35 Years of Breeding Blond Lowerswords

35年黄化底剑培育经验分享 35 Years of Breeding Blond Lowerswords Alan S. Bias, Lewisburg, WV USA Swordtail Guppy Breeder, Show Judge and Independent Researcher. Mailing address: P.O. Box 1508, Lewisburg, West Virginia 24901, USA. orcid.org/0000-0002-9093-619X. alansbias@aol.com © Alan S. Bias &/or China Guppy Club. All photos & text by author unless otherwise indicated. Permission granted for nonprofit reproduction or duplication of photos and text with proper credit for learning purposes only. Alan S. Bias Digitally signed by Alan S. Bias DN: cn=Alan S. Bias, o, ou, email=alansbias @aol.com, c=US Date: 2018.10.16 08:59:32 -04'00' Hopefully, I will be able to answer several questions that are commonly asked of me by Asian breeders about my fish… 在这里，我希望能回答一些经常被亚洲培养者问到的关于我的鱼的问题: 1. Are Bias Lowerswords hybridized with other species? NO. They are pure Poecilia reticulata to the best of my knowledge. There is no known Poecilia reticulata wingei or Xihphophorus genotype in my strain within the past 80+ generations. Yes, I periodically make hybrid breedings for research. Resulting offspring are normally culled upon completion. 你的底剑有和其他的鱼种杂交吗？ 没有，据我所知都是纯孔雀花鳉。在过去的80代育种里，我的品系中没有Poecilia reticulata wingei 或剑尾鱼属基因。我有定期做杂交育种研究，但得到的子代通常在研究完成后就淘汰掉。 2. Why do Bias Lowerswords produce so many phenoytpes? I consider my Lowersword to be fixed to type through an understanding of the diverse genotype maintained in the strain. Just not a single or several phenoytpes. Swordtails are not constrained to one or two color classes. Therefore, there is no reason for me to produce fish of a single color / pattern in high numbers. To do so, would reduce the genetic diversity I seek to maintain. In comparison, a Blue-Red Grass strain with three phenotypes which are confined to Red Grass (abab [rr]), Blue Grass (Abab [Rr]) classes and homozygous Asian Blau (AbAB [RR] which are culled. My strain will produce 60+ phenotypes through an understanding of the overall genotype. We will discuss a few of the primary phenotypes today. 为什么你的底剑会产出这么多的表现型？ 我觉得，你如果了解品系中维持的多种基因型，你就能理解我的底剑其实是可以稳定的类 型，而不仅仅是一个或几个表现型。剑尾不限于一种或两种颜色类别，因此，我没有理由大量生产单一颜色或图案的鱼。这样做， 将减少我致力维持的基因多样性。相比之下，一个蓝/红草品系局限于三个表型，分别是红草（abab[rr]）、蓝草（Abab[Rr]）和淘 汰掉的纯合亚洲蓝（AbAB[RR]），而通过对总体基因型的理解，我的品系可以产生60 种以上表现型。今天我们将讨论一些主要的 表现型。 3. Why are Bias Lowerswords so large? By North American standards my fish are considered moderately sized. They are not excessively large, nor is that my goal. Large fish do not produce the density and intensity of color, nor the reflective qualities I seek. The size of my fish is solely determined by: feeding schedule, water change, stocking level, selection practice and breeding scheme. 你的底剑尺寸为什么那么大？ 根据北美标准，我的鱼是中等大小。他们并不是特别大，大尺寸也不是我追求的目标。大鱼不会产生 足够的颜色密度和强度，也不会产生我所寻求的反射品质。我的鱼只大小完全取决于：喂食安排、换水、饲养量、选鱼（淘汰）和 培育计划。 2 a. Feeding: I feed a blend of several commercial flakes that equates to approximately 50% vegetable matter and 50% animal matter 2-3 times daily. If young stock are still “hungry” after I have fed all tanks, I will give them some more. Food quality + volume fed = growth. Twice a day all fish are fed newly hatched Baby Brine Shrimp. Again, if young stock are still “hungry” after I have feed all tanks, I will give them some more. Bright gold color = higher protein levels. Brine Shrimp is “cold killed” by refrigeration as soon as hatching is complete to preserve as much “yoke” as possible. Refrigerated shrimp can be used for 5-7 days without issue. a. 喂食：每天喂食混合薄片饲料（大约50%素，50%荤）2-3次，如果喂完了所有的缸之后，幼鱼仍然“饥饿”，我会再喂一些。食物 质量+喂食量=生长。所有鱼每天喂食两次新孵出的丰年虾。同样，如果幼鱼仍然“饥饿”，我会再喂一些。明亮的金黄色=较高蛋 白质水平。丰年虾孵化完成后就尽快“冷藏”，以尽量地保存“卵黄”。冷藏虾可使用5-7天，无问题。 b. Water: I change 20-30% of water in mid-size automated tanks 1-2 times daily. In large manual tanks I change 30-40% of water 2-3 times weekly. Guppy physiology evolved in “clean moving” water with turnover, not stagnant ponds with excessive accumulations of detritus and hormones. Domestic strains can be selected over successive generations for continuing growth response through water replacement. b. 水：中等大小自动化缸，每次更换20-30%的水，每天1-2次。大的手动缸，每次更换30-40%的水，每周2-3次。孔雀的生理机能是 在“干净、流动”的水中随着周转进行，而不是在过度积累有机残渣和荷尔蒙的死水池中。通过换水刺激持续生长，品系孔雀鱼可以 进行连续几代的选育。 c. Stocking: My stocking rates are not high, as compared to many IFGA delta breeders. By the time a litter reaches one month of age 25% have been culled for size. At two months of age another 25% have been further culled for size or deformities. At 2-3 months fish are sexed. At this time on average 8-12 females and 10-20 sibling males are retained from a litter. From these males 8-12 may be reared to maturity. c. 饲养量：与许多美国三角尾孔雀鱼的饲养者相比，我的饲养率不高。一个月的时候，25%的小鱼因为尺寸大小被淘汰掉。两个月 的时候，另外25%会因为尺寸大小或体型不好被淘汰掉。2-3个月可以分出性别的时候，平均8-12条母鱼和10-20条同窝公鱼被保留， 这些公鱼中8-12条可以饲养到成熟。 3 d. Selection: Rare gene or new trait aside, if fish do not grow I will not retain them. Small fish are culled regardless of intensity and density of color or pattern. Small males = small results. Excessively large fish are not normally retained. Large males = poor color. I retain moderate and upper moderately sized fish. Only the top 25-30% of males are retained for selection as potential breeders or show fish. I generally utilize breeding groups consisting of 2-3 males (2 moderate with brilliant color / pattern and 1 moderately large regardless of color / pattern) paired to 4-6 females (moderate size or better). Size is a heritable trait passed by sires (males). There is no known genetic correlation between size of dam (female) and size of offspring. There is however a known correlation between size of fry at birth and size of fry at maturity. Females who produce excessively large litters with small birth size or visible yolk sacs (premature) are not preferred. Those females who produce moderate litters at maturity (40 to 60, no more than 80 fry) with large birth size and fully absorbed yolk sac are preferred. Either situation are heritable traits easily instilled in a strain. No structural deformities are tolerated. d. 选鱼：稀有基因或新品种除外，如果鱼不生长，我不会保留它们。不管颜色和图案的强度和密度如何，小的鱼都会被淘汰掉，小的公鱼=小的 结果。过大的鱼通常不被保留，过大的公鱼=较差的颜色。我保留中等大小尺寸和中等偏大尺寸的鱼，只有25-30%的公鱼被选择作为潜在种鱼或 比赛鱼而保留。我通常利用由2-3只公鱼（2只中等大小、鲜艳颜色/花纹，1只中等偏大，不分颜色/花纹））配对4-6只母鱼（中等或好一点的尺 寸）的育种群。大小是由公鱼传递的遗传性状，母鱼的大小和后代的大小之间没有已知的遗传相关性。然而，出生时的鱼苗大小和成熟期的鱼 苗大小之间存在着已知的相关性。产仔量过大、尺寸小或可见卵黄囊（早产儿）的母鱼不是好的选择。成熟期产仔量适中（40～60只，80只以 下）、鱼苗尺寸大、卵黄囊完全吸收的母鱼为佳。这两种情况都是容易在品系中灌输的遗传特征。结构畸形的鱼不可以保留。 e. Breeding: As a rule I make only two types of breedings. In essences, I maintain two lines within my Lowersword strain, one blond and one grey. 1. Blond (bb) x Blond (bb). 2. Grey (bb) x Grey (BB, homozygous) or Grey (Bb, heterozygous) or Blond (bb). Periodically, I will cross the lines. Within line, I make multiple breedings from a very large “overall population” of 60-80 tanks of Lowerswords. I do not always seek to “turn” a generation with each breeding. Many breedings will be “linear” to maintain the current generation, breeding when current results are satisfactory. Other breedings will be “backcross” to either parental parent line to “re-enforce” specific traits such as color, pattern, body or size. By doing so, I am able to select for multiple traits in a heavy line-bred manner, yet preserve the genetic variation found within my strain. When founded with very small numbers, Guppy populations and breedings strains are known to be very resilient. During meiosis (cell division) segments on homologous chromosomes break apart and reconnect to the other matching chromosome. In this manner traits can infrequently be transferred between sex chromosomes (X to Y in males or X to X in females). As a result of well planned breedings, multiple breedings, maintenance of a large overall breeding population, and crossover events genetic variation can be maintained. Even the overall inbreeding co-efficient in your strain is very high. My entire Lowersword breeding program consists of a single Y-link from one foundation sire 80+ generations ago. Outside females are only brought in when a desired trait is lacking within my breeding population. e. 育种：一般来说，我只做两种类型的培育。基本上，我的底剑保持两线鱼，一线黄化和一线野生色。1. 黄化（bb）X黄化（bb）。 2.野生色 （bb）X野生色（BB，纯合子）或野生色（Bb，杂合子）或黄化（bb）。周期性地，我会进行异线杂交。同线底剑，我保有非常大的数量（6080缸）做多种培育。我并不每次培育都追求“更新换代”，当目前的结果令人满意时，我就维持当前线的繁殖。其他育种将“返交”到亲鱼线，以加 强特定的特征，如颜色，图案，身体或大小。通过这样做，我能够在高度线性培育的情况下，选择多样的表现特征，同时保留我品系内的基因 多样性。在小量育种时，我们知道孔雀鱼种群和特征是非常有弹性的。当细胞成熟分裂时，同源染色体上分裂并重新连接到另一个匹配的染色 体上。以这种方式，性状可以在性染色体之间传递（雄性是从X到Y，雌性是从X到X）。由于按计划进行育种、多样育种、维持大饲养量以及杂 交，基因的多样性得以保持。甚至品系内的总体近亲繁殖的效率也非常高。我的整个底剑育种计划由一个提供Y基因的种公发展到现在80代，只 有当我的繁殖种群缺乏所需的特征时，才会引入外部母鱼。 4 Early Bias Blond (bb) Purple Body (PbPb) Translucent Scale (undescribed) Lowersword (Y-Ls) circa 1985. Swordtail Guppies have long captivated me with their beauty, longevity and hardiness, ever since my first visit to the fishroom of lifelong Swordtail breeder Don Sauers. This male, descended from his stocks, expresses the both the “Purple Body” and “Translucent Scale” gene. The latter trait will remove much of the reflective qualities produced by violet-blue structural color and yellow-orange color pigment. IFGA Swordtail standards were defined in the 1960’s based on a limited understanding of Guppy genetics. For decades, this hindered the improvement of Swordtails in North America. Lowerswords are traditionally Y-linked for sword shape and much of the color they express. Lowersword females, at the time, were considered to generally have two neutral “X” chromosomes (XoXo) for color and tail shape. Outcrossing to delta lines produced short-term improvement in size or color. This also resulted in poor sword shape when beneficial “autosomal concentrations” from linebreeding were lost. The most common delta outcrosses utilized color and tail neutral IFGA Green delta females, and produced very large bodied swordtails for several generations. Few fish had the color and iridescence found in the European Vienna Emerald Swordtails. 大约1985年，拜尔斯早期的黄化(bb)紫化体(PbPb)半透明鳞片（未细述）底剑 自从我第一次参观终身剑尾繁殖者唐·索尔斯的鱼房以来，剑尾孔雀鱼的美丽、长寿和饲养难度一直吸引着我。图中的公鱼来自他 的鱼，表现了“紫色身体”和“半透明鳞片”基因。后者的特性将很大部分地消除了由紫蓝色色素和黄橙色产生的反光性质。 IFGA剑尾标准是在60年代对孔雀鱼遗传学有限的理解的基础上定义。几十年来，这阻碍了北美洲剑尾的改良。底剑表现出来的尾 型和大部分的颜色，传统上是Y伴性遗传。当时，人们通常认为，底剑母鱼有两条遗传中性的X染色体（XoXo）参与鱼体颜色和 尾形的遗传。与三角尾的异型杂交可以短期地改善尺寸大小和颜色。但当品系繁殖的“常染色体密集”优势减少，这也导致剑形 的不好。在最常见的三角尾异型杂交中，选用鱼的体色和尾型遵循遗传中性的美国绿三角尾的母鱼进行杂交，会获得好几代大体 型的剑尾。但很少鱼能有在欧洲维也纳绿宝石剑尾中见到的颜色和虹层。 5 Bias Lowerswords (Y-Ls) circa 1988. In the mid to late 1980's I was able to procure and infuse European Vienna Emerald Doubleword genetics on a couple of occasions into my Lowersword breedings. One notable shipment around 1990 would come from Dr. Walter Schuster in Austria. These males (below) were produced through outcrossing of North American IFGA and European IKGH strains. Notice an increase in color and improved fin shape. By this time half of my 100 tank fish room consisted of Swordtails. After this initial experience with European Swordtail genetics I knew it would comprise a major part of my future breedings. In addition to utilizing the Austrian genetics in my own breeding program, I quickly passed these stocks to other notable Swordtail breeders. Since this time my fish room has been dedicated to breeding and showing Swordtails, and understanding the genetics of all Guppies . 大约1988年，拜尔斯的底剑(Y-Ls) 从80年代中后期，我曾几次取得欧洲维也纳绿宝石双剑基因，并将其注入我的底剑繁殖中。一次效果明显的 是1990年左右来自奥地利的沃尔特博士。下面的公鱼是通过与北美和欧洲孔雀鱼交配得到，能看到颜色和鳍 型的提升，这时我的100个鱼缸里有一半是剑尾鱼。有了最初的欧洲剑尾基因经验之后，我知道这将是我未来 育种的一个重要组成部分。除了在自己的育种计划中利用来自奥地利基因之外，我迅速将这些种群传递给其 他有名的剑尾繁殖者。从那时起，我的鱼房一直致力于培育和展示剑尾，并了解所有孔雀鱼的基因。 6 Bias Lowersword circa 2004. Shortly after relocating to Montana in 2002, I decided to utilize a European Lace Snakeskin Doublesword strain as the foundation for my new Lowersword breedings. These Snakeskin Doubleswords originated from Austrian breeder Anette Wulff. Through several generations of backcross and a crossover event, I was able to eliminate both the X-link Snakeskin (X-SSb/SSt) genes, and the X-link Doublesword (X-Ds) gene. This revealed the Vienna type color and pattern which had been masked by the Snakeskin Body (SSb) and Snakeskin Tail (SSt) genes. There is only one single foundation Y-link in my entire Lowersword strain. The Lowersword male (bottom right photo), and an identical sibling brother (not pictured) are the progenitors of every single male currently in my breeding program. 大约2004年，拜尔斯的底剑 在2002年移居蒙大纳后不久，我决定利用欧洲蕾丝蛇纹双剑作为新底剑繁殖的基础。这些蛇纹双剑来源于奥地 培育者Anette Wulff。通过几代的杂交和反交繁殖，我能够除去掉X伴性遗传的蛇纹基因(X-SSb/SSt)和X伴性遗 传的双剑基因(X-Ds)。这显示了被蛇纹体（SSb）和蛇纹尾（SSt）基因掩盖的维也纳型颜色和图案。在我的整 个底剑繁殖中只有一个基础的Y伴性基因，右下角的公鱼和一只同窝兄弟（未图示）是我现在育种计划中每个雄 性的祖先。 7 Bias Lowersword circa 2006. By 2006 I was producing several distinct Lowersword phenotypes. The male (bottom left) with red sex-links (X-red) in body and fins, was produced through outcross with Penchoff Red Doublesword females. The male (bottom right) with yellow sex-link (X-yellow) was one of my first selected for yellow finnage. He was produced through an outcross with Tomoko Young Lowersword females. Notice this same male also expresses Purple Body (Pb). In addition to Purple Body, my single most selected trait is Emerald Green Iridescent (EGI), also known as Smaragd Iridenscens (SmIr). This trait, visible as a “green peduncle spot” has the capability to amplify reflective color expression throughout the entire body. In conjunction with other genes this green peduncle spot can be modified to blue or yellow. 大约2006年，拜尔斯的底剑 到了2006，我创作了几个不同的底剑表现型。左下方公鱼的身体和鳍有红色的伴性遗传（X-red），通过与 Penchoff红双剑母鱼杂交产生。右下方公鱼有黄色的伴性遗传（X-yellow）是我选择的第一个黄色鳍鱼。他是通 过与Tomoko Young底剑母鱼杂交而产生的。请注意这个公鱼也表现出紫化体(Pb)。除了紫化体外，我单一选择 最多的特征是绿宝石虹层（EGI），也称为翡翠绿虹彩(SmIr)。这种“绿色尾柄斑”的特征能够增强全身的反射性 颜色表现。与其他基因结合，这种绿色尾柄斑点可以被调整成蓝色或黄色。 8 Gene Reference Table, part I 基因参考表，第一部分 • Albino (a): autosomal recessive. • 白子 (a)：常染色体隐性 • Asian Blau (Ab): autosomal incompletely dominant. • 亚洲蓝(Ab)：常染色体不完全显性 • Blond (b): autosomal recessive. • Bunt (Bu): X sex-link or autosomal, “unknown”. • Color / Tail Neutral Female (Xo): X sex-link. • 黄化 (b)：常染色体隐性 • 红体 (Bu)：X伴性或常染色体，“未知” • 颜色/尾部中性雌性(Xo)：X伴性 • Doublesword (Y-Ds or X-Ds): X/Y sex-link. • 双剑(Y-Ds or X-Ds)：X/Y伴性 • Emerald Green Iridescent (EGI): X/Y sex-link. Also known as Smaragd Iridenscens (SmIr). • 绿宝石虹彩(EGI)：X/Y伴性，也称为翡翠 绿虹彩(SmIr) • Grey (B): wild-type. • 灰（野生色）(B)：野生型 • Halfblack (NiII), also known as Tuxedo: X/Y sex-link. • 半黑(NiII)，也称为礼服：X/Y伴性 • Lowersword (Y-Ls): Y sex-link. • Metal Gold (Mg): autosomal, “unknown”. • Moscow Blau Additional Gene (MBAG): X sex-link. • 底剑 (Y-Ls)：Y伴性 • 金属黄金(Mg)：常染色体，“未知” • 莫斯科蓝额外基因(MBAG)：X伴性 9 Gene Reference Table, part II 基因参考表，第二部分 • Purple Body (Pb): autosomal incompletely dominant. • 紫化体 (Pb)：常染色体不完全显性 • Schimmelpennig Platinum (Sc): X/Y sex-link. • 席梅尔朋白金(Sc)：X/Y伴性 • Snakeskin Body (SSb): X/Y sex-link. • 蛇王体(SSb)：X/Y伴性 • Snakeskin Tail (SSt): X/Y sex-link. • 蛇王尾(SSt)：X/Y伴性 • Stoerzbach (ss): autosomal recessive. Also known as Metallicus (me). • 史托巴赫(ss)：常染色体隐性。也称为金 属(me) • Tigrinus (Ti): X sex-link. • 虎斑(Ti)：X伴性 • Translucent Scale: autosomal dominant, “unknown”. • 半透明鳞片：常染色体显性，“未知” • Vienna Emerald Green (VEG): X/Y sex-link. • 维也纳宝石绿(VEG)：X/Y伴性 • X-link Asian Red Doublesword (Xred-Ds): X sex-link. • X性关联亚洲红双剑(Xred-Ds)：X伴性 • X-link Asian Yellow Doublesword (Xyel-Ds): X sex-link. • X性关联亚洲黄双剑(Xyel-Ds)：X伴性 • Zebrinus (Ze): autosomal incompletely dominant. • 条纹(Ze)：常染色体不完全显性 10 The Importance Of Swordtail Females. A mature well shaped female will continue to develop and produce offspring throughout her life. Longevity, fertility and body shape are heritable traits. Females contribute 50% of the genotype contained in all offspring produced. Their toplines should be straight as found in wild-type, and peduncles thick if you wish to produce the same qualities in male offspring. Breeders should retain the best females into advanced age and continue to collect litters over the course of their lives. By doing so, you can increase both the functional lifespan of individuals, and length of fertility of males and females in your strain. Prolonged retention offspring from only the first several litters produced by females (and males) is proven to result in shorter lifespans and reduced fertility. 底剑母鱼的重要性 一个成熟的体型良好的母鱼可以在整个生命中继续发育和生产后代。寿命、生育和体型是遗传性状。母鱼给 所有生产的后代提供50%的基因型。如果想要得到高品质的雄性后代，要选背线像野生型一样直、尾柄厚实 的母鱼。饲养者应保留最好的母鱼一直到高龄，并继续收集他们寿命中所有的后代。这样做不仅可以延长个 体的功能寿命，而且可以延长品系中公鱼和母鱼的生育期。经证明，长时间仅保留母鱼（和公鱼）的最初几 窝产仔后代会导致寿命缩短和生育力下降。 11 Females are known to pass poor topline and head structure to both sons and daughters as an X-link. Once fixed in a strain, such structural defects can be hard to eliminate and often require outcross. Breeders should select for a straight topline as found in wild-type guppy populations. The female pictured on the bottom left expresses a “dip” in her forehead. This deformity is then passed to male offspring, as pictured on the right. 我们知道，因为X伴性，母鱼会传递不良的背线和头部结构给雄性和雌性后代。一旦稳定在品系中，这 样的结构缺陷就很难消除，并且通常需要杂交解决。繁殖者应选择野生型孔雀鱼中那样的直背线。左下 方的母鱼照片显示她的额头上有一个“凹陷”。这种畸形会传递给雄性后代，如图所示。 12 Basic Lowersword (Y-Ls) Phenotypes; Grey (B), Blond (b), Purple Body (Pb), Zebrinus (Ze) and Tigrinus (Ti) 基本底剑(Y-Ls) 表现型：野生色 (B), 黄化 (b), 紫化体 (Pb), 条纹 (Ze) 和虎斑 (Ti) 13 Grey Vienna Emerald Green (VEG) Lowersword (Y-Ls). Here is an example of a grey Vienna Emerald Green Lowersword male with a few added genes for additional color and pattern. Notice his peduncle expresses Vienna Emerald Green. The grey Lowersword female expresses a color neutral dorsal and caudal (XoXo). While I refer to her as a “Lowersword” female, she is not expected to carry any sex-links for tail shape. 野生色维也纳绿宝石(VEG) 底剑 (Y-Ls). 这例子是野生色维也纳绿宝石底剑公鱼，加了一些额外的颜色图案基因。可以看到他的尾柄有维绿的 表现。野生色底剑母鱼表现出颜色中性的背鳍和尾鳍 (XoXo)。虽然她是一条“底剑”母鱼，但她不 携带与尾巴形状有关的伴性基因。 14 Blond (bb) Metal Gold (Mg) Vienna Emerald (VEG) Lowersword (Y-Ls). Here is an example of a Blond Vienna Emerald Green Lowersword male with sex-link genes for yellow color pigment in finnage and autosomal Metal Gold in body and finnage. Notice his peduncle expresses Vienna Emerald Green. The blond “Lowersword” female expresses a color neutral dorsal and caudal (XoXo). She also expresses autosomal Metal Gold (Mg) in the body and eyes, which is more visible in blond males and females with black melanophores reduced in size. Blond, also known as “IFGA Gold”, is a described genotype. Whereas the term IFGA Gold is simply a classification of phenotype for shows. 黄化(bb) 金属黄金 (Mg) 维也纳绿宝石(VEG)底剑 (Y-Ls) 这个例子是黄化维也纳绿宝石底剑公鱼，鱼鳍带有伴性黄色素基因，身体和鱼鳍带有常染色体金属黄金基 因。可以看见他的尾柄是维也纳绿宝石表现。黄化的底剑母鱼表现出颜色中性的背鳍和尾鳍，身体和眼睛 也表现出常染色体的金属黄金基因(Mg)，这在黑色素减少的黄化公鱼和母鱼身上表现更加明显。黄化也称 作“美国金”，是基因型的表述。“美国金”是IFGA比赛时对这种表现型的一种简单分类。 15 Blond (bb) Purple Body (PbPb) Metal Gold (Mg) Lowersword (Y-Ls). This blond male is expressing the autosomal dominant Purple Body gene. While appearing as a yellow phenotype, he is genetically a “purple” fish. Purple Body (Bias & Squire 2017) is only the second autosomal gene to be formally described in both wild-type populations and Domestic Strains of Poecilia reticulata. The first being autosomal gene Zebrinus (Ze) described by Winge in 1927. This male primarily expresses autosomal Metal Gold xanthophores in body and finnage. Sex-link yellow color pigment xanthophores, known to be contained in his genotype, have failed to form and migrate as a direct result of the Purple Body gene in homozygous expression. 黄化(bb)紫化体 (PbPb) 金属黄金 (Mg)底剑(Y-Ls) 这只黄化公鱼表现了常染色体显性紫化体基因。看上去像黄色表现型，但他在基因上是一只紫色鱼。紫 化体（Bias & Squire 2017）是第二个在野生孔雀种群和品系孔雀种群中都被正式描述的常染色体基因。 第一个是1927年由Winge描述的条纹(Ze)常染色体基因。该公鱼表现出来的金属金黄色素细胞主要在身体 和鳍上。因为紫化体基因纯化表现，基因型中伴性黄色素细胞色素未能形成和迁移。 16 Blond (bb) Metal Gold (Mg) Zebrinus (Zeze) Lowersword (Y-Ls). Zebrinus is an autosomal dominant barred pattern consisting of 3-5 or more dark vertical stripes. Resembling sex-link Tigrinus (X-Ti), but more pronounced. Both males here express Zebrinus barring in their peduncles and autosomal Metal Gold. The male on the left being homozygous Metal Gold. 黄化(bb) 金属黄金(Mg)条纹(Zeze)底剑(Y-Ls) 条纹是常染色体显性基因，包含3-5道（或更多）暗颜色的竖状条纹图案，类似伴性的虎斑（X-Ti），但 更明显。这两只公鱼尾柄上都有条纹表现，以及常染色体金属黄金表现。左边的公鱼是纯合的金属黄金。 17 Blond (bb) Tigrinus(X-Ti) Lowersword (Y-Ls). This male appears to express sex-link Tigrinus barring in the peduncle. The Tigrinus barring pattern of dark vertical stripes is less pronounced than that of Zebrinus. Having fewer dark vertical bars that fork in a distinctive “Y” shape. 黄化(bb)虎斑(X-Ti)底剑 (Y-Ls) 这条公鱼的尾柄表现了伴性的虎斑。暗颜色竖条纹的虎斑没有条纹那么明显，较少数量的暗颜色竖条纹， 形成一个独特的“Y”形。 18 Asian Blau (Ab) Lowersword (Y-Ls) Phenotypes 亚洲蓝 (Ab) 底剑 (Y-Ls) 表现型 19 Blond (bb) Asian Blau (Abab) Metal Gold (Mg) Lowersword (Y-Ls). The Asian Blau male on the left also expresses Purple Body (Pb). Asian Blau + Purple Body in co-expression will inhibit both sex-link yellow and orange color pigment formation, and also reduce autosomal Metal Gold expression. The male on the right is Asian Blau and Metal Gold. Asian Blau inhibits sex-link orange color pigment formation. This male is not Purple Body. 黄化 (bb)亚洲蓝(Abab)金属黄金(Mg)底剑(Y-Ls) 左下方的亚洲蓝公鱼也有紫化体(Pb)的表现。亚洲蓝+紫化体协同表现可抑制伴性黄色和橙色色素的形成， 并降低常染色体金属黄金的表现。右边的公鱼是亚洲蓝和金属黄金，亚洲蓝抑制伴性橙色素的形成，这条 公鱼不是紫化体。 20 Blond (bb) Asian Blau (Abab) Metal Gold (Mg) Zebrinus (Zeze) Lowersword (Y-Ls). The Asian Blau Zebrinus male on the left is expressing Purple Body (Pb). Asian Blau + Purple Body in co-expression can inhibit sex-link yellow color pigment and reduce autosomal Metal Gold expression. The male on the right is Asian Blau + Zebrinus, but not Purple Body. Both males are likely heterozygous Zebrinus, meaning they only inherited Zebrinus from a single parent. 黄化(bb)亚洲蓝(Abab) 金属黄金(Mg)条纹(Zeze)底剑 (Y-Ls) 左下方的亚洲蓝条纹公鱼是紫化体（Pb）表现。亚洲蓝+紫化体协同表现可抑制伴性黄色素， 降低常染色体金属黄金的表现。右边的公鱼是亚洲蓝+条纹，但不是紫化体。两条公鱼都可能 是杂合型条纹，意思是它们只从单亲那里遗传条纹基因。 21 Blond (bb) Asian Blau (Abab) Metal Gold (Mg) Zebrinus (ZeZe) Lowersword (Y-Ls). The male is Asian Blau Zebrinus, but not Purple Body. He is likely homozygous Zebrinus (ZeZe), meaning he inherited Zebrinus from each parent. He also expresses a modified Blue Peduncle and strong Metal Gold (Mg) expression. 黄化 (bb)亚洲蓝 (Abab)金属黄金 (Mg)条纹(ZeZe)底剑(Y-Ls). 这是一条亚洲蓝条纹（非紫化体）底剑，他应该是纯合型条纹基因(ZeZe)，意思是从父母双方都遗传了条 纹基因。他也表现出调整过的蓝尾柄和很强的金属黄金表现。 22 Blond (bb) Translucent Scale (undescribed) Lowersword (Y-Ls). Translucent scale has not been formally described by researchers. It appears to pass through an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance. This trait is conserved across multiple species. In Angelfish it is referred to as “Blushing”. Notice the reduction of iridophores in the gill plates, abdominal lining and peduncle. In grey body fish additional modifications are apparent in melanophores and yellow-orange color pigment color will appear “flat”. This male is also expressing Moscow Blau Additional gene (X-MBAG), Metal Gold (Mg), and Asian Blau (Ab). 黄化(bb)半透明鳞片（未描述）底剑(Y-Ls). 半透明鳞片目前还没有被研究者正式描述过，它应该是通过常染色体显性模式遗传，这种特性在多个物种之间是共同的。 在神仙鱼中，它被称为“鳃红”，可以看到鳃板、腹部和尾柄膜中虹膜细胞的减少。在野生色鱼中，对黑色素细胞有明显 的额外调整作用，黄橙色素细胞将呈现“平淡”。该公鱼也表现了莫斯科蓝额外基因（X-MBAG）、金属黄金（Mg）和 亚洲蓝（Ab）。 23 Stoerzbach (ss) Lowersword (Y-Ls) Phenotypes 史托巴赫 (ss) 底剑 (Y-Ls) 的表现型 24 Blond (bb) Stoerzbach (ss) Metal Gold (Mg) Lowersword (Y- Ls). Autosomal recessive Stoerzbach is also known and formally described as Metallicus (me). Asian Blau + Purple Body (left photo) in co-expression can inhibit formation and migration of sex-link yellow-orange color pigment cells (xantho-erythrophores), and reduce autosomal Metal Gold (Mg) expression. Stoerzbach + homozygous Metal Gold (right photo) can produce a phenotype resembling a Full Gold Platinum in well selected breedings. 黄化(bb) 史托巴赫 (ss)金属黄金 (Mg)底剑(Y- Ls). 常染色体隐性史托巴赫也被称为金属基因（me）。亚洲蓝+紫化体(左图)共同作用可抑制伴性黄橙色素细胞(黄色红细胞) 的形成和迁移，减少常染色体金属黄金(Mg)的表现。史托巴赫+纯合型金属黄金（右图）经选育后能产生类似金黄色铂 金表现的鱼。 25 Blond (bb) Steorzbach (ss) Asian Blau (Ab) Moscow Blau Additional Gene (MBAG) Metal Gold (Mg) Translucent Scale (undescribed) Lowersword (Y-Ls). Homozygous Stoerzbach can greatly increase reflective qualities. While a very vividly colored phenotype, this combination of traits did not produce a healthy and vigorous result. The genotype in these two males is very complex and comprised of multiple autosomal and sex-link genes. Such phenotypes cannot be reproduced in large numbers or line bred long-term. 黄化(bb)史托巴赫(ss)亚洲蓝 (Ab)莫斯科蓝额外基因(MBAG)金属黄金(Mg)半透明鳞片底剑(Y-Ls) 纯合型史托巴赫能大大提高反射性，虽然这是一种非常生动的颜色表型，但这种性状组合并没有产生健康、 活力的结果。这两条公鱼的基因型是非常复杂的，由多个常染色体和伴性基因组成。这种表型不能复制般 的大量繁殖，也不能长期线繁殖。 26 Blond (bb) heterozygous Steorzbach (ss) Asian Blau (Ab) Purple Body (Pb) Moscow Blau Additional Gene (MBAG) Metal Gold (Mg) Translucent Scale (undescribed) Lowersword (Y-Ls). Asian Blau has inhibited red color pigment in the peduncle. Purple Body has inhibited sex-link yellow color pigment in the peduncle and finnage. All visible yellow is autosomal Metal Gold (Mg). Yet, the modified orange ornament can still be seen co-expressing within the Moscow Blau Additional Gene half body peduncle pattern as a “light blue” spot. MBAG has collected the homozygous Metal Gold in the shoulder into a very tight pattern. Lacking homozygous Stoerzbach, this combination of traits did produce a healthy and vigorous result. The genotype in these two males is very complex and comprised of multiple autosomal and sex-link genes. As with the prior slide exhibit, this phenotype cannot be reproduced in large numbers. 黄化(bb)杂合型史托巴赫(ss)亚洲蓝 (Ab)紫化 体(Pb)莫斯科蓝额外基因(MBAG)金属黄金 (Mg)半透明鳞片底剑(Y-Ls) 。亚洲蓝抑制了 尾柄中的红色素，紫化体抑制尾柄和鳍中的 伴性黄色素，所有可见黄色均为常染色体金 属黄金（Mg）。然而，在半身尾柄处仍然可 以看到调整后的橙色，这是与莫斯科蓝附加 基因共同作用形成的“浅蓝色”斑点。莫斯 科蓝额外基因集合了肩部的纯合型金属黄金， 形成非常紧密的图案。没有纯合型史托巴赫， 这种特征组合确实产生了健康而有活力的结 果。这两条公鱼的基因型是非常复杂的，由 多个常染色体和伴性基因组成。与前面的幻 灯片展示一样，这种表型不能复制般大量繁 殖。 27 Bunt (Bu) Lowersword (Y-Ls) Phenotypes 红体(Bu) 底剑(Y-Ls) 的表现型 28 Blond (bb) Bunt (Bu) Lowersword (Y-Ls). This male is a multi-colored “bunt” phenotype showing additional red color pigment (erythrophores) in the body. Bunt is a German word loosely translated to mean “colorful”. Bunt pattern produces increased red / orange color pigment in two distinct expressions. In the first form, red (erythrophores) overlay existing iridophore pattern spots, as seen in the male below. In the second form, red (erythrophores) reside between iridophore patterns, and is more easily seen in a blond fish. It is likely these two distinct types of expression are examples of “diverse genotype producing similar phenotypes”. Meaning different genes are producing similar phenotypes. Both types of Bunt expressions may “co-express” together at the same time. Bunt appears to be produced by a combination of autosomal and X-link genes. 黄化 (bb)红体(Bu) 底剑 这条公鱼是一个多色的“红体”表型，身体 显示出额外的红色素（红色素细胞）。Bunt 是一个德语单词，意思是“多彩”，这里翻 译成红体。红体产生两种增加红色/橙色素的 不同的表现。在第一种形式中，红色覆盖现 有的虹彩组织斑点，如图公鱼所见。在第二 种形式中，红色存在于虹彩图案之间，更容 易在黄化鱼中看到。这两种不同类型的表现 就像是“不同基因型得到相似的表现型”的 例子，意思是拥有不同基因的鱼展现出来相 似的表现。这两种类型的“红体”可以同时 “协同表达”。“红体”应该是由常染色体 和X伴性基因的组合产生。 29 Blond (bb) Bunt (Bu) Metal Gold (Mg/-) Zebrinus (Zeze) Translucent Scale (undescribed) Lowersword (Y-Ls). These males are all examples of the second form of Bunt Expression. Their genotypes combine the Bunt and Zebrinus traits. Bunt red color pigment co-expresses together with Zebrinus black melanophore bars. As these males are blond, melanophores are reduced in size allowing for better visibility of red. The male (top right) additionally expresses sexlink red color pigment in his dorsal and minimal Metal Gold. In a grey body Bunt the bars would appear darker black and red. All three males express Translucent Scale in their gill plates and abdomens. 黄化 (bb)红体(Bu)金属黄金 (Mg/-)条纹(Zeze)半透明鳃盖 底剑 (Y-Ls) 这些公鱼都是第二种红体表现型的例子。它们的基因型结合了红体和条纹的特征，红体红色素与条纹黑色素协 同表现。由于这些公鱼都是黄化体，黑色素减少使红色更明显。右上图的公鱼在其背部额外表现伴性红色素， 金属黄金变小。在野生色中，红体条纹会显得更暗红。这三条公鱼在鳃盖和腹部都表现出半透明的鳞片。 30 Blond (bb) Bunt (Bu) Metal Gold (Mg) Moscow Blau Additional Gene (MBAG) Translucent Scale (undescribed) Lowersword (Y-Ls). These males are also an example of the second form of Bunt Expression. They combine both the Bunt and Moscow Blau Additional Gene traits. Bunt red color pigment co-expresses together with MBAG black half body pattern. As these males are blond, melanophores are reduced in size allowing for better visibility of red. MBAG is a half body pattern similar to Halfblack (NiII, known as Tuxedo in Asia). MBAG is the female contribution found in all Full Body Moscow phenotypes. 黄化 (bb)红体(Bu)金属黄金 (Mg/-)莫斯科蓝额外基因(MBAG)半透明鳃盖 底剑 (Y-Ls) 这些公鱼也是第二种红体表现型的例子，他们结合了红体和莫斯科蓝额外基因的特征。红体红色素与莫斯科 蓝额外基因-黑半身图案共同表现。由于这些公鱼是黄化体，黑色素减少使红色更明显。莫斯科蓝额外基因是 一种类似于半黑（Nill，在亚洲称为礼服）的半身图案，莫斯科蓝额外基因来自全身莫斯科表现的母鱼。 31 Albino (aa) – Blond (bb) Bunt (Bu) Metal Gold (Mg) Zebrinus (Ze) Lowersword (Y-Ls). Here is an example of a phenotype comprised of at least four autosomal genes; Albino + Blond + Metal Gold + Zebrinus. The Bunt markings are the first form with red (erythrophores) overlaying existing iridophore pattern spots, as seen in the top male below. When the Albino-Blond male or female is bred to a blond fish, only blond offspring will be produced in the F1. No grey offspring will result. 白子 (aa) – 黄化(bb) 红体 (Bu)金属黄金 (Mg) 条纹(Ze) 底剑(Y-Ls) 这是一个包括至少四种常染色体基因表现型的例子，白化+黄化+金属黄金+条纹。红体图案是第一种形式， 红色（红色素）覆盖现有的虹彩图案斑点，见下图上面的公鱼。当白子黄化公鱼或母鱼与黄化交配时，在F1 中只产生黄化后代，不会产生野生色后代。 32 OUTCROSS: Lowersword (Y-Ls) x Doublesword (X-Ds) Phenotypes 杂交: 底剑(Y-Ls) x 双剑(X-Ds) 的表现型 33 OUTCROSS: Blond (bb) Lowersword (Y-Ls) x Grey (Bb) European IKGH DoubleSword (X-Ds). The two F1 males (below) are co-expressing both Lowersword and Doublesword (Y-Ls, X-Ds) at the same time. Notice the differences in shape and size between the top sword extensions and the lower sword extensions. European Doublesword incorporates multiple genes for yellow and red color first described by the researcher Winge in 1927. The results of this outcross show sex-link red and yellow color pigment, and autosomal Metal Gold coloring the dorsal and caudal (below left and right) are controlled by multiple genes and not passed as a single event. 异型杂交：黄化(bb)底剑 (Y-Ls) x野生色(Bb)欧洲双剑 (X-Ds). 这两只F1公鱼（下图）是底剑和双剑（Y-Ls，X-Ds）的协同表现。可以看到上剑延伸和下剑延伸之间的形状 和大小的差异。1927年研究者Winge第一次描述了包含多个黄色和红色基因的欧洲双剑。这种异型杂交的结果 显示伴性的红色和黄色素细胞、给背鳍和尾鳍上色的常染色体金属黄金（下面二图）受多个基因控制，而不是 作为一个单一的表现。 34 OUTCROSS: Blond (bb) Bunt (Bu) Metal Gold (Mg/-) Zebrinus (Zeze) Lowersword (Y-Ls) x Blond (bb) X-link Asian Yellow Doublesword (Xyel-Ds). The F1 male (below left) is co-expressing both Lowersword and Doublesword (Y-Ls, Xyel-Ds) at the same time. Lowersword males can be used to produce new Doublesword (Ds) strains. In this manner existing Y-link and autosomal traits for color and pattern found in Lowerswords can be incorporated into Doublesword breedings. The F1 blond multi-colored “Bunt” male (below left) is primarily expressing the second form of Bunt coloration; red color pigment co-expressing together with Zebrinus black melanophore bars. The Sibling F1 blond female has only a single dose of X-link Asian Yellow Doublesword in her genotype (Xo, Xyel-Ds). This trait seems to pass both yellow color pigment and autosomal Mg to offspring. She is not color neutral. 异型杂交：黄化(bb)红体(Bu)金属黄金 (Mg/-)条纹 (Zeze) 底剑 (Y-Ls) x黄化 (bb) X伴性亚洲黄双剑(Xyel-Ds). 这条F1公鱼（左下）是底剑和双剑（Y-Ls，Xyel-Ds）的协同表现。底剑公鱼可以用来繁殖新的双剑（Ds） 品种。以这种方式，在底剑中的Y伴性基因、常染色体的颜色和图案特征可以并入到双剑育种中。这条黄化多 色红体F1公鱼（左下）主要表达第二种红体上色模式；红色素细胞与条纹黑色素细胞共同表现。同窝F1黄化 母鱼的基因型（Xo，Xyel-Ds）中只有一种X伴性亚洲黄双剑基因。这种特征应该是通过黄色素和常染色体黄 金金属传递给后代，她的颜色是可遗传的。 35 OUTCROSS: Blond (bb) Stoerzbach (ss) Lowersword (Y-Ls) x Blond (bb) X-link Asian Yellow Doublesword (Xyel-Ds). The F1 males (below) are examples of autosomal recessive Stoerzbach Doubleswords. These F1 males (below) are coexpressing both Lowersword and Doublesword (Y-Ls, Xyel-Ds) at the same time. Steorzbach is near completely masking all other traits passed by the sire. Metal Gold (Mg), sex-link yellow and red color pigments are present in finnage. The male on the right is also expressing Asian Blau (Ab) and reduced yellow (xanthophores). 异型杂交：黄化(bb）史托巴赫(ss) 底剑 (Y-Ls) x黄化 (bb) X伴性亚洲黄双剑(Xyel-Ds). 下图F1公鱼是常染色体隐性史托巴赫双剑的例子。这些F1公鱼是底剑和双剑（Y-Ls，Xyel-Ds）的协同表现。 史托巴赫几乎完全掩盖了亲公鱼的其他特征，金属黄金（Mg）、伴性黄和红色素出现在鱼鳍中。右边的公鱼 也表现出亚洲蓝（Ab）和减少的黄色（黄色素）。 36 OUTCROSS: Blond (bb) Lowersword (Y-Ls) x Blond (bb) X-link Asian Red Doublesword (Xred-Ds). The F1 Red Doublesword male (below) is co-expressing both Lowersword and Doublesword (Y-Ls, Xred-Ds) at the same time. All Y-link and autosomal dominant traits found in the sire for color and pattern have been passed to this F1 Ds offspring. Red erythrophores and Yellow xanthophores in the body are co-expressing near equally. However, red is epistatic to yellow in finnage. Meaning, red is masking yellow. X-link Asian Red Ds may have arisen from a crossover event involving Y-link Coral Red (Co) Doublesword. This trait passes sex-link red color pigment to finnage of both male and female offspring. Also, red color pigment to the male body in a manner similar to the Bunt trait. The sibling F1 blond female has only a single dose of X-link Asian Yellow Doublesword in her genotype (Xo, Xred-Ds). 异交：黄化(bb）底剑 (Y-Ls) x黄化 (bb) X伴性亚洲红双剑(Xyel-Ds). 这些F1红双剑公鱼是底剑和双剑（Y-Ls，Xyel-Ds）的协同表现。所有亲公鱼的Y伴性和常染色体显性颜色图案特 征都被传递到F1后代，红色素和黄色素接近平均共同表现。然而，鱼鳍上红色比黄色上位，意思是，红色掩盖了 黄色。X伴性亚洲红双剑可能涉及Y伴性的珊瑚红（Co）双剑的异型杂交，这一特征把伴性红色素传递给后代公 鱼和母鱼的鱼鳍。此外，红色素对公鱼身体的作用方式类似红体特征。同窝F1黄化母鱼的基因型（Xo，Xred-Ds ）中只有一种X伴性亚洲黄双剑基因。 F1 Asian Blau (Ab) Red Doublesword (Y-Ls, XredDs). Notice the Asian Blau gene has inhibited formation of all red color pigment to reveal yellow color and pattern passed by the sire. This male is “Red” by genotype. 亚洲蓝 (Ab) 红双剑 (Y-Ls, Xred-Ds）F1 . 可以看到亚洲蓝基因抑制了所有红色素的形成， 从而显示出黄色和由亲公鱼传递的图案。该鱼基 因型为“红”。 37 Outcross: Lowersword x Delta Phenotypes. Here are two F1 examples of a Blond (bb) Metal Gold (Mg) Moscow Blau Additional Gene (X-MBAG) Lowersword (Y-Ls) x IFGA Moscow Blau Additional Gene (X-MBAG) Delta tail female. A Grey male (on left) and Blond male (on right) are shown. The resulting phenotypes are essentially Full Platinum Veil tails. Y-link Lowersword males (and X/Ylink Doublesword males and females) can be used to produce new Broadtail strains. After initial outcross, F1 males should be backcrossed to delta strain females for several generations to both improve and reinforce a delta caudal shape. Each male is also expressing Translucent Scale gene. 异型杂交：底剑 x 三角尾的表现型 这里有两个黄化(bb)金属黄金(Mg)莫斯科蓝额外基因(X-MBAG)底剑(Y-Ls)x 美国莫斯科蓝额外基因(XMBAG)三角尾母的F1例子，野生色公鱼（左）和黄化公鱼（右）。所得到的表现型基本上是全白金面纱尾 。Y伴性底剑公鱼（和X/Y伴性双剑公鱼和母鱼）可以用来繁殖新的大尾品种。初次异交后，F1公鱼应返交 到三角尾母鱼数代，以改善和加强三角尾部形状。每个公鱼也表现半透明鳞片基因。 38 Grey Vienna Lowersword Phenotypes currently produced in my combined Lowersword strain. We will talk about these grey body phenotypes on another day… 野生色维也纳底剑的表现型 这些鱼在我目前的底剑组合中得到。我们将在下 一次讨论这些野生色的表现型。 39 Thank you for your time and interest in my Blond Lowersword breeding program… 感谢您对我的黄化底剑培养计划感兴趣，并在百忙中出席 这次讲座！ Presented to attendees and via online broadcast 2018 CIPS China Guppy Club Show on Oct. 29, 2018 at the China Import and Export Fair Complex, Guangzhou, China 40