World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
Effects of Heavy Metals of Bleaching and Dyeing Effluent on Soil, Vegetables, and Fruits in
the Maheshtala Region in West Bengal, India
Biman Gati Gupta1; Kamales M. Agrawal2; and Jayanta Kumar Biswas1,*
1
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
Dept. of Ecological Engineering and Environment Management and International Centre for Ecological
Engineering, Univ. of Kalyani, Kalyani, West Bengal 741235, India.
2
Dept. of Environment Management, Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management,
College Square West, Kolkata -73.
*
Corresponding author. E-mail: biswajoy2000@yahoo.com
Abstract
The environmental exposure to heavy metals is a well-known risk factor for several gastrointestinal (GI)
disorders. The present study was conducted at Maheshtala textile, bleaching dyeing industrial area for two
consecutive years (2012–2013) to study the impact of bleaching and dyeing effluent discharge on
accumulation of heavy metals in canal water, soil, fruits, and vegetable as a part of environment
management of the area and ecological planning. During experiment, we investigated the levels of heavy
metals (Pb, Zn, Ni) in effluent of small bleaching and dyeing units in soil, fruits, and vegetable samples of
Maheshtala region of South 24-Pargana district of West Bengal, India, where gastrointestinal disorders
have become an epidemic dimension among the people inhabiting that area. Heavy metals contents of the
samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Three heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Ni)
were present in 2–40 fold higher concentrations whereas zinc level was present in 50 fold lower
concentrations in vegetable and fruits. The higher concentrations of heavy metals in aquaphytes,
vegetables, and fruit samples tested were found to be strongly correlated with the concentrations of metals
present in soil or water matrix contaminated with effluents of bleaching and dyeing industries. The soil,
fruits, and vegetable samples contained potentially toxic heavy metals in such high levels that these
elements could be related to higher prevalence and/or vulnerability of GI disorder, ulcer, and cancer risks
in Maheshtala region under study.
Keywords: Bleaching and dyeing effluent; Heavy metals; Soil; Canal water; Fruits and vegetables; GI
disorder; EIA and eco-planning.
BACKGROUND
The textile industries discharge large volume of wastewater into the environment, most of which is
untreated. The wastewater contains a cocktail of chemicals from the various stages of process operations
which include de-sizing, scouring, bleaching and dyeing (Gupta et al., 2004; Kumaraswamy, 1999).
Dyeing and bleaching industrial wastes disposed both in liquid and solid forms in land and water bodies
percolate into the groundwater system and pose a threat to groundwater quality, which ultimately affects
the ecosystem and human health (Husain and Hussain, 2003, 2004; Husain et al., 2003; Jacob et al.,
1999). The main pollutants of textiles are formaldehyde, heavy metals, allergic dyes, finishing agents
(softener, flame retardants, water repellent etc.), dyes cleaving carcinogenic amines, pesticides, carriers,
pentachlorophenol, biocides etc. Heavy metals (including cadmium(Cd), chromium(Cr), nickel(Ni),
arsenic(As), lead(Pb) and beryllium) are an important group of carcinogens for human (Rossman and
Waalkes, 2003).
The uptake and accumulation of heavy metals in plant have been known to result an adverse effects on
plant growth. As a result, these were affect the productivity and quality of soil, surface water, vegetables,
fruits and crops because Pb, Ni, Cd, As and Cr are extremely poisonous (Hellawell, 1986; Breekle and
Kahle, 1992). The uptake of heavy metals by plants from contaminated soil and water are of great
concern for humans, animals as well as aquatic life in water bodies . Because of uprooting metals get
© ASCE
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
23
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
concentrated in vegetable, fruits and plants which ultimately pose health risks to consumers (Al Jassir et
al., 2005; Fytianos, et al., 2001; Sobukola, et al., 2010; Husain, et al., 1995; Mohamed, 2000; Saracoglu,
et al., 2009; Parveen, et al., 2003; Cui, et al., 2004). The availability of significant number of human
resources for good quality of stitching, knitting, printing and embroidery of textile materials clubbed with
poor socio-economic situation in this area are only the many environmental risk factors related to
development of this type of hazardous industries as well as of upper gastrointestinal disorder and cancers
(Longo, 1998). No systematic research work has been done on degree of accumulation of heavy metals in
different environmental components of the industrial area/cluster and its eco-toxicological impacts in
general and on vegetable, crop production and human health, in particular. Our main objective of the
study in the area of Chatta, Chatta Bazar, Kalikapur of Maheshtala (22.29 0 N, 88.11 0 E) region to
investigate the level of concentration of heavy metals in effluent, canal water ,soil ,pond water, vegetable
and fruit samples to assess the pollution level.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The present study was conducted in Maheshtala textile area during summer, rainy, autumn and winter
seasons of 2012 and 2013. The soil and crops of these areas are affected by the effluent. Effluent has been
taken from 6 units. Further, samples from 4 locations of canal water have been taken at different locations
of the area. The soil samples have been taken in different seasons in both the years at 4 different
locations. Further, the samples of coconut water, papaya, guava, coix grass and water-hyacinth have also
been taken for analysis.
All soil samples (500 g) were dried at 105 o C for 2 hr and then ground to pass through a 200 mesh
(0.075 mm) sieve and subsequently homogenized for analysis. Further, one gram (1 gm) of the sieved
sample was dissolved in 15 ml aqua regia and then used to dry. The residue of these samples was treated
with 10 ml of 2 M HNO3 and then suspension was filtered through a blue band filter paper. The filtrate
was evaporated to 6-8 ml and then diluted to 10 ml with distilled water. The metal contents of these
solutions were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. ( FAAS). All the water samples (50
ml) were digested in 10 ml of concentrated HNO3 at 800C until the solution became transparent as per
requirement specified in (APHA, 2005).
RESULTS:
Safe permissible limits of heavy metals like Pb, Ni, Zn ,Cd etc. in soil, fruits and vegetables., water,
Guava and Papaya as per WHO/ FAO standard 2001 and 2007 were presented in Table 1,( Adu et.al
2012 ). The concentration of heavy metals Pb, Ni, Zn and Cd in effluent, canal water, pond water, tube
well and soil were presented in Table 2,3,4 and 5 respectively. The heavy metals concentration in fruits
and vegetables were mentioned in Table 6. Total 31 samples were collected in the year 2012 and 2013.
Out of 31 samples canal water (8), effluent (7), pond water (4), deep tube well water (2), soil (5) and 5
were from fruits and vegetable samples. Pb concentration in canal water, effluent, pond water, tube well
water, soil was very significantly higher (39- fold, 7- fold, 7- fold, 2-fold, 16- fold). Found that the mean
Pb concentration in the order of canal water > Soil˃ Effluent ≥Pond> Tube well water.
Pb level increases from year 2012 to 2013 in canal water (from 0.104 mg/l to 0.15 mg/l), in effluent
(from 0.08mg/l to 0.17 mg/l), in tube well water (from 0.007 mg/l to 0.058 mg/l). Mean level of Ni
concentrations in effluent, canal, pond water and soil were significantly higher (4- fold, 3-fold, normal, 2fold) and lower in tube well water. As per WHO limits mean Zn level in effluent, canal, pond, tube well
water and soil were very significantly lower (8- fold, 21-fold, 111- fold, 3- fold, 2- fold). Concentration
level of Cd in soil sample were lower (9 fold). Hence the mean levels of heavy metals in soil found in the
order of Pb˃ Ni˃ Zn˃ Cd.In fruits and vegetable, Pb in Papaya, coconut water, Guava , coix grass, Water
hyacinth were found significantly higher (2-fold, 1.5-fold, 42-fold, 2- fold, 9- fold) against WHO safe
limits. Cd level recorded in Guava were also significantly (7- fold,) higher. Cr level in Guava was
© ASCE
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
24
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
25
normal and Zn level recorded in Papaya, Coconut water and coix grass were significantly Lower 50fold, 8 –fold, 8 – fold as per FAO/WHO standard.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
Statistical analysis was done using SPSS program me (version 11). Significance of differences in
measured parameters between ground and wastewater irrigated sites were assessed by conducting one
way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level.
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
DISCUSSION:
SSI and tiny units discharge million liters of this untreated effluent as hazardous toxic waste, full of color
and organic chemicals from bleaching and dyeing salts. Several studies have showed that presence of salt,
acid, soaps, nitrate, chromium compound and heavy metals like Pb, Ni ,As, Cd collectively make effluent
highly toxic and thereby pollute the canal water and soil in the industrial area (Yusuf et.al 2003 ). As a
result there is no crop production in the area except some unwanted grass like coix grass is grown in the
area under study. The presence of heavy metals in fruits is given in Table 6.
The safe limits of metals as per FAO/WHO,2001 &2007 and discharge level of effluent vide Indian
standard 10500: 1993 and findings of heavy metals (Pb,Ni,Cd,Zn) from different types of samples are
given ( table:1,2,3,4,5 &6) below for discussion purpose.
Table: 1: Safe Permissible limit of Heavy metals in Fruits, Vegetable, Water and Soil as FAO /WHO
standard 2001, 2007 and IS: 10500:1993
Fruits/Veg.
Soil
Water
Papaya
Guava Effluent
Metal
( mg/kg)
( mg/kg)
(mg/l)
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) IS:10500
(mg/l)
Cu
73
5-5.6
2
3.0
Pb
0.30
2-13.4
0.01
Nd
0.58
0.10
Cd
0.20
0.1
0.003
Nd
Nd
1.0
Cr
0.1-1
10-80
0.05
2.0
Zn
99.4
60-780
3
15
Ni
1-10
10-50
0.02
0.26
Nd
3
Nd= not detectable, Source a=Adue et.al 2012
Table 2: Pb concentration in effluent, canal, pond, tube well water and soil in the year 2012 & 2013
Sl.N
Sample
& year
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
*S-12
S-12
S-12
S-12
S-13
S-13
S-13
S-13
S-13
Mean
S.D
Canal
Water
(mg/l)
0.05
0.05
0.104
0.03
0.014
0.15
0.10
0.10
---0..38
0.27
Effluent
(mg/l)
Pond water
(mg/l)
Tube well
water (mg/l)
Soil
(mg/kg)
0.07
0.08
--------0.25
1.84
0.10
0.14
0.17
0.074
0.67
0.01
0.25
----------0.016
0.01
---------------0.07
0.10
0.007
---------------0.058
--------------------0.02
0.02
1.16
11.14
17.32
41.20
90.80
--------------------32.32
32.07
© ASCE
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
26
*S-12, 13 indicates sample of the year 2012 and 2013. As per WHO safe limits of Pb concentration in
canal water, Effluent, Pond water , tube well water and soil were very significantly higher ( 39- fold, 7fold, 7- fold, 10-fold, ) . Further, Mean Pb concentration found in canal water > soil> effluent ˃Pond ≥
tube well water. Again, Pb level increases from year 2012 to 2013 in canal water (0.03 mg/l to 0.15 mg/l),
effluent (0.07mg/l to 1.84 mg/l), and tube well water (0.007 mg/l to 0.058 mg/l) and soil (from 1.16mg/kg
to 90.80 mg/kg).
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
Table 3: Content of Nickel in effluent, canal water, pond, tube well water and soil
Sample/
Year
*S-12
S-12
S-12
S-12
S-13
S-13
Mean
SD
Canal water
(mg/l)
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.05
0.037
0.037
0.05
0.01
Effluent
(mg/l)
------------------0.049
0.093
0.07
0.02
pond
(mg/l)
-------------------0.02
----0.02
--
Tube well
(mg/kg)
--------------------0.016
-----0.016
--
Soil
(mg/kg)
0.34
14.93
34.77
---------------16.68
14.11
As per Sample in Year 2012,13, Mean Ni in Effluent, canal, pond water and soil were significantly
Higher (4- fold, 3-fold, normal, 2- fold) and lower in Tube well water.
Table 4: Content of Zinc ( Zn) in effluent, canal water, pond & tube well and soil
Sample/year
Canal mg/l Effluent
Pond
Tube well
Soil
mg/l
mg/l
mg /l
mg/kg
*S-12
0.05
0.94
0.004
1.15
250.84
S-12
0.28
0.15
---------54.26
S-12
0.02
-------------S-12
0.18
-------------S-13
0.15
0.55
0.05
0
S-13
----0.07
----------S-13
----0.09
----------Mean
0.14
0.36
0.027
1.15
S.D
0.09
0.33
0.025
---As per WHO limits mean Zn level in effluent, canal, pond, tube well water
and soil were very significantly lower (8- fold, 21-fold, 111- fold, 3- fold,
2- fold).
© ASCE
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
980.4
---------------------428.50
398.41
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
27
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
Table 5 : Content of Cadmium (Cd) in Soil
Sample/ year
Soil
mg/kg
S -12
0.94
S-12
0.53
R-12
1.29
Mean
0.92
S.D
0.31
As per WHO standard, Concentration of Cd in Soil were lower ( 9 fold)
Table 6: Metal concentration papaya and coconut water, guava, coix grass and water hyacinth
for the year 2013
Metal
Year
2013
Pb
Cd
Cr
Zn
Papaya
mg/kg
Coconut water
mg/l
Guava
mg/kg
Coix grass
mg/kg
0.45
------1.96
0.41
------0.39
12.62
1.47
0.10
----
0.66
0.10
0.145
13.15
Water
Hyacinth
mg/kg
2.75
0.15
0.27
Pb levels significantly higher (2-fold, 1.5-fold, 42-fold, 2- fold, 9- fold) , safe limits of Cd in Guava were
Significantly higher ( 7- fold, ), Safe limit of Cr in Guava was normal and Safe limit of Zn in Papaya
Coconut water and Coix grass was significantly Lower 50- fold, 8 –fold, 8 – fold.
We found from our study that Mean Pb concentration is in the order of canal water > soil> effluent ˃pond
≥ tube well water. Again, Pb level increases from year 2012 to 2013 in canal water (0.03 mg/l to 0.15
mg/l), effluent (0.07mg/l to 1.84 mg/l), tube well water (0.007 mg/l to 0.058 mg/l) and soil (from
1.16mg/kg to 90.80 mg/kg). As per WHO norms (5mg/kg) Pb level in soil (90.80 mg/kg) is 18-fold
higher. Effluent from all the small and tiny industries in Chatter, Chatter Bazaar, Kalikapur area in
Maheshtala (22.29 0 N, 88.11 0 E) region were discharged to the nearby canal and adjoining land. During
rainy season the canal water overflowed to the adjoining agriculture land due to heavy siltation in the
canal. Increase of heavy metals like Pb (1.84 mg/kg) in soil will increase taking up of lead in plants
through their root system (O.E.Orisakwe, et.al, 2012). Considering safe limits of IS: 10500, 1993 for
discharge of effluent, lead concentration (0.1mg/l) have found higher in 18-fold.
Similarly, Ni concentration in Canal water was varying from 0.05mg/l to 0.07 mg/l which was an
increasing trend. As a result, deposition of Ni in soil were increased from 0 .34 mg/kg to 34.77 mg/kg in
two years.
As per IS: 10500, 1993, Ni concentration (3 mg/kg) recorded as 12-fold higher in soil. Zn concentration
in canal water is varying from 0.02 mg/l to 0.18 mg/l lower than the limits of discharge of Zn (15.0 mg/l)
as per IS: 10500:1993. Soil also recorded lower Zn concentration (54.26 mg/kg to 948.4. mg/kg) with a
mean value of 428.5 mg/kg against 760 mg/kg (WHO) standard. In fruits and vegetable Zn concentration
© ASCE
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
level has found lower. The concentration of heavy metals in soil and fruits and vegetable are given in
fig.1 and 2.
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
So, from the study, it appears that the fruits and vegetables have recorded higher concentration of heavy
metals (Pb, Ni) in papaya, Guava and coconut water and lower concentration on Zn as per table .6.
Figure: 1. Concentration of heavy metal in soil.
Figure 1. Concentration of different heavy metals in soils collected from agricultural land in the vicinity
of the bleaching and dyeing units. Respective concentrations have been represented in proportionate
increased or decreased levels expressed in folds.
The general population was exposed to lead from air and food chain was roughly in equal propositions.
Over the last few decades, in developed and developing countries, occupational exposure to inorganic
lead occurs in mines, smelters, welding of lead painted metal, textile mills, bleaching and dye units,
tannery units. Airborne lead and lead from effluent of different processing units can be deposited on soil
and water, hence reaching humans via the food chain. The children are more susceptible to high
gastrointestinal disorder, abdominal pain and various symptoms to the nervous breakdown and
concentration difficulties. Adults with prolonged exposure to lead may lead to renal failure,
gastrointestinal disorder, and headache, disturbance of hemoglobin synthesis, anemia, blood pressure and
sudden death. IARC classified lead as a possible human carcinogen based on sufficient animal data and
insufficient human data in 1987. Since then a few studies have been published, the overall evidence for
lead as a carcinogen have been published, the most likely after effects are lung cancer, stomach cancer
and gliomas.
© ASCE
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
28
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
Figure 2: Pb and Zn concentration in fruits ,vegetable and plants are shown either in
higher or lower order (fold) respectively against WHO/FAO and IS:10500:1993
standards.
From the above results recorded in the study, it appeared high level of concentration of Pb,
Ni, and Cd in soil and fruits, vegetable, plant and lower level of concentration of Zn in fruit,
vegetable and plants like papaya, guava, coconut water, coix grass and water hyacinth. The
above fruits and vegetable are consumed daily by human beings and coix grass and water
hyacinth by animal in this particular area of study. It indicates that the local inhabitants are
consumed Pb, Cd and Ni are the most significant toxin in inorganic form absorbed through
intake by food, fruits, water and air inhalation ( Ferner,2001) . Similarly, low level of nutrient
intake of Zn through food chain. Hence, it has been established that apart from other effects
like dysfunction of kidneys, joints and reproductive system, neurological disorder, include
severe damage to gastrointestinal tract (G.I), ulcer and cancer (Ogwuebgu and Muhanga,
2005, McCluggage, 1991, INECAR, 2000,) in the study area.The industrialization in this area
is growing at a rapid speed as well as health Problems (epidemic in nature). It will consider
as ‘four Ds’ of rapid economic growth: disruption, deprivation, disease and death. These can
only be addressed through mobilization of the society by introducing new structures, ecoplanning of the area which can act as the forces of improvement and remedy their
consequences. This however requires, at a minimum, good investment in urban area for
preventive health infrastructure along with accompanying regulatory and inspection system,
with a humane social security system. (S.Szreter,2004)
CONCLUSION:
Mushroom development of SSI & tiny bleaching units in the industrial area are discharging
heavy metals in the adjoining soil and canal and water bodies. As a result, soil, canal water
and pond water have been contaminated which in turn provide carcinogenic effect on fruits
and vegetables in the industrial area and have upper epidemic gastro-intestinal (GI) effect on
humans as papaya, guava & coconut water are cheap variety of vegetable available &
consumed here. A health survey among the people of the industrial area reveals that more
than 55% of residents (in the age group of 35-45 years) and migrated population are suffering
from GI disorder, ulcer and heart burn. Immediate intervention for relocating the existing
© ASCE
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
29
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
units in an organized industrial estate having accommodating capacity of 300-400 such units
with common effluent treatment plant, water re-circulating system and eco planning of estate
is essential to minimize the effect of toxicity on human health.
COMPETING INTEREST :
The authors state that they have no competing interest either financial or non –financial.
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
AUTHOR”S CONTRIBUTION:
B.G.Gupta, author, contributed in collecting all the samples and design or analysis and
interpretation of data in the research. Author has also involved in drafting the manuscript and
revision critically of the same involving important intellectual content. Author have approve
of the version to be published. Author is ensuring the accountability, accuracy and integrity
of the content of the manuscript.
J.K.Biswas and K.M Agrawal ,co-authors of the manuscript, both have participated
sufficiently in the design, analysis and drafting work to take public responsibility for
appropriate portion of the content.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT :
Author sincerely acknowledge the significant
contribution of J.K.Biswas and
K.M.Agrawal in guiding the data analysis, design and drafting of the manuscript .
REFERENCES:
Adu AA,Aderinola OJ, Kusemiju V( 2012) : Heavy metals concentration in Garden Lettuce
grown along Badagry expressway, Lagos, Transnat, J.Sci, Technol,2( 7), pp115-130,
Allen, S.E., H.W. Grimshaw and A.P. Rowland (1986): Chemical analysis, methods in plant
ecology. In: Blackwell Scientific Publication (Eds.: P.D. Moore and S.B. Chapman). Oxford,
London. pp. 285-344
APHA (2005): Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. American
Public Health Association, Washington D.C.
Al Jassir, M. S., A. Shaker, and M. A. Khaliq (2005) : Deposition of heavy metals on green
leafy vegetables sold on roadsides of Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 75, no. 5, pp. 1020–1027,
Breekle, S W. and H. Kahle (1992), Effects of toxic heavy Metals ( Cd, Pb) on the growth
and mineral nutrition of bean, Vegetation, 101,pp.43-53
Cui, Y.-J., Y.-G. Zhu, R.-H. Zhai et al.( 2004) Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in
an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environment International, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 785–
791, .
Ferner, D.J (2001): Toxicity, heavy metals. EMed. Journal ,2(5),pp1,
Fytianos, K., G. Katsianis, P. Triantafyllou, and G. Zachariadis (2001). Accumulation of
heavy metals in vegetables grown in an industrial area in relation to soil. Bulletin of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 423–430,
© ASCE
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
30
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
FAO/WHO ( 2001,2007) , Standard of Fruits, Vegetable, soil and Water ,
Gupta, Husain I, Hussain ( 2004), J. Study on the impact of textile wastewater on the
groundwater quality of villages close To River Kothari, Rajasthan, India. Pollution Research ;
23: 477-481.
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
Husain I, Vaidya VK, Hussain J, Vaidya R, Sharma CS.(2003) Groundwater pollution by
textile industry. Oriental Journal of Chemistry ; 19: 667-676.
Hussain, J, Husain I(2004):. Study on the impact of textile wastewater a S. Kumar A. Ojha C
K. and Singh G., Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tumkur taluk,
Karnataka State, India, Journal of Environmental Science & Engineering., 46(1),74–78.
Husain, Z. Baroon, M. Al-khalafawi, T. Al-Ati, and W. Sawaya(1995). Toxic metals in
imported fruits and vegetables marketed in Kuwait. Environment International, vol. 21, no. 6,
pp. 803–805,
Institute of Environmental conservation and Research INECAR(2004), Position paper
Against Mining in Rapu-Rapu, Published by INECAR, Ateneo de Naga University,
Philippines, (www.adnu.edu.ph/Institutes/Inecar/pospaper1.asp)
Indian Standard for discharge of Industrial effluent, No. 10500, 1992, reaffirmed 1993 IS:
10500, 1993.
Jacob CT, Azariah H, Roy AGV(1999). Impact of textile industries on river Noyyal and
riverine ground water quality of Tirupur, India. Pollution Research ; 18: 359-368.
Kumaraswamy N.(1999), Physico-Chemical analysis of groundwater of selected area in city
(Tamilnadu), India, Journal of Pollution Research., 10(1), 13–20.
Longo, D. L (1998). Approach to the patient with cancer, euplastic disorders, In Fauci,
A.(Ed),Harrison s Principal of Internal Medicine, McGraw-Hill, New-York, pp ,493-499 .
Mohamed, E.(2000) Trace element levels in some kinds of dates. Food Chemistry, vol. 70,
no. 1, pp. 9–12,
Ogwuebgu MOC, Muhanga, W (2005) , Investigation of lead concentration in the blood of
the people in the Copper belt province of Zambia, Journal of Environment,(1):pp66-75.
Orisakwa O E, Ashomuga R ,Obi E, Afonne OJ, Anishi CE, Dioka CE,(2004) Impact of
effluent from car battery manufacturing plant on water, soil and food qualities in Newi,
Nigeria, Archives Environment Health, 59(1):pp31-36
Parveen, Z., M. I. Khuhro, and N. Rafiq.( 2003) Market basket survey for lead, cadmium,
copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc in fruits and vegetables. Bulletin of Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 1260–1264,..
McCluggage, D (1991), Heavy metal poisoning, NCS Magazine,The Bird Co, USA
.(www.cockatials.org/articles/Diseasees/metals.html).
Rossman TG, Waalkes MP.(2003): Special issue: metals and human cancer. Mutation
Research ; 533:pp 1-2.
© ASCE
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
31
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
Sobukola, O. P., O. M. Adeniran, A. A. Odedairo, and O. E. Kajihausa.(2010): Heavy metal
levels of some fruits and leafy vegetables from selected markets in Lagos, Nigeria. African
Journal of Food Science, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 389–393,
Saracoglu, S., M. Tuzen, and M. Soylak.(2009) Evaluation of trace element contents of dried
apricot samples from Turkey. Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 167, no. 1–3, pp. 647–
652,
Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Biman Gupta on 06/11/16. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved.
Simon Szreter,(2004): Industrialization and health, British Medical Bulletin,69(1),pp,75-86 .
© ASCE
World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2016
32