because of the higher energy content with respect to the other tested fuel samples. Contrastingly, the duration in the ignition delay (ID) of n-octanol/DF blends was lengthy than that of mineral DF attributable to the lower cetane number of the n-octanol. In addition, the highest gas pressure inside the cylinder and the highest HRR of n-octanol including test fuels was monitored to be higher when compared with the DF by reason of the extended ID period and excessive amount of oxygen atoms available in the n-octanol. Accordingly, the combustion behaviours of n-octanol / DF blends nearly followed that of traditional DF.
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This paper aims to reduce the exhaust emissions of a gasoline engine by conditioning the engine intake air. The oxygen enrichment of inlet air to reduce the HC and CO emissions and humidifying the ...
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The aim of this research is the investigation of using glycerol tert-butyl ethers as a bio-renewable fuel additive to diesel-biodiesel blend in a diesel engine. In this context, an experimental study was carried out to synthesize glycerol... more
The aim of this research is the investigation of using glycerol tert-butyl ethers as a bio-renewable fuel additive to diesel-biodiesel blend in a diesel engine. In this context, an experimental study was carried out to synthesize glycerol tert-butyl ethers and investigate the effect of glycerol ethers on diesel engine performance and emissions. Glycerol tert-butyl ethers were synthesized by the etherification reaction of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in a high-pressure stainless steel batch reactor using Amberlyst-15 as solid acidic catalyst. Produced glycerol ethers were mixed by 2 vol.% with a biodiesel-diesel blend to investigate the glycerol ethers usage as a fuel additive in a diesel engine. Three test fuels were considered for the experiments: (i) diesel fuel, (ii) B20 (80 vol.% diesel + 20 vol.% corn oil biodiesel); (iii) BD+GTBEs (80 vol.% diesel + 18 vol.% corn oil biodiesel + 2 vol.% glycerol tert-butyl ethers). Some basic fuel properties of test fuels were determ...
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An effective performance assessment of the internal combustion engine can be achieved by thermodynamic analysis (energy and exergy analysis). To that end, in this present study, a thermodynamic analysis of the corn oil biodiesel usage as... more
An effective performance assessment of the internal combustion engine can be achieved by thermodynamic analysis (energy and exergy analysis). To that end, in this present study, a thermodynamic analysis of the corn oil biodiesel usage as fuel in single cylinder diesel engine was performed by evaluating experimental data. Experiments were carried out at full load and 2000 rpm by fueling the engine with diesel fuel and corn oil biodiesel. It was found that corn oil biodiesel gives 11.89% higher brake specific fuel consumption, while it results in 2.25% less brake specific energy consumption than diesel fuel. The same second law efficiency is obtained for tested fuels, although the use of corn oil biodiesel increases the first law efficiency by 0.76%. Additionally, total exergy destruction rate for diesel and biodiesel are calculated as 6.77 kW and 6.67 kW, respectively. Based on the comparative assessment of the thermodynamic analysis results, it can be said that corn oil biodiesel is...
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Yenilenebilir ve cevre dostu bir yakit olan biyodizelin dizel yakiti ile kiyaslandiginda en onemli avantajlarindan bazilari, parlama noktasi sicakliginin ve setan sayisinin yuksek olmasidir. Enerji Piyasasi Duzenleme Kurulu tarafindan... more
Yenilenebilir ve cevre dostu bir yakit olan biyodizelin dizel yakiti ile kiyaslandiginda en onemli avantajlarindan bazilari, parlama noktasi sicakliginin ve setan sayisinin yuksek olmasidir. Enerji Piyasasi Duzenleme Kurulu tarafindan yayinlanan “Motorin turlerine biodizel harmanlanmasi” hakkindaki teblige gore, 1.1.2018 tarihinden itibaren biyodizelin hacimsel olarak %0.5 oraninda motorine ilave edilmesi zorunlu hale getirilmistir. Ayrica, Avrupa Parlamentosu’nun 2003/30/EC sayili biyoyakitlar konulu direktifi, uye ulkelerin 2020 yilinda en az %10 oraninda yenilenebilir yakitlarin kullanimini mecburi hale getirmistir. Dunyada ve ulkemizde bu denli onemli bir noktaya gelen biyodizelin bircok ustun ozelliklerine ragmen, uretim maliyeti ve viskozitesi yuksektir. Uretim maliyetinin yuksek olmasi biyodizelin daha yaygin olarak kullanilmasini engellerken, viskozitesinin yuksek olmasi ise motor performansi ve eksoz emisyonlarini olumsuz yonden etkilemektedir. Bu yuzden, sunulan calismada,...
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ABSTRACT
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Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article ÖZET: Bu çalışmanın amacı, çevre ve insan sağlığı açısından zararlı olan atık yağlardan biyodizel üretmek ve bunu içten yanmalı bir motorda yakıt olarak kullanımını araştırmaktır. Bu amaca yönelik... more
Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article ÖZET: Bu çalışmanın amacı, çevre ve insan sağlığı açısından zararlı olan atık yağlardan biyodizel üretmek ve bunu içten yanmalı bir motorda yakıt olarak kullanımını araştırmaktır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak dizel motor yakıtı-na alternatif olarak hamsi balık yağı ve atık kızartma yağından transesterifikasyon yöntemiyle balık yağı metil es-teri (BYME) ve atık pişirme yağı metil esteri (APYME) üretilmiştir. Daha sonra metil esterler tek silindirli, dört zamanlı, direkt püskürtmeli ve hava soğutmalı bir dizel motorda yakıt olarak kullanılarak yakıtların motor perfor-mans ve egzoz emisyonları üzerindeki etkileri standart dizel yakıtı (D2) ile karşılaştırmalı olarak incelendi. Yakıt-ların test sonuçları birbirleri ile karşılaştırılmaları neticesinde elde edilen sonuçlar da dikkate alındığında, BYME ve APYME yakıtları egzoz emisyonları bakımından D2 yakıtına oranla daha iyi özellikler gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. BYME ve APYME'ın egzoz emisyonları (HC ve...
Termodinamik analiz (enerji ve ekserji analizi) ile icten yanmali motorlarin performans degerlendirmesi daha etkili sekilde yapilabilir. Sunulan bu calismada, tek silindirli bir dizel motorunda yakit olarak misir yagi metil esteri... more
Termodinamik analiz (enerji ve ekserji analizi) ile icten yanmali motorlarin performans degerlendirmesi daha etkili sekilde yapilabilir. Sunulan bu calismada, tek silindirli bir dizel motorunda yakit olarak misir yagi metil esteri kullanimi, termodinamik acidan incelenmistir. Tam yuk (%100) ve 2000 d/dk calisma sartinda motorda saf misir yagi biyodizeli ve saf dizel yakiti kullanilarak gerceklestirilen motor deneylerinden termodinamik analiz icin gerekli veriler saglanmistir. Calismadan elde edilen sonuclara gore motorda yakit olarak misir yagi biyodizeli kulanildiginda motorun ozgul yakit tuketimi, %11,89 oraninda artarken, motorun ozgul enerji tuketimi %2,30 oraninda azalmistir. Her iki yakit kullaniminda motorun ikinci yasa verimi ayni olmasina ragmen biyodizel kullaniminda motorun birinci yasa verimi %0,76 oraninda artmistir. Toplam ekserji yikimi dizel yakiti ve biyodizel icin sirasiyla 6,77 kW ve 6,67 kW olarak hesaplanmistir. Termodinamik acidan bir degerlendirme yapildiginda...
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The purpose of this study, to produce biodiesel from waste oils which are harmful to the environ- ment and human health, and this was to investigate the use of biodiesel as a fuel in internal combustion engines. For this purpose, anchovy... more
The purpose of this study, to produce biodiesel from waste oils which are harmful to the environ- ment and human health, and this was to investigate the use of biodiesel as a fuel in internal combustion engines. For this purpose, anchovy fish oil methyl ester (FOME) and waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME) was produ- ced by transesterification method from waste fish oil and waste cooking oil as an alternative to diesel engine fuel. Then, methyl esters have been used as fuel in a diesel engine of single-cylinder, four stroke, direct injection and air-cooled; and the effects of fuels on engine performance and exhaust emissions have been comparatively inves- tigated with standard diesel fuel (D2). As a result of the test results obtained from the comparison of results with each other fuels are taken into account, in terms of exhaust emissions of FOME and WCOME fuels were demons- trated better properties than D2 fuel. Exhaust emissions of FOME and WCOME fuels (HC and CO) lower than th...