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Open access link: http://hdl.handle.net/2381/39388 This PhD thesis investigates foodways in 19th-century Toronto, providing a critical examination of the relationship between food and identity in an emerging city and new province. Specifically, it asks if zooarchaeological remains can provide a nuanced understanding of how food was used in the expression of identities by early Ontarians. Faunal analyses were conducted for a number of urban and rural domestic assemblages located in and around the city and these were compared to published and unpublished faunal reports from across Upper Canada. Historical documents were examined for information on foodways and then contrasted with the zooarchaeological data. The discussion describes how various sources of meat were incorporated into 19th-century Toronto and Upper Canada foodways. Previous scholarship suggests pork was highly favoured by Upper Canadians and featured in most meals. It was also generally understood that the province’s earliest settlers needed to rely on wild sources of meat upon initial settlement and that British immigrants simply adapted their own foodways to local conditions. The results presented in this research challenges all of these assumptions and warns against the use of such homogenizing statements which only serve to mask realities. Zooarchaeological and historical data indicate individual households preferred different types of meat. Despite the variability in diet, British and American settlers maintained foodways that were traditional to them and did not ‘adapt’ to their new surroundings, relying instead on increased access to markets to supply themselves with the foods they prefer. This research also highlights the neglected/under-reported role of fish and seafood in the Upper Canadian diet and challenges some assumptions held by the Ontario zooarchaeological community.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
Beyond the local fishing hole: A preliminary study of pan-regional fishing in southern Ontario (ca. 1000 CE to 1750 CEDuring the Late Woodland period in what is now the Canadian province of Ontario, Indigenous peoples met their nutritional needs through a combination of maize horticulture, gathering, hunting, and fishing. Recent research on stable isotopes in human tissue (Pfeiffer et al. 2016) suggests that the protein component in the diet of one of the groups of Iroquoian-speaking peoples in Ontario varies over time and came in part from high trophic level fish taxa. We present a pilot study that examines similar questions by means of zooarchaeological data from > 100 previously analysed zooarchaeological assemblages using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Our findings indicate differences in the consumption of fish through time. In addition, we observe patterned variation across the landscape of southern Ontario. In areas close to Lake Ontario, the primary high tropic level fishes exploited were members of the family Salmonidae. By contrast, in the Lake Erie drainage, Sander spp., in the family Percidae, makes a greater contribution to zooarchaeological samples. These findings suggest that the Indigenous peoples exploiting these fish sources would have faced different challenges with respect to harvest technology and scheduling.
International Journal of Historical Archaeology
Eating Barreled Meat in Upper Canada: Cultural and Archaeological ImplicationsMuch of the meat consumed in 19th-century southern Ontario (Upper Canada) came in the form of preserved barreled products. The specific ways of obtaining, preparing and consuming these products resulted in unique regional foodways. Through analyses of historical and archaeological evidence, this paper investigates how barreled meat was packed, shipped and purchased in Upper Canada and discusses the various ways its consumption impacted the lives of its residents and contributed to the formation of local identities. An investigation of butchery marks and body portion distributions lead to a possible method for archaeologically distinguishing between barreled and non-barreled meat assemblages.
Dept. of Anthropology University of Toronto, J. Sealy, Louis Lesage, Ron Williamson, Suzanne Needs-Howarth
Following the entry of Zea mays to northeast North America, Northern Iroquoian populations expanded their numbers and range. Isotopic values from bone collagen have shown fluctuations in reliance on this dietary staple. With permission of the Huron-Wendat Nation of Wendake, Quebec, we measured d 13 C enamel , d 13 C dentine and d 15 N dentine from 167 permanent teeth, retained before reburial of their ancestral skeletons, and d 13 C collagen and d 15 N collagen from adhering bone (n = 53). Enamel values encapsulate diet from ca. 1.5 to 4 years of age; dentine values reflect later childhood. Teeth are from 16 ancestral Huron-Wendat sites in southern Ontario. Isotopic values show consistent reliance on maize from early fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, with higher reliance in the seventeenth century—the time of contact with Europeans and disruptive changes. We show a difference between the diets of children and adults; children consumed more maize and less animal protein. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) did not exploit maize fields, reflecting hunters' exploitation of distant regions. New values from fish species (n = 21) are pooled with prior data, demonstrating diverse C and N stable isotope patterns. American eel (Anguilla rostrata) is particularly variable. Dietary protein sources were variable compared to the stability of maize: a reliable source of carbohydrate food energy across four centuries. Suite à l'apparition du maïs (Zea mays) dans le Nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord, les populations iroquoiennes du nord ont accru leurs effectifs et élargi leur territoire. Avec la permission de la Nation huronne-wendat de Wendake, au Québec, nous avons mesuré d 13 C émail , d 13 C dentine et d 15 N dentine de 167 dents ainsi que d 13 C collagène et d 15 N collagène à partir de 53 échantillons d'os adhérant à ces dents, lesquelles ont été obtenues avant la réinhumation de leurs squelettes ancestraux. Les valeurs d'émail se rapportent à l'alimentation de la petite enfance (environ 1,5 à 4 ans) tandis que les valeurs de la dentine reflètent plutôt l'enfance tardive. Les dents proviennent de 16 sites du territoire ancestral des hurons-wendat du sud de l'Ontario. Les valeurs des isotopes démontrent une dépendance constante du maïs du début du 14ème au 16ème siècle, avec une plus grande dépendance au 17 ème siècle, soit la période de contact avec les Européens et où surviennent des changements sociétaux significatifs. Nous démon-trons une différence entre les régimes alimentaires des enfants et des adultes, où les jeunes enfants consomment plus de maïs et moins de protéines animales que les adultes. Nous n'observons aucune évidence isotopique que le cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) exploite les champs de maïs. Nous démontrons plutôt que les chasseurs exploitent cette ressource dans des régions plus éloignées. Vingt-et-une nouvelles valeurs ont été regroupées à des données antérieures pour fournir une meilleure évaluation des modèles d'isotopes stables de C et N dans différentes espèces de poissons exploités. L'anguille d'Amérique (Anguilla rostrata) démontre une grande variabilité. Les sources de protéines alimentaires étaient variables comparativement à la stabilité du maïs, ce dernier semble avoir été une source fiable d'énergie sous forme de glucides pendant quatre siècles.
Archaeological excavations at the migratory French cod fishing station site of Dos de Cheval (EfAx-09), provided a substantial collection of faunal remains which can be used to study fishermen foodways. Migratory fishing voyages presented some material constraints on the type of food that could be transported and conserved. While archival documents such as provisioning contracts and travel accounts suggest the kind of food products that were brought on board, they only vaguely discuss the incorporation of wild meat in the fishermen's diet while they were on shore. Using zooarchaeological, archaeological and historical data, the present thesis explores specific aspects of food provisioning, but also identity and social status differentiation in food consumption among the Petit Nord fishermen. It is argued that hunting was mainly a privilege of the officers, although ordinary fishermen exploited a variety of seabirds and shorebirds. The subsistence at Dos de Cheval was based almost entirely on domestic mammals, wild land mammals being used only occasionally.
In Pope, P.E. and S. Lewis-Simpson (Eds.) Exploring Atlantic Transitions: Archaeologies of Permanence and Transience in New Found Lands. Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology Monograph no. 7.
Status and Diet: Variations in Elite Foodways at Newfoundland Fishing Stations in the 17th and 18th Centuries2013 •
This paper uses archaeological and historical evidence to compare élite foodways at two Newfoundland fishing sites: a permanent 17th-century English settlement and a seasonal 18th-century French fishing station. Similarities between high-status deposits at these sites demonstrate faunal exploitation patterns that reflect the time and resources available to higher-status individuals. Differences between assemblages at the the two sites suggest that year-round and seasonal residence gave access to different ranges of foods, while helping to shape the perception of what constituted luxury foods in each context.
V. Caminneci, M. D'Acunto, C. Lambrugo, M.C. Parello (a c. di), Ktiseis. Fondazioni d'Occidente. Intrecci culturali tra Gela, Agrigento, Creta e Rodi, Atti delle XIV Giornate Gregoriane, 25-27 novembre 2022
Produzione ceramica ad Akragas tra VI e V sec. a.c.: le indagini nell'area artigianale ad ovest di Porta V2024 •
Starting from a synthesis of previous data, this contribution focuses on the results of the investigations on the artisanal area located to the west of Porta V in Akragas; it intends to present an updated overview of the excavations carried out so far, outlining the perspectives of future research in this area. The first point at issue is the framing of the area and its structures in relation to the topography, to natural resources, and to the urban and monumental development of the colony. The analysis then concentrates on kilns D and E, which were active from the second half of the 6th c. to about the middle of the 5th c. BC. Structure F and data on the waste deposits from the kilns are presented for the first time, with special emphasis on finds from the large deposit found southward of kiln E. The final part of the paper is dedicated to some considerations on the craft area, its relation to the history of the colony and the main perspectives of the research project.
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