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Available online at http://www. journalcra. com
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL
OF CURRENT RESEARCH
International Journal of Current Research
Vol. 9, Issue, 10, pp. xxxxxxx, October, 2017
ISSN: 0975-833X
RESEARCH ARTICLE
LENGTH CONTRACTION, TIME DILATION, GRAVITY, TOTAL EXISTENCE
OF UNIVERSE AND BEYOND
*Dadarao
Dhone
Engr., Electric, & Mechanical, Gov. Maharashtra in India (2005) & Retd,
Retd Electrical Engg,
Faculty (2007 to 2013), Nanded, M.S., India
Faculty,
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article History:
We generate basic mathematics to express scientific concepts, those are crept in our mind. Scientific
skill starts here. To find the facts further, we perform experiments, draw results on the basis of basic
facts assumed. If the basic assumed fact is not fully correct, It's experimentation leads the concerned
topic towards other way. Because, its observations are interpreted
interpreted on the basis of initial assumed facts
considered as basic facts, In case of Relativity, it has happened so. To start to derive relativity
formulae, called Lorentzian transformations, they assumed speed of light equal to c on the basis of
experiments performed
performed till then to measure speed of light. But they considered it constant c
irrespective motion of light source, motion of observers. All the experiment performed in that respect
measure speed of light w.r.t. the source of light. But, measurements in spac
space are being done speed of
light irrespective of relative motion between observer and the source of light signal. Thousands of
stellar bodies are mapped, assuming speed of light c as constant irrespective of relative motion
between observer and the source-star.
source tar. Hence mistakes in measurement of distances and related
factors, is bound to persist in those performed measurements. In this article, the miss
miss-concept in
respect of length contraction and time dilation is discussed in detail. While, exercising on some one
topic, innovative facts get revealed. While, discussing on time dilation, it is natural to analyze in
deep, the working of atomic clock and the futuristic clock also, which is being installed by NASA in
space within a few months. It involves action of gravity on it. Therefore, why, gravitational
acceleration of objects having different masses is the same on a massive body? That should be
directly proportional to the masses of the objects; then, verifying; it is not so? Why and how gravity
behave differently
differently from other forces? Property of gravity is only attraction; and no repulsion. Then
how, dark matter and dark energy can repel the stars and galaxies and clusters to run away from the
center of the Universe, that too at accelerated speed? The concepts are discussed with a bold
hypothetical consideration very thoughtfully by the Author. General relativity concepts have become
very popular. They create some illusive picture before the public. It is tried to drive away illusion
about, Space-Time
Space
Continuum to catalyze creative real thinking of Relativity Principles. NASA
keeps the world's time the Best. It will be keeping Universe's time after fixing the Futuristic clock in
free space. To make it, Universal conman time (in respect of scientific laboratories and observatories)
innovative suggestions are offered in this article. Concept of very first birth of Universe through
whirling of Dark Energy matter and, next by Big Bang, not like what is thought as per present theory,
instead by different suitable and natural way, is very innovatively found by the Author.
Received xxxxxxxxx, 2017
Received in revised form
xxxxxxxx, 2017
Accepted xxxxxxxx, 2017
Published online xxxxxxx, 2017
Key words:
Length contraction,
Time Dilation,
Freely moving Body,
Gravity, Space time continuum,
Dark energy matter,
First universe.
Copyright©2017, Dadarao Dhone. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Citation: Dadarao Dhone, 2017. “Length
Length Contraction, Time Dilation, Gravity, Total Existence
Existence of Universe and Beyond
Beyond”, International Journal of Current
Research, 9, (10), xxxxxxxxxx.
INTRODUCTION
Einstein’s Theory of Special Relativity revealed that, when a
body is in linear constant motion w.r.t.. an observer, its length
along the direction of motion is seen lessened. That is, its
length along the direction of motion is seen shortened by the
respective observer. It is ‘length contraction’.
contraction’ This is one of
the results of ‘Special Relativity’ by Einstein.
stein.
*Corresponding author: Dadarao Dhone,
Engr., Electric, and Mechanical, Gov. Maharashtra in India (2005)
and Retd, Electrical Engg, Faculty, (2007 to 2013), Nanded, M.S.,
India.
At the same time an observer see that, the clock, attached to
the object; which is exactly similar to his clock; runs slow. It is
‘time dilation.’ Both these phenomena of ‘length contraction’
and ‘time dilation’ in inertial frames, having constant linear
relative
elative speed w.r.t. each other, are apparent. Neither length of
an object in linear constant motion gets shortened; nor, the
clock with the moving object as mentioned here, runs slow.
Because, all inertial frames are, equal in, themselves as per the
principle of special relativity. But, when a body is moving with
accelerated velocity, the time in attached frame of the body
really runs slow.
An observer from his inertial frame, judges, manipulates dual
‘time dilation’ at an every instant of time. One because of
accelerated speed of the object and another, because of speed
of the object assumed linear for incremental lengths
progressively, instant to instant during its accelerated speed.
Thus, causing the shortening of length, increasing successively
from, the object's leading end to trailing end for the
incremental pieces. (The speed taken for calculation of length
contraction is, equal to average speed during the time period
the light signal from leading end reaches the trailing end.)
Means of Perception: We the human being, perceive the
world with the help of our five natural senses; a touch, taste,
vision, smell and hearing. But, we know the world outside, by
mainly seeing things and events by means of light or
electromagnetic radiations received by our eyes and more
minutely by using telescope. Light is everywhere in our world.
We need it to see and analyze the facts seen. It carries
information from the world at remote to our eyes and brains.
Light is the basic tool to perceive, to realize, to know objects in
the world, far away from us. Yet light is a perplexing
phenomenon when we study it more closely. It doesn't show
object in motion w.r.t. an observer as they are. Hence, to
realize them 'as they are' Theory of Relativity is developed.
There are certain definite inherent rules of the nature, in
respect of observing the world, by an observer. Those rules
being inherent; hence, no one is seen talking about it.
To avoid illusions and to know the facts crystal clear; those
rules shall be kept in mind. They are as mentioned below.
The means of perception for distant objects is light and
other electromagnetic radiations.
The light travels at speed ‘c’ in free space w.r.t. its
source. But, It travels irrespective of any frame at
constant speed c in free space; as is considered at present;
is false. Light travels at constant speed c in free space
between its source and an observer, both attached to
same inertial frame and there is not relative motion
between the two. (Please see article 'An Innovative
Review of Kennedy-Thorndike Experiment'; published in
'scirj' issue V, May 2017 by this author.). An object is
visualized, or an event is learnt, by an observer; when,
all the light-signals emitted from each point of the object,
in sight of vision of an observer; are received by an
observer at a conman same instant of time.
An event is said to have happened by an observer at that
instant of time, when, the observer receives the eventsignal, informing him about that event. This concept is
inherently obeyed in life since Baba Adam and in
Relativity theory.
The light emitted by an object at speed c w.r.t. itself and the
object moving at relative speed v w.r.t. an observer; the light
contains a component of the speed v relativistic-ally w.r.t. the
observer. The speed of light is not c w.r.t any inertial frames
except the source's inertial frame, is not in relative motion
w.r.t. an observer's inertial frame. These above factors play an
important basic role in relativistic mathematics. Ignoring them,
introduces mal-concepts in relativity principles. Such as length
contraction and time dilation observed in special relativity is
real. Above rules of perception are inherently being followed,
since the man dwelled to understand the world around him.
Though these rules are very simple; they play a mysterious
vital role in perception of universe.
Hence to realize the physical world exact, Relativity Principles
are developed in Physics world.
The Purpose of Relativity Principles:- It has remained the
thrust of human being since the era of 'Baba Adam and Eve' to
know 'Who am I ? Where from I came into this Universe?
How Universe works? etc.' Hence, since then the Mankind is
studying the Nature; studying the Universe; Thinking on life
beyond this materialistic Universe. The physical study is the
study of Universal Truths. It needs physical measurements of
an object and of everything, under its study. The measurements
of objects at far away cannot be taken directly mechanically.
The natural way of observing Universe is seeing it by means of
light and for perceiving it 'as it is, Relativity principles are
framed by the Great Scientist Einstein. At the root of
observations; an Observer cited O and an Object cited as
source of event-signal; this pair along with their rest frames is
basically involved. Another Observer stationed on the object
cited as O', is considered for the sake of simplifying the
learning principles of Relativity. O' may be real or imaginary
depending upon the object of study.
Length Contraction in Special Relativity is Apparent:When we see an object moving and measure its length along
its direction of motion with the help of light coming from it i.e.
with the help of light signals; it is found that, it is less than its
actual length. In measurement its actual length the object
doesn't move w.r.t. the observer. Actual length is called its 'rest
length' and its length in motion measured with the help of light
signals is called 'relativistic length'. An observer can visualize
the relativistic length but not the true length of an object
moving w.r.t. him in space. To realize the true length of the
object, Lorentzian relativistic formulae are developed. The
actual length (rest length) of an object, from origin of its rest
frame is,
x' = [1/(1- v2/c2)1/2].[x- vt]…………………………………...(1)
where, x is the length measured by observer say O assumed
stationary; (that is us), by means of light signals. This type
of measurement is called electro-magnetic measurement. x'
is the actual length of the object as measured when if the
object were stationary w.r.t. the observer. In this type the
length can be measured by observer O' mechanically by
means of a measuring tape or, by civil engineering survey, if
the length involved is big enough, who is stationed with the
object. v is the relative velocity between the observer O and
the object. c, is the velocity of light w.r.t. its source i.e. the
object in this case. t is the instant of time of measurement. It
is the instant when light signal is reached to observer O with
the help of which signal, the observer manipulated the real
or rest-length of the object and time scale in its attached
frame of the object. Here the object is at rest w.r.t. its
attached frame from origin along the direction of x' axis as
shown in Figure-1.
For derivation of above formula and other relativistic
formulae, attach Cartesian co-ordinate frames to the
observer O and the moving object, with observer O' attached
to (fixed in) frame of the object, not in motion w.r.t. the
object. let the x axes of both of the frames be parallel to the
direction of motion of the object w.r.t. the observer O. Let S
be inertial frame of observer O and S' be inertial frame of
observer O'. Observer O is assumed stationary as mentioned
above and observer O' and the object, both attached to the
same frame S', be moving at linear constant speed v along
+x direction. Axes x and x' are always coinciding with each
other in their relative motion between them. During their
travel they met at a point in space and there they
synchronized their very sophisticated similar watches to
instant of time (t = t' = 0). Then, t gives the period of time
and the last edge of instant of time of that period i.e. number
of units of time say seconds passing after the zeroth instant in
the watch of O in its rest frame S attached to it; and, t' gives
that similar in the watch of O'. As their watches are similar
O and O' see the same time passed in each of their watches.
(In special Relativity, no one's rest frame is under the
influence of any field.) But, as O and O' are in different
frames moving w.r.t. each other; O cannot read in watch of
O' directly. He reads it indirectly with the help of light signal
carrying time information released from clock of O'. Please
be cautious about that, clock of O' is sending time signals
during its relative motion w.r.t. O and that light also has its
speed c w.r.t. its source, here the clock of O'. The reverse
communication may take place exactly in the similar way.
Hence, when something happens around O' in his frame;
"the instant of time of noticing the happening in both of their
synchronized similar watches" does not coincide, but it
differs in a mathematical relation, because of speed of light
signal and the relative motion between observers O and O'.
The times t and t' are not seen to be the same. The period of
time t' passed in frame S' will be read as t in frame S.
The relation between time t and t' is given below.
t'=[1/(1-v2/c2)1/2].[t vx/c2] …,………………………………(2)
These formulae (1) and (2) called Lorentzian transformations
are derived in many books of Modern Physics. It is needed to
go through their derivations to understand miss-concepts that
have crept in Relativity and to come out of them to avoid any
mistakes in future inventions. Thus, from above equations
length measured by observer O, x < x' the actual length of the
object measured in its rest frame S'. This phenomena, is called
length contraction. Because, Observer O, (the main real
Observer) finds length of the moving object shortened. The
shortening of the length takes place along the direction of the
sight of vision of observer O. Similarly, the time of an event,
happening in frame S' is observed t by observer O; but, the
time of same event is observed by O' with the help of his watch
is t'. Event happened is same. Its place in the Universe is the
same. And its instant of happening is also unique one in
Universe. But, observer O and observer O' perceive different
distances of the event from a conman point of "event
happening" in space; and, also different instants of time of its
occurrence with the help of each of observer's synchronized
similar watch, such that mathematically, t'>t. Meaning by, time
period of t units of time in seconds red by observer O in his
watch, attached to his assumed stationary frame; is smaller
than the corresponding time period assessed by him, in the
watch of observer O' who is moving at relative speed v w.r.t.
O. That is , say if Watch of O' clicks 1 seconds, as found by O
with the help of light signals coming from moving frame S';
the watch of O has clicked 3 seconds, both of the watches from
zeroth instant, when both watched happened to be at the same
conman point and clicked the zeroth instant simultaneously.
Hence, O assumes that, for his 3 seconds, the watch of O' has
clicked only one second. Hence, he takes for granted that, time
in moving frame runs slow. This phenomena, is called time
dilation. Time seems dilated in linear constant motion.
Figure 1. Real and Relativistic Position of an Event
If we attach ourselves to Universal frame; and we have
signaling source having some extra ordinary light having
infinite speed; then, we would have observed that, neither the
length contracts nor the duration between two consecutive
clicks of both the watches differ. The length contraction and
time dilation observed by assumed stationery observer O as
above is not real; but, it is apparent. If Observer O assumes
him-self stationary w.r.t. the object and takes similar
observations; he also arrives to the same results as O'. In this
case, Observer O attaches himself to the attached frame of the
object S'. Now, Observer O and the Object are not in relative
motion w.r.t. each other as assumed above. Thus, when there is
relative motion between an observer and the source of light
signal; the observer experiences, the length contraction and
time dilation. But when the observer is not in relative motion
w.r.t. the source; he doesn't observer time dilation and length
contraction. Hence, Length contraction and time dilation in
special relativity is apparent; not real. By going through above
explanation minutely; one can definitely get conceived that,
how the concept regarding, an event has happened with some
one at that instant only when, he received the event signal,
works. It will become clearer by going through the self
explanatory Figure-1 above.
The very basic derivation of relativistic equations begin with
x=ct, and x'=ct'; where, x' represent the distance of the event
source p in its rest frame S' from observer O' attached (means
fixed) to frame S' and x is distance of event source from
observer O, in relative motion w.r.t. the source and observer
O'. t' and t are periods of time required to reach the event light
signal to corresponding observers O' and O from the instant of
happening of the event in space at point p attached to frame S'.
The watches of O and O' both are very similar in all respect,
well synchronized with each other, very sophisticated atomic
watches and free from accelerating or other any forces. The
event 'a burst of light' have occurred at instance when O and O'
were coincided with each other during their relative motion
and at the same instant the watch of O and that of O' were
synchronized with each other to zeroth instant, so that, both the
watches read, (t=t'=0) at the point of coincidence of frames S'
and S (Please refer Figure-1 above). c is the constant in above
pair of simple equations. It is the velocity of light and it is
considered constant in free space irrespective of any inertial
frame and their relative motions in between themselves. And
this property of light is accepted worldwide. In reality, speed
of light is not constant in free space. It depends on relative
motion v between an observe and the source of light (Proved
by Author in his article, 'An innovative Review of KennedyThorndike Experiment', published in Science Research Journal
(scirj), volume V, May 2017).
In physical observations, particularly in remote observations,
we might be carrying a permanent mistake in calculations, due
to consideration of constancy of light speed in space
irrespective of any frame and relative speeds between them, as
the whole Universe is expanding at noticeable accelerated
speed. Lot of experimentation is found had been performed.
But, in those experiments, performed, the basic concepts of
relativity are taken other-way. The red-shift of far distant
moving stars and galaxies is very practical example of above
statement of Author. The red-shift in distant moving away star
represents decrease in its velocity of light in its direction of
motion. If one is alert with his perceptions, it is very
interesting to know, light generating process of an excited
atom. It is explained in my above cited review article. Doppler
shift in light is due to change in velocity of light; due to the
change in relative speed between the observer and the source.
See the beauty of light generating process of excited electron
of an atom. That is in linear non-accelerated speed, there is not
any change in process of light-generation obeyed by the
excited atom. The equation derived (1) above, between
distances x' and x respectively of event source from observers
O' and O respectively is, taken below for further processing.
x' = [1/(1 - v2/c2)].[x - vt]
simplifying above relation mathematically, it is further written
as below.
[x'/c]=[x-vt]/(v2- c2)1/2………………………………………(3)
Digging out the facts from above equations and observing
them; we arrive to following results discussed here very
originally. Please see that, x' is the distance of event source
from observer O' in his attached frame to which the event
source is also attached. Hence, there is not any relative motion
between them. c is speed of light w.r.t. its source. This factor
is found not perceived as it is. Because, all experiments
performed till date give, the speed of light c w.r.t. its source.
Because, in all those experiments performed, there is not
relative linear motion between respective source and observer.
This fact is not realized by the physics world. Hence, they,
consider the speed of light in free space constant, equal to c
irrespective of any frame, which is a totally false presumption
proved by Author mentioned in his review article cited above
(scirj, issue v). So, in frame S' observer O' and source of light
are stationary w.r.t. each other and both are attached to frame
S'.
Hence, speed of light observed by observer O' is c. Hence,
(x'=ct). Now, (x - vt) is the distance between the source of light
and observer O' but, measured by observer O w.r.t. whom, the
source is in relative motion v. The source and the observer O'
both are attached to frame S'. There is not relative motion
between the two as mentioned above. Hence, the distance x'
between the two is fixed in the Universe. But, the same
distance is seen different by observer O as equal to (x-vt),
measured scientifically electromagnetically or by light
signaling. Because, direct measurements in respect of moving
object are not practicable. Because, when the object is in
motion w.r.t. observer, he cannot measure dimensions of the
object directly by a measure tape or so. The observations about
the same distance are related with each other by the equation
(3) above. The term (c2 - v2)1/2 represents/gives the speed of
light w.r.t. frame S which is moving at relative speed v w.r.t.
the source. Hence, it is the speed of light w.r.t. the Observer O
who represents us. With this innovative above explained data;
we will see now, how the length contraction in special
relativity is apparent in more detail.
By the way let us get cleared the frequent use of word speed
instead of velocity. In Special Relativity, the phenomena of
length contraction and time dilation are not dependent on
direction of relative motion between the observer and the
source of light signal. Either they are departing away or
coming closer to each other; the results are same in all respect.
Hence to emphasize this fact, the speed word is used. Where
ever direction of any motion will affect the result; the word
velocity is used in Relativity.
Time Dilation is Apparent in Special Relativity: To perceive
length contraction, one should be well aware of a basic natural
law of perception; not yet seen quoted anywhere.
That law is, I quote, "an observer can visualize an object
clearly; only when, the light photons from all points of the
object, reach the observer at the same instant (even when there
is not anything in between the observer and the source of
light). It is a three dimensional view of an object in its motion
from zero to c w.r.t. observer. Then by triangulation effect, the
observer visualizes the object four dimensionally. i.e. length,
breadth, height or thickness and the time. The fourth
dimension visualizes the relative motion between the observer
and the object as above. In the Figure-2 below, there is a
straight bar AB parallel to x' axis of its rest frame S'. It is
moving at linear constant speed v w.r.t. observer O attached to
frame S assumed It is moving at linear constant speed v w.r.t.
observer O attached to frame S assumed stationary. Both of the
frames S and S' are inertial frames. The x-x' axes of the frames
are in coincidence with each other.
Figure 2. Length Contraction
Light photons are continuously released by each point of the
object in all possible directions in space. Similarly, light
photons from all points of the object are reaching the Observer,
But the observer's 'eye' selects photons as number of waves
with a particular constant consecutive phase difference
released or reflected in sequence from remote end to nearer
end, length wise along the line of vision of the observer. That's
why we can see the object four dimensionally. Hence, when
light photons released from end A to end B, reach the observer
at the same instant of time along with photons from all the
points; then, the observer visualizes the bar i.e. an object in
general. Consider us in universal frame. Then we will see that
S and S' are moving at relative velocity v w.r.t. each other.
When we will concentrate on one frame; we will observe other
frame moving at velocity v w.r.t. other. So, concentrate on S'.
The length l will be seen real length stationary w.r.t. observer
O'.
Light signals from it will be travelling at speed c w.r.t. to the
length. The observer O' selects signals from A to B at the same
instant with sequential constant phase variation. Henceforth we
will consider signal from end points only for simplicity of
explanation. Signal from A and B having consecutive resultant
phase difference, reach the eye at the same instant of time at
velocity c. Observer O' visualizes the length AB as l'. It is true
length (as far as inertial frames S and S' are concerned.
Because, if at least one of them had happened to be an
accelerated frame; then, the situation changes.)
Now let us concentrate on frame S. we will see that S is
stationary and S' is moving at velocity v w.r.t. S. Observer O
visualizes the signals from A and B are travelling at speed (c2 v2)1/2 as explained in the Figure-1 above. We in space will also
visualize the same situation because now, we have attached
ourselves to frame S. Pure logically considering, in the
Universe as a frame, points A and B are fixed at their spots.
Such a small distance or very theoretically, the space between
points A and B is neither contracting nor expanding practically
. The event of release of signals from A and B at the respective
instants so that they may travel coincidently after the point B,
require signal from A at speed (c2 - v2)1/2 reach point B and
light signal from point B released at that instant, will travel
hand in hand towards observer O. Due to relative motion of the
bar total consecutive phase difference between the two signals
will be reduced for observer O w.r.t. that for observer O'.
Because, as observer O is moving w.r.t. the bar the signal from
leading end of the bar, reaches its trailing end earlier; hence, it
seems to travel shorter distance for observer O as compared to
with, that of observer O'. Therefore, Observer O finds distance
between end points A and B of the bar, shorter than actual.
Observer O' finds the actual distance between A and B ends of
the bar because he is stationary w.r.t. the bar. Hence, assumed
stationary observer O, finds the moving w.r.t. him, the length
AB of the bar, SHORTER, i.e. l than the length l' as seen by
observer l' as obtained mathematically, given below.
l'=l/[1/(1- v2/c2)1/2] ……………………………………….. (4)
Observer O visualizes length AB as l from rest frame S. If he
happens to observer attached to frame S', he will observe the
true length l'. Hence, after going through above discussion it
becomes crystal clear that, in special relativity, space
contraction is apparent; and it is not real. It is like a parallax in
optics; like, a stick dipped in water vertically seems shortened.
Unification of Observer Assumed Stationary with Observer in
Relative Motion w.r.t. Stationary Observer:- Let us review the
equations (1) and (2) above.
x'=[1/(1-v2/c2)1/2].[x- vt], ……………………………….
(α)
t'=[1/(1-v2/c2)1/2].[t- vx/c2]………………………………….(β)
We have to and we can measure the distance x' of a stellar
body from us at the instant of time of observation, with the
help of light signal received at that instant. . That will be the
rest frame distance of the object. This is our requirement in
evolution of knowledge of the Universe. But, in above
relations, difficulty arises with the rest frame of the object, as
where to assume it? Hence, by modifying above equations as
processed below; the problem is solved and we can measure
the rest frame distance of the moving body any time! A simple
thing we need to do is, to shift the instant of coincidence
between the two frames S and S' from (t=t'=0) to t=0.
Thereby, the instant of occurrence of the event will shift, back
to instant of time (-t, -t') and the watches would be
synchronized at the instant (t=0). The instant (-t, -t') is rectified
instant in comparison to instant (t=0) of coincidence of the
frames. So, by substituting (t=0) in above equation α, it
becomes,
x'=x.[1/(1-v2/c2)]1/2 …………………………………………(5)
In the equation β above, the term (vx/c2) represents the time
period required for the signal to travel from frame S' to Frame
S as shown in Figure-1 above. For, vx/c2 = (v/c).(x/c) =
(v/c).t Because, (x/c) gives, the time period required for
signal to travel distance x from signal source to observer O, at
speed c.
= (vt/c) . It is the time period required for the signal to travel
the distance between the frames S and S' at the instant when,
Observer O has received the signal. And as per the condition
applied, it is zero at the instant of receipt of the signal by O.
Hence,
i.e.
= 0.
Hence, vx/c2 = 0.
above, it reduces to,
Substituting this value in equation β
t'=t.[1/(1- v2/c2)1/2]……………………………………….....(6)
Thus, equations (5) and (6) suit an observer, to calculate actual
distance of a stellar body x' from him. Using the measured
distance x by means of light signal coming from event source.
The concept of third observer attached to Universe in which
infinite number of frames, in relative motion between each
other within themselves, are accommodated is inherent in the
basic equations [x=ct and x'=ct'] on which the whole Relativity
is based. These relations are true absolutely, for an observer
attached to Universe as a basic reference frame in which all
other frames are in relative motions w,r,t, each other. The
observations are made by that Universal observer, by means of
signal having infinite speed. Hence, for the universal observer,
there is not anything relative w.r.t. him. In fact, how can
observer O and O' know the instant of the happening at its
point in universal space? Because, an observer knows the
happening of event; when, he receives its signal late after, the
signal travels for a long distance through space, at speed c
from the source of event to an observer. So these are assumed
scientific facts. See we are monitoring and analyzing the
happening event and its observations by observers O and O', to
mark exact instants of event that, a blast of light at point p;
receipt of signals by observers O and O'; coincidence of their
attached frames; and, distance of source of event. It is assumed
that, we are attached to third basic frame, The Universe, in
which all other frames in relative motion with each other are
included, as mentioned above. Frame S and S' are under our
observation. Further important thing is that, we have an
assumed signal tool, with infinite speed, such that, soon an
event happens at whatever large distance from us; at the same
instant we know it. This idea of such a signaling device and
such type of signal is behind this assumption inherently.
So, as it is seen below in the self explanatory Figure-3 below;
observers O and O' have received the event signal, at the same
instant of time. O' can measure rest distance x' of signal
source; and observer O can measure its relativistic distance x
from the same point occupied by observer O'; with the help of
same signal which is used by observer O; that is the light
signal coming from event source; and, the source of event is in
motion w.r.t. O. There is not distance between the frames S
and S' at the instant of receipt of event signal by both observers
at the same point. Hence the mathematical relativity equations
(1) and (2) are reduced finally to (5) and (6) as above.
Observer O' gets eliminated. Observe O measure the distance
of the event source x from him and finds its rest distance; real
distance x', from him at the instant of receipt of event signal by
him using above equation (6); and, the event happening instant
by measuring, ticks t of his clock, from coincidence of the
frames [Because, it is, the instant of the event-happening also;
(-t, -t')]; and, then substituting it in equation (7) above.
Figure 3. Observer O and O' Coincide
When Both Receive Signal
True Distance of Event Source from Observer and True
Instant of Time of Happening of event:-Now, my question to
me is that, what is real point of event happening or eventsource at the instant the event happened in space, a conman
instant to all observers in Universe in relative motion with each
other. Because, each one will measure his value of x by direct
observations with the help of light signal coming to him from
the source of the signal. All those values will be different from
source to source to source. Then, all observers will find true
distance of the source from themselves each, using above
equation (5). It will be same point of event happening pointed
by all observers in the Universe. Even an observer in
accelerated frame, will also show the same point. Because for
each and every instant accelerated frame is an inertial frame at
that each instant moving with speed v at that instant of receipt
of signal. Event releases signals in all directions in space and
the accelerated observer happens to catch the signal, which
reaches to him, at that point, where the observer also reaches.
Any observer in Universe is required to know the distance x of
event source from him at the instant, he received event signal
and the speed of the event-source at that instant. That he can
know for nearer source by 'triangulation' and for farther source
by 'standard candle' methods. He has to go through good many
data collected for years together and then by mathematical
calculations he has to find out the distance of event source (that
is on a stellar body), its speed and speed-components, one
along his line of vision and other perpendicular to it. Because,
length contraction takes place along the line of observer's
vision. Then calculate x'.
It is real distance of event and its source, at the instant of time
of receipt of event-signal from the event-source. For,
calculation of instant of happening at the point of event,
following method is to be used. We need to find out the
distance of event-source and its speed. We know that light
travel at speed c w.r.t. its source. In Universe basically all
clocks are to be similar. An observer has read the instant of
time t of receipt of signal as per his watch. All watches are
synchronized with each other by the relativistic process used in
derivation of Relativistic equations for distance and time.
Observer's frames are assumed non-inertial. Because, all things
in universe are moving at varying accelerated speeds. With all
these conditions, the real and unique time of happening of
event is to be calculated by each observer as following. Each
one should divide his found distance x by c and subtract it from
his instant of time of receipt of event-signal. Thus, [t-(x/c)] will
be the conman time that will be achieved by all observers. Each
observer will have different values of x and t but, each one will
get same instant of time of occurrence of the event in the
Universe as a total existence. [Here again it is necessary to
recollect that, c is the velocity of light w.r.t. its source.]. But to
synchronize all clocks in different types of relative motions
with each other in the Universe; there should be a standard
clock in free space. Thanks to NASA for his project of
'Futuristic Clock' to be installed in space. It should release time
signals travelling from the clock in all directions, continuously.
It shall work as standard clock in the Universe. A field,
particularly gravitational field, will affect on duration of
consecutive clicks. Hence, there must be another mechanism in
"universal clock on earth or at anywhere in the world", to
account for such disturbances and to nullify the effect of those.
Any such clock with an observer, anywhere in Universe, be in
synchronism with the standard clock. Above equations (5) and
(6) are of every frequent use.
It needs to change the concept of way of synchronizing the
clocks in this case. According to old concept, if, an observer is
looking in +x direction to a light-source-point; a light signal is
released from that point in -x direction towards the observer.
Then the signal traveling at speed c w.r.t. the point-source;
when reaches at every point in its path; informs the instant of
time, when the signal is released from it. Thus all observers in
universe receive the instant of happening of an event; here it is
release of light signal from its source. All observers get this
information. Each one will receive it at different instants of
time, corresponding to their distances from the source. All
observers are in relative motion with each other and at different
distances from the event-source. Hence, each of them receive
event signal at different instances.
Each one finds then corresponding instant of time of happening
of the event, by using above formula (6). All will get the same
instant of time. as is red by the the watch of event-source at its
point in space. Because, all watches are synchronized, to the
time informed by futuristic watch and not to the time of receipt
of the signal from the futuristic watch. That will be instant t' of
event happening. All clocks in universe shall be synchronized
with futuristic clock as if at the point of futuristic clock. All
clocks should have instrumentation and software to nullify
acceleration effects on each of them. They need one more
display dial applied with respective instrumentation and
software, to display the event happening time at the event
point. Then let an observer move any way, anywhere in
Universe, he will be knowing the real exact instant of time of
an event-happening; though it may be known late by time
period required for the event signal to travel from point of
event happening to the respective watch with anybody.
The
study of application of above equations in practical
measurements of distances of stellar objects/bodies in
triangulation and in standard candle methods is very beautiful.
But, it is seen that the Relativistic factor is not applied in
measurement of distances of stars in space. It is used for
measuring the masses of stellar objects. In distance
measurement, it is not used.
In methods of stellar body distance measurement's methods
like, 'parallax shift', the recent 'stellar tape measurement with
the help of Hubble introduced by NASA', 'arc-sec method';
whether includes therein the Relativistic factor (1 - v2/c2)1/2
inherently or not. In application of these methods, the relativity
factor application is not seen by me. Therefore, the distances
we get are real or otherwise. The facts will be discussed in
forth coming paper. Because, At a far distance, where the
terrestrial bodies are departing away from Universe centre at
velocity say 0.6c units per second; the distances of those bodies
will be obtained lesser by 20% of actual.
When an electron is pulled away from its nucleus atomic
internal work is done by an external force. It is stored as
internal energy of an atom. When an electron is brought from
infinity towards its nucleus (positive electrical charge) work is
done on electron by the nucleus. Hence nearer orbital has
greater energy and outer orbital has lesser energy; both w.r.t.
nucleus. Hence, outermost orbit will be affected to small
amount of energy external energy acted upon outermost
orbital. Energy acts through a force. A force moves a massparticle. Moving mass is energy.
Time Dilation in General Relativity: Before discussing time
dilation in General Relativity; we need to see how the time
runs. It is an experimental fact that, time in an atomic clock
runs slower In free space than on the surface of a stellar
massive body like earth or it is dilated as gravity lowers. Here
again I repeat the meaning of time dilation. It is easy to
understand or remember the meaning of length contraction;
but, it is not that easy in respect of time dilation, meaning by
'increase in duration of basic unit of time, is time dilation'.
Please refer, Figure-4 above, Orbital Reaction to Gravity. The
outermost orbital, under the influence of gravity, has assumed
lower orbit having less energy. It is due to following reasons.
Orbital linear speed is a vector continuously changing its
direction along the tangent to orbital path. As per me, every
orbital has linear speed c, the speed of light. Because, light
photons at speed c, are released from an atomic excited orbit of
an atom in space. Hence, orbital-electrons are revolving around
their nucleus in the speed range nearing speed c. In Relativity,
vectors acting on the same particle doesn't get added to each
other and make their resultant act on the particle; instead of
that, each vector acts of its own. One vector shifts another
vector, when it could not get added to it because of its (prime
vector's) limiting value. Larger vector acts as a prime vector
and the smaller vector shifts the prime vector. The most
interesting fact in Relativistic addition is that, the resultant
prime vector's magnitude decreases correspondingly.
Does Gravity Affect Time?:- Yes gravity affect time. An
atomic watch run slower on hill-top than it runs at hill bottom.
It is only due to gravity. Because, cesium atomic vibrations
between, its two ground states are very stable. Hence, cesium
atomic clocks are very accurate under constant field conditions.
Orbital electrons change their energy levels in atom
continuously with constant period of time. But, change in field
in its surrounding affects the clock working as above. Gravity
affects its time keeping. Low gravity will give shorter unit time
period and higher gravity will give longer unit time period. It
happens because higher gravity lowers the speed of orbiting
electron. How? Let us see. It is very innovative and originally
being explained. The utmost accurate minute time duration is
maintained by vibration of a stable atom or revolution of orbital
electron around its nucleus. Each orbit has its fixed energy.
But, the orbital motion of an orbiting electron in its orbit is also
affected by external forces if any of them are acting on the
atom.
Please refer above Figure-4, Relativistic Vector Addition. The
gravity vector intending to add velocity (g=v), to c; shifts
vector c (OP) to same value vector (OR) reducing prime vector
c's magnitude to (c2 - v2)1/2 i.e. (OS), as shown in the Figure-4.
Thus, orbital speed has reduces due to gravitational effect.
Resultantly, the orbital energy has decreased w.r.t. nucleus.
Here, gravity, V use MKS unit system as usual and
geometrical units as in Schwarzschild's Time Dilation
formulae. In an atom, orbital electrons are held as if they are
hinged by a suitably flexible but a stiff band. Hence gravity
works on an orbital electron as a pressure. It means, gravity
does not accelerate the orbital electron at acceleration g, but,
always maintains a force on the electron such that, if the
electron is released from its orbit free to move, it will provide
it acceleration g to achieve a velocity of v within unit time one
sec. this gravity reduces orbital electron speed from c to (c2 v2)1/2 and rotates around its nucleus at reduced speed given
here.
Figure 4. Effect of Gravity on atomic Orbital
The result is slowing the orbital motion and increasing
corresponding time period span of electron's revolution
proportionately. Please see the Figure-4, below.
For avoiding interference of proton to respective electron
electrical fields of different pairs in atom; after coming down
to lower orbit; it revolves at the same angular speed as in its
previous orbit. For time unit, one orbital rotation of an electron
of a stable atom is suitable than one peripheral length travel by
orbiting electron. Peripheral lengths are different as per
respective orbit numbers. So, if, before gravity acting, the
electron obeyed outer periphery. It travelled at linear speed c
along it. It took a certain time to complete one such rotation
around its nucleus. Let us represent that time as t. in rotational
speed the orbital electrons in different orbits maintain it the
same. Similarly equivalent to linear speed c, angular speed of
all orbiting electrons is same angular c. Hence product 'ct' in
angular measurement remains constant. Please excuse me, I
repeat again it. When gravity is acting on the electron, its
linear speed reduced to (c2 - v2)1/2. As far as angular speed is
considered it remain the same due to reasons mentioned above
and also the angular rotation time period remains the same.
Thus the product 'ct'
ct' remains constant. Now in linear relation it
works as following. In gravity free orbit, the orbital linear
speed is c and outer orbit refers to it as in Figure-4.
Figure There the
orbital electron travels at speed c around its nucleus. With this
linear speed c,, it completes each one rotation in a certain time
period say t. So, in outer orbit, the product of c and t, ct is
taken. When gravity acts, the linear speed is reduced to (c2 v2)1/2 and, the electron drops to lower orbit as discussed above.
The periphery
hery of lower orbit is lesser than outer orbit. But, due
to reduction in linear speed, the electron takes more than
previous time period to complete its travel of one lower
periphery. In angular motion we have seen the same time and
same angular velocity off electron in both the orbits. But, in
linear motion, orbital electron seems to need more than
previous period of time. As pr Relativity formula it is [ct/(c2 v2)1/2 ]. So for inner orbit, the product of speed and time is (c2
- v2)1/2. [ct/(c2 - v2)1/2 ] = ct. as per outer orbit. Outer orbit
works as frame S' attached to orbital, the source of event and,
inner orbit works as frame S attached to observer. And it is
true we as observer O, the main real observer are watching
events happening with orbital electron in motion
Gravitational Time Dilation and Length Contraction are
True in General Relativity:- It is considered that, the
sophisticated watches are similar in all respect. Inherently we
understand that, the gravitational forces exerted by frames S
and S' are equal or zero in Special Relativity. With that
consideration, and it is true; But, in reality each and every
frame in Universe is influenced by gravity more or less. Then
in that case General Relativity works. Hence, unit scales of t
and t' are bound to differ in their rest frames depending upon
gravitational constant of those frames or any other acceleration
due to another type of field. A well known example of general
relativity time dilation is an atomic clock that runs slower on
surface
rface of a massive stellar body like earth, than in free space.
Because, earth has gravity g. Gravitational constant of earth's
gravity, on earth's surface is g w.r.t. free space. Please refer
Figure 4 above. An excited electron in an atomic orbit in free
space, revolve at speed c around its nucleus. Its orbit is shown
in the Figure above as normal orbit. Light photons emitted
from excited orbital electron there-from
from move at speed c.
Under the action off gravity g, the orbit of electron reduces to
(1 - v2/c2)1/2 times the normal orbit in reality. But, the electron's
angular speed in its newly occupied orbit due to gravity,
external to the atom remain c or even more in excited atom; or,
naturally higher atomic numbered-atom's
atom's orbiting electron as
mentioned in relativistic effects on atomic orbital in
Wikipedia. Hence, as orbiting electron goes nearer and nearer
the nucleus, its linear speed decreases proportionately w.r.t.
decrease in respective radius. Thee orbital radius of an atom
decrease w.r.t., external gravity on it. As discussed above. The
linear velocity v in an orbit of electron is derived under the
influence of gravity. Thus, as shown in Figure-4,
Figure for velocity c,
the orbital dia. is lf and, for reduced
duced velocity, c.(1 - v2/c2)1/2
the orbital dia. is lG. The notations in this Figure subscribed 'f'
correspond with velocity of light, c. And that subscribed with
G correspond to gravity acting on the atom from external
massive object.
See that periphery pf corresponding to dia. lf and pg
corresponding dia. lG, is orbited by the electron in the same
time period. (Hence, it is rightly thought in geometrical units
of space measurements to keep period of time of an event, t as
constant and to vary c by taking
ing its proportion.). Therefore,
pg<pf. This is the Gravitational length contraction. To state it; a
length of an object becomes shorter on a massive body due to
gravity of the body; than it is in free space beyond any
gravitational influence of any other body. Now about time
dilation consideration: Both the peripheries, pg and pf where,
pg<pf, are traversed in the same time period t. Smaller length
traversed in same period as the larger length. Hence, now in
smaller orbit the electron will require more time to traverse the
distance equal to the larger orbit existed in free space.
Therefore, thee unit time duration is increased in lower orbit
which is accepted by electron under effect of gravity of
external massive body. This is Gravitational time dilation. The
mathematical relations in this respect are discussed below.
A common equation used
sed to determine gravitational time
dilation is using the Schwarzschild solution
solution, which describes
space-time in the vicinity of a non
non-rotating massive object. The
Schwarzschild solution for time dilation for a spherically
sphericallysymmetric object is:
…………………………………
……………………………………… (7)
in free space, and i.e.
……………………………………….(8)
on earth's surface. Where,
t0 is the proper time between events A and B for a slow
slowticking observer within the gravitational field,(for example
on earth.)
tf is the proper time between events A and B for a fast
fastticking observer distant from the massive object (and
therefore outside of the gravitational field), (that's in free
space.)
G is the gravitational constant
constant,
Mis the mass of the object creating the gravitational field,
r is the radial coordinate of the observer (which is
analogous to the classical distance of observer from the
center of the object, but is actually a Schwarzschild
coordinate), and
c is the speed of light.
g is the acceleration due to earth's gravity.
R is the radius of earth.
Then, above equation can be written as
…………………………………….. (9)
where, tg ≡ t ; tf ≡ t'
G = Earth's gravity,
R = Earth's radius,
c = speed of light.
It is as derived in ' Nave, C.R. "Gravity and the Photon." in
Hyper Physics. <http://hyperphysics.phy
<http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/
relativ/ blahol.html#c2. From Hyperspace Wiki; exploration in
effects of gravitation; gravitational time dilation." In the above
equation (8), t0 is time-period
period between two consecutive ticks
defining
efining unit of time on the surface of a stellar body or a
planet; and, tf is the time period between two consecutive
clicks defining the unit of time by similar watch in free space;
then, we can realize that the same watch will show different
Unit time periods
eriods on different stellar bodies or different planes
w.r.t. time in free space. Thus in its rest frame, an object
experiences time dilation due gravity of its rest frame. Thus
time runs slow in space in lower gravity and fast on a stellar
massive body that is in higher gravity.
Now, let us see about Length Contraction in General
Relativity.. Assume there is no gravitation-phenomena
gravitation
in
Universe! Then, every similar dimension of each object would
be the same in free space and on any big body. Now, Measure
the length lf' of the object along radius of the big body in
absence of Universal gravity. See that, the object is on surface
of the massive body and the measured length is vertical to the
surface of the body, in radial direction. Assume next step. Let
gravity
vity in space G appears. G acts in all directions. Hence
physical dimensions of each object would be contracted.
Hence, above measured length will also contract to lf
irrespective of its direction. G acts at any point in space in all
radial directions to point in space. Please be cautious about
that, there is not gravity of its own to any, big
body/object/particle yet in our assumption.
The diameters of terrestrial all bodies would be contracted; the
all lengths of each of the body would be contracted; measuring
tape will also be contracted. It will all happen due to Universal
gravitational constant G. the Universal gravity G is same in
magnitude in space in all directions,
ctions, Hence, in its case there
won't be acceleration of anything at this stage of our thinking.
This length lf, we consider length in free space having
Universal gravitational constant G. Now, the last step; consider
existing Universe. There is gravity-field
ield to each body, each
object and, almost each particle, each of its own. Hence, on a
planet or on a terrestrial body; the dia. of or the length of
respective body reduces, proportional to lG. the length of an
object resting on or in gravity-influence
influence zone
zo of a massive
body, will reduce to its respective length lG in radial direction
of the object's rest-massive body. It can be seen from free
space where Universal gravity G is only present. The relation
between the length lf in space (in any direction) and
an its
respective contracted length lG on massive body, in radial
direction, due to gravity of massive object is,
…………………...................... (10)
Where, lf is length of object in free space, lG is the length on
massive body, along the radial direction of the massive body.
G is gravity of the massive body, M its mass and, r is the
radius; and, c is the velocity of light w.r.t. the length. (Please
see that till yet we have not considered the effect
effe of Special
Relativity on length contraction.) Above equation is derived in
web: The Origin of Gravity - ag-physics.org.. While reaching to
above equation (8), G is talked as Universal gravitational
constant as is existed. As nowhere part of Universe is found
free of Universal gravity G, we have accepted the length in
space as original length lf the free length; not affected by
gravity. And w.r.t. it, the gravitational contraction due to
terrestrial bodies is being measured. Hence, in above equation
(8), G represents
ts the gravity of a body and not, the Universal
Gravity Constant. l' in above equation (10) includes
gravitational contraction of length in free space and it is carried
to observer through light signal in his measurements. Hence,
the length l measured by oobserver in space contains
gravitational length contraction. With this informative data, we
will see how originally, the length contraction occurs
physically. Please see the Figure 4 above. It represents
gravitational length contraction.
Length Contraction in General Relativity:
Relativity:- In free space,
there are not external forces acting on orbital electron of an
atom. By 'free space' here it is meant that, there is not any
material particle and any speed except unavoidable Dark
Energy particles/Dark Matter
tter and Higgs Field. There the
duration between consecutive two ticks of scientific atomic
watch is t0 as given above by equation (7). On a massive body
like earth, it is tf and the relation between the two is given by
relation (8) above. Then, t0, on a massive any Body, is
converted tG i.e. time period between two consecutive ticks of
scientific atomic watch and represented it in above equation
(9). In the relation (9), the term (2gR) represents, v2 where v
is the velocity due to gravity of the massive body and our 'test
atom' is considered on it.
Now, I take the relation (6)
,
Along with its relativistic basic equation (7),
and its equivalent equation (9) for earth,
.
Where,
,
,
………(11)
In equations (9) and (10), tf and lf are counter notations of l'
and t' in special relativity respective equations, (6) and (4).
Similarly, l0 and t0 are counter notations of l and t in special
relativity. In above relation and expression it is indicated that,
(v2 = 2gR). From the discussion above, this relation can be
interpreted as follows. An assumed stationary observer, finds
the speed of light signal coming to him from a relatively
moving object at speed v, in direction of his vision, equal to
w.r.t. him, in free space. Similarly, when an orbiting
electron is revolving around its host nucleus at linear speed c
freely; and it is then applied a force say a force of gravity g; its
speed will reduce to
. Now here is one beautiful
perception in respect of Relativis
Relativistic vector addition. In
relativity two or more than that vectors, does not get added
algebraically to form their resultant; but each of the vectors
acts independently instant to instant.
This happens because, any speed added to speed c doesn't
increase it beyond c; instead, it lowers speed c to speed
. It gets added to c relatively. Please go through the Figure-5
below, to get me. As per Figure 5 above, G is geo-stationary
satellite. O is its vertical projection on earth. Obviously it is
orbiting around earth in west to east direction at the linear
speed so that the point O on earth is always remains stationary.
Arrange another satellite S which w
will be orbiting the earth in
opposite direction to G parallel to orbit of G, at the same
altitude from earth surface.
And other titled, 'The Light Photon, Dark Matter and the
Whirling of Dark Matter. Theory of the Birth of Universe'
published by, 'International Journal of Current Research. (ijcr).
In its volume 09, issue 10, October 2017, sub-head: Physical
Sciences and Engineering, article-10'.
Figure 5. Relativistic Vector Addition
Let a light (laser) signal be released from satellite Sat point S,
when it is in line with G. Mark its vertical projection on earth
surface. It will be at point A. Arrange experimental system
such that, at this position of S, a sufficiently narrow and short
light pulse be released from S towards ground in radial
direction of earth. Along line AB already light sensors are put
continuously. Observe for receipt of the light pulse. It will be
seen that, the sensor at point B records the receipt of the pulse,
which was fired at point S in space. Let the sensors be
provided with measurement of angle of line of travel of the
signal w.r.t. the vertical to earth-surface at respective places.
Then sensor B will record angle of line BS' equal to zero
degree instead the angle of line BS which is >zero. If the
velocity of light c and velocity of the satellite S were added as
per vector algebra; then the sensor at B would have recorded,
the direction of signal along SB instead the direction S'B.
Because, the sound boom generated in air by its source, doesn't
travel with its source; but, it stays in the medium of sound
generating sound waves in medium which travel radial. In
relativistic terms; the rest frame of sound doesn't travel with its
cause; which is the supersonic jet; but, the rest frame of light
travel with its source. Hence whenever seen, light is found
coming from its source.
In case of light, it doesn't travel by generating disturbance in a
medium like sound. Sound travels through medium air by
creating disturbance in still air medium. Its particle-photons
released from its source, travel at speed c w.r.t. its source. It
has two speeds. One its original speed c and other speed v of
its source w.r.t. an observer. But, c and v does not get added
algebraically, as vector addition creating a resultant vector
which would have travelled along the path similar to SB as in
Figure-5, informing us that, light signal received by an
observer shows the position of its source, where at, the source
has released the signal, the concept followed at present. But,
light photons released by satellite S, at point P travel parallel to
line SA and reach observer O, when the satellite S is at point
position S'. Observer finds that the light signal has reached him
along the line S'B. It indicates that, the light rays travel parallel
to itself at speed of its source. Hence, the position of signal
source that is recorded by an observer is its actual position in
space when he receives the signal; and not that, when the
source released the signal in space. Thus in the relativistic
phenomena, speed vectors of light doesn't get added purely
algebraically but, they get added relativistic-ally. Attention is
focused on speed of light discussed where ever needed, in my
two research articles. One is published in 'Scientific Research
Journal (scirj), volume V, May 2017', under the heading 'An
Innovative Review Of Kennedy-Thorndike Experiment.'
Now returning to our orbital electron and its host atom under
action of gravitational force; it is to state that, the tensor v,
doesn't add to c, but it lessons its orbital speed by a factor say
(1/x) where, x is an integer. Effectively, the orbital period
increases by x times. Therefore, the orbital diameter seems
decreased in rest frame of atom itself as per relativistic
behavior, by the factor. Thus gravitational velocity tensor v
acting on speed c of orbiting electron shifts vector c, thereby
the vector c describes smaller orbital radius in this case.
Because, vector v tries to its speed v on the orbiting electron;
but, the electron is under the influence of atomic internal
forces which were far greater than the external gravitational
forces acting on the orbiting electron. Hence the tensor v
lowers the speed c to
where (v2 = 2gr/c2). Therefore,
the respective electron requires greater than previous time
period to complete one rotation at speed c. As speed and time
period are complementary to each other in Relativity; their
product remains same the constant. Hence, c the speed of light
is not universal constant but, the product of velocity of light
and time period to travel the distance c, between two points
fixed in universal frame of reference, is constant in each frame
w.r.t. its attached respective observer. However, the travelled
distance c and time period to travel it as observed from
different frames each will be different but, the product ct in
each frame will be the same. According to discussions above,
if an object of length l' in free space happen to stand on the
surface of a satellite where, the gravitational tensor v exists; its
height will not be l' as previous but, it will be,
……………………………..............(12)
Where l is length on earth and, l' is the length in free space.
Provided the measuring tape used in free space, remain
unaffected by gravitational forces of the planet and any other
possible effects. As g differ from planet to planet; stellar body
to body; the length contracted from l' to l will also differ from
planet to planet. Thus, if the length of an object radial to a
satellite, say Jupiter is lj and that is le on earth; then
gravitational contraction of an object on them will be as below,
derived from above equation (12)
……………(13)
Here, the gravitational vector force, tensor acts along the
direction of length which is along the radial direction of the
respective massive body. Second fact, le and lj are vertical to
direction of vision of observer. Please see Figure-6 below. The
observer will find this relation true for object's length lengths,
in the direction of gravity of respective body. Thus, the length
le along earth's Gravity on earth will be gravitationally
contracted length lj on Jupiter in direction of Gravity of Jupiter.
When measured from earth, it will come out to be the same lj.
le and lj are lengths are same lf, the free length when the object
rests in free space. Hence, above equation, (13) exists. Thus,
Gravitational length contraction is Real.
The case in Figure-6 is of special & General relativity i.e. an
object in accelerated frame (the planet Jupiter) is viewed from
another frame (planet earth), (neither earth nor Jupiter has any
revolving speed about one's self, as is assumed for the sake of
explaining the facts very clearly.) in relative linear motion v,
w.r.t. each other. Observer on earth judges, the gravitationally
contracted length lj (l' in Special Relativity) and observes, the
same! (l in special relativity); Because, there is not length
contraction, in direction vertical to the direction of motion of
the object, in Special Relativity.Thus, there will be two length
contractions observed by observer. One, the Gravitational real
length contraction the direction of gravity given by the
equation, lj as viewed by the observer in the direction
perpendicular to the length; to be measured, is lj , the same
length. Because, in this case, there is not length contraction
due to reason mentioned above.
The equation between length l observed by the observer, and
the length judged l', that would be on the massive object, here
the Jupiter; is as given below.
………………(14)
and lf is length in free space.
Whenever, an observer finds a length l, of an object under the
influence of a massive body, either in state of rest or in a state
of relative motion w.r.t. him; it is included of the Gravitational
contraction due to that massive body. Similar consideration, do
apply to a massive body under influence of another massive
body. The measured length thus, or the length judged l' is
respective gravitationally contracted length as shown in above
formula-14. In this case the object under observation is resting
on massive object. now we should see, how gravity of a
massive body acts on an object, the object, which is, moving
(falling) freely under the gravity of the Body.
Moving in Free Space and Moving free under Gravity:Please see the Figure- 8 below.
Figure 6. Length Contraction in General and Special Relativity
But, along the direction of vision of the observer in relative
motion w.r.t. the object; the length contraction takes place as
given below as shown in Figure-6, below. Thus, Below Figure7, is revision of Figure-6. In the Figure-7, the length l observed
by observer on earth, include both length contractions;
gravitational and Special Relativistic contractions. The
equation between length l observed by the observer, and the
length judged l', that would be on the massive object, here the
Jupiter; is as given below.
……………(14)
Figure 7. Gravitati0nal And Special Relativistic Length
Contraction
Above fgure-7, is revision of Figure-6. In the Figure-7, the
length l observed by observer on earth, include both length
contractions; gravitational and Special Relativistic contractions.
Figure 8. An Object Under Free Motion
In Figure-86a, the object is moving freely, at constant
linear velocity v conserving its momentum. There are not
any forces acting on the object. there is zero gravity
acting on the object.
In Figure-8b, there are two equal in mass and size, two
bodies, resting each on one side of the object at equal
distance from the line of motion of the object, the
gravitational forces, x-components of the two massive
bodies are equal and opposite to each other acting on the
object, along line passing through the centers of the
massive bodies; and y-components of both bodies acting
in -y direction adding with each other. Hence, the object
is moving freely w.r.t. x-x-components and under
influence of -y, -y components.
In Figure-8c, the object is freely falling under gravity of
massive body. Gravity is continuously acting on the
body; but, it is gaining momentum by increase of its
speed under the influence of gravity. Hence, it is freely
falling under the gravity.
Thus for a free motion of an object, either there should not be
any external forces acting on the moving object; or, if they are
existing; the object can move freely if the forces are equal in
magnitude and acting opposite to each other. In Figure-7,
Gravitational length contraction is observed in case the object
is resting on the massive body. The force of gravity of the body
tries to accelerate the object; but, the resting frame of the
object, doesn't allow it.
Hence, the gravitational effort of the body is transferred to
contract the object. This Gravitational contraction of the object
is viewed from each frame in the Universe in different Relative
motions with each other.
This Gravitational contraction compresses the atomic orbits of
atoms of the object under its influence.
But, what happens to Gravitational contraction of an object,
falling free under the influence of gravity of a Body?
Gravity of a Body acts on each particle of an object
independently. Hence, when Gravitational contraction takes
place; it is homogeneous throughout the object. That's why,
objects with different masses, diverging-greatly in their masses,
fall from the same height on a massive Body at the same
accelerated speed and touch the plane horizontal ground at the
same instant of time.
So, when an object is moving free under gravity acting in
direction of motion of the body, The object moves freely.
Gravitational contraction in this case doesn't occur.
Difference Between Mechanical Force and Gravitational
Force:- Please see the Figure-9 below. Fig. 9.a, shows the
action of mechanical force and Figure-9 .b shows the action of
gravitational force. Number of particles, are connected in a line
passing through their mass-centers by themselves by their
internal bonds in a total consolidated mass. In case of
application of a mechanical force, we have to attach an eye-bolt
to the first particles of the mass and a hook to the source of
mechanical force. The eye and the hook are coupled and
mechanical force is applies on 1st particle. The force is then
serially passed one after another up to the last particle through
the internal bondage of particles between each other
consecutively. The force has to come over the total inertia of all
particles. Through the 1st particle directly connected to the
force-source. Hence, the 1st particle carries maximum stretch.
The stretch then lessons one by one till end particle. Each
particle opposes the force due to its inertia. Hence, larger the
number of particles, larger force is required to bring in motion
all those, in a fixed period of time with uniform acceleration.
But, in respect of gravitational force, the situation is different.
Each mass particle has gravitational force, proportional to its
mass. When, a gravitational field line acts on that particle, it
helps the massive body to accelerate it. Thus, each of the
particles of mass of object, helps itself to accelerate towards the
massive body. Hence, there may be either one mass particle or
number of mass particles; each will respond independently to
the force of gravity of the massive body. Therefore, either there
be one or number of particles bonded in a single mass; both
will attain same velocity after a conman particular time period
with constant gravitational acceleration acting on each particle
directly.
The main fact in gravitation acts directly on each particle of
an object having mass. Therefore, a kilogram-mass and a
tone- mass, when released from the same height; both touch
the horizontal ground of a massive object at the same instant
of time.
Space-Time Continuum:- It is noticed that, whenever some
new invention is declared, a conman man and even the persons
engaged in that respective field start, illusive thinking.
Figure 9. Mechanical Force and Gravitational Force
Illusions stop the progress of the invented fact. Same is
happening in respect of 'ct' the space-time continuum. Some
think it, bending of space like metal plate bending. Actually
please excuse me; But, I consider, space-time continuum is
mathematical process to include all the facts of relativity in a
conman formula; conman to all observers in Universe. Please
here me that, there is nothing illusive in concept of space time
continuum. An object orbiting a massive planet or a star, moves
free without experiencing, any resultant force on it. The
gravitational force of the massive body acting on an object
under its influence and, centrifugal force due to rotary motion
around the massive body of the object, acting on the object
opposite to each other; but, they being equal, no resultant force
is acting on the object. Hence, the object is moving freely
around the massive body as shown in Figure-10.a It is as if the
path of the object is circular due to the presence of the mass of
the body. The orbiting circular mass-velocity at any point on its
orbit can be represented by a tensor, which inherently includes
the balancing of gravitational force and the centrifugal force.
As the distance of object increases from the mass centre; the
path of moving object corresponding to its same speed with
which it was orbiting circular around the mass; becomes less
and less curved; ultimately becomes a straight path. When it
comes across another mass during its travel, it accepts more
and more bending as it reaches this second mass in its path.
of watches. It must be as mentioned by the Author in this
article.
Till here, we have tried to perceive effect of gravity on our
realization of natural facts and its grass root mode of action.
Now let us see, role of gravity in expanding universe.
Figure 10. Developing the Space-Time Continuum
Thus, the straight path of an object moving free under its own
conserved momentum; includes heights or troughs depending
upon on which side the concerned mass is seen. Such, number
of paths parallel to each other in a plane, in all possible
directions form space-time plane or space-time continuum as
shown in Figure-10.c below. In Figure 10.b, number of
satellites orbiting a massive body, are shone. Each orbit
belongs to independent space-time continuum spread from
every possible one end to the other end of the Universe. When
such spce-time net for each mass in Universe is drawn, the
Universe seems like a foam; a space-time foam.
In a other way, please observe the Figure- 10.c and find in that,
there are four lines at four sides of the escape path orbit. It is
conman to different objects having different masses. It is easily
understood, if force due to gravity and centrifugal force due to
the orbital linier velocity of the revolving body are seen. So,
escape velocity orbit, depends only on mass of the massive
body. Larger mass of the stellar body gives larger escape-orbit
diameter. Once the object is escaped, it will travel along
straight path like a straight line from the orbit tangent to the
orbit. The structure of lines seen in Figure-10.c is considered at
every part of angle second around the orbit. So that, every point
on the orbit can work as escape point.
Now consider the net in fig. 10.c. there are number of observers
at different points. And some event happens at some point. If
each observer, records event signal-massage of instant of
happening the event and receipt of instant of time; then each
observer can pinpoint the exact point of event source, point of
event, source velocity and all other details required. All
observers will pinpoint the same spot of the event and same
scientific information of the event using Lorentzian
transformations embedded in Einstein's equations. Each
observer has such infinite number of planes with dips where
ever massive bodies are existed. An observer can rotate the
plane at any axis, in any direction. Imagine, how the Universe
will look. It will look like foam called space-time foam. Figure10.b shows number of satellites orbiting the massive body in
different orbits. Each one has a basic space-time continuum
like that in Figure-10.c. Distance is measured as product ct.
Distance is known by an observer, by multiplying c by time
period between the receipt of the signal and instant of eventhappening; conveyed by the signal of the event. At least three
light pulses with duration between them will be recorded by the
observer to deduce exact information.
One very important thing to be added is the synchronization of
watches. It shouldn't work as preset method of synchronization
The Fate of Expanding Universe:- Reduce the world in two
masses. One, equal to m, an existing big star at the horizon of
the Universe; and, another equal to M, equivalent to remaining
all stellar bodies at the centre of the Universe; the point of
happening of the Big Bang. The Big Bang has induced certain
velocity to each basic mass particle at the instant of its
happening. After combining a group of particles to form a star
body; to form a massive body; the group of particles, assumed
a conman velocity in space conserving momentum of all the
particles in the group. Assume of the mass M stationed at one
point and mass m moving away from it in its radial direction at
speed v at an instant say t1, all w.r.t. mass M. The mass m is at
a distance of r from mass M at instant of time t1. The force
between the masses M and m is given by,
……………(15)
Where, g is acceleration due to gravitational force between the
masses, acting on mass m in radial direction towards the mass
centre of mass M. But, instead of above gravitational
acceleration g, the mass m, is moving away from the mass M,
in radial direction at a velocity v, at distance r. Because, in the
Big Bang, the mass has acquired so much momentum and
respective kinetic energy; that, the mass at a distance of r from
M, is moving away from it, at velocity v. The moving mass has
not any resistance to transfer its momentum or expend its
kinetic energy on it. Due to velocity v of mass; the distance r
between M and m masses, is increasing continuously. And,
therefore, the acceleration g due to gravity of mass M, is
decreasing at the square rate of distance of m from M. Hence,
gravitational stored energy in mass m in its internal energy by
gravitational contraction is released in the direction of v
increasing its magnitude. Hence, the expanding Universe, is
expanding at accelerated rate.
In a moving atom, at an accelerated velocity < c; the orbit of
an electron revolving in its orbit and its linear speed in the orbit
decrease; but, once the acceleration dies down, the electron
assume its previous normal conditions in its host atom. But, in
case the acceleration of accelerating velocity increases to c, as
per relativistic addition of acceleration as velocity vector in
linear orbital velocity of electron of the atom, second to second
till the resultant velocity vector of the electron appears in its
escape direction, that escape direction is almost radial to the
nucleus of the respective atom; within a few seconds. Then, the
orbital electrons in an atom leave revolving around their
respective nucleus; and, accept to move in linear velocities
disrupting the mass m into its Black energy matter particles.
Thus the mass is lost in the outsides of the Universe
As universe go on expanding the speeds of Universal Bodies go
up to c and try to exceed it. When it happens, Atomic structure
is destroyed; the elementary particle structures are destroyed. It
is supported by this author's, paper, 'The Light Photon, Dark
Matter and the Whirling of Dark Matter, The Theory of the
Birth of Universe', published in this Journal Volume 09,
October 2017, article no.10 at sub head of the journal 'Physics
and engineering'. Then the masses are transformed into basic
ultimate Dark energy matter particles. In this fashion all
Universe will die down of terrestrial bodies. That will evacuate
the Universe about 4% of matter. The density of matter in the
Universe will lower, creating relative vacuum. The expanding
Universe, leads to think seriously that, there must be dark
energy matter outside the Universe all around. And that is
enhancing the expansion of the Universe at increasing
accelerated rate. Excuse me sirs; but
I state that, once the eternality of mass and the definition of
energy that, 'moving (ultimate the smallest mass particle) is the
(basic) energy in the universe'; are realized, the Universe, will
be perceived more and more.
(articles mentioned here in IJCR and SCIRJ) In addition
Regarding Dark Energy Matter I state that, there is not
anything as antigravity field. I realize that,
Gravity is such a field in Universe; which results in only
attraction between particles. All types of Dark energy in
Universe amounting to 96% of Dark Energy Matter keeps
balanced the Massive Bodies in Universe
locked within it, forming a great massive group; which is
moving outwards in the expanding Universe at their respective
positions defining their different motions within gravitational
attractive fields within themselves. I explain that, I am using
'Dark Energy Matter' word to include , Dark Energy particles of
ultimate mass derived from Plank's constant i.e. hγ/c2 each and
the barons like free particles in the Universe. Till the Universe
is expanding at speeds greater than c; a pressure is being
exerted on outside of Universe. Once this pressure dies down,
The Universal vacuum thus formed, causes 'Explosive
Decompression', resulting in tremendous rush of Dark Energy
Matter from outside the Universe into it. The rushing of Dark
Energy Matter into Universe, then results in collisions of the
Dark Energy Particles creating the Big Bang giving Birth to the
Universe. The 'whirling theory' stated in my article in IJCR
mentioned above; gave a birth to the 'FIRST UNIVERSE'. Pure
Logic, leads to concept of FIRST UNIVERSE. Then after,
recycling 'BIG BANG' theory is going to remain forever. See
that, The Big Bang is not due to centralization of mass to
infinite density; but, it is due to, rushing of Dark Energy
Matter from outside the Empty Universe.
Mass-Energy and Space-time:- It is very illusive thinking
that, mass and energy; Space and time get converted into each
other. Space and time are conjugates of each other. Space and
time in combination define speed. Assume certain distance d.
an object travels it in t seconds. Consider this standard event in
Universe. Then, when distance d is travelled in greater than
time t; then, we sense that, to travel that distance extra time is
taken by the object. It required extra time means the distance
has become longer. And we say that extra time is converted
into distance additional to d. When, the object travels the
distance d in lesser time period than t; we say, length d is
shortened say by length s. And it is converted into time.
Therefore total time has lessened. Similar thing happens with
mass and energy. During some process when mass
disintegrates into its very basic ultimate the most minimum
mass the 'Plank's mass' particles; they give out their all external
and internal energy. We equate it to mass. Thus decide standard
of energy-mass conversion.
And we say that mass converts into energy. Because, the
ultimate mass particles, that the Dark Energy particles, are undetected yet. Hence, Einstein's mass-energy conversion relation
E = mc2, give transformation of internal energy of mass into
other form, mainly radiation energy; and, vice vis.
Conclusion
From discussions above following conclusions are drawn. In
Relativity An event is said to have happened in the Universe by
an observer, at the instant of time when, the event signal
reaches to the observer; and not at the event when the source of
event has released the signal. Mankind is enthusiastic about its
origin and ultimate future. So to find it out, it should know the
same about its habitat; the Universe. The main tool of it is the
Relativity. Hence, study and research in Relativity is prime
necessity. A Scientist have to observe the far away Universe
and beyond Universe. There is no body to assist him at far
distances, as is assumed for deriving Special Relativity
equations. So, the equations are reduced to simple form so that,
the Scientist himself can successfully take observations of far
away world also.
In kinetics, two or more vectors, acting on the same body, form
a single resultant force vector and it acts on the body; but, in
Relativity; each vector acts independently.
From the received signal/signals, the Scientist derives the
position of the source of the signal and considers it to be the
position when the source released the signal. It is not correct,
But, the fact is that, the found position/place of the source in
space is when, the Scientist received the signal. If this concept
is not followed, there is a big error is Mapping of the Universe.
It is very wrongly considered that, the speed of light c is the
limit of speed in the Universe; but, c the standard velocity of
light is not the limit of speed in Universe; instead, it is the limit
of perception lodged upon us, The Space-Time continuum and
warping of space/bending of space is part of relativistic
mathematics, neither the space warps, nor the space converts
into something or vice vis. In actual due to light signal velocity,
each vector acting independently, the correspondence of unit
time and unit distance being with, (time period) duration of one
revolution of orbital electron and its orbital periphery
respectively , and the natural limit of observer's perceptive
senses, that experience above facts.
Concept of very first Universe is introduced: Its birth is
through whirling of dark energy matter particles. The fate of
universe to get lost in outside of it at speeds greater than c
(Speeds greater than c are definitely existed. converting
consolidated masses into, Dark Energy Particles. The Next
Birth of Universe is through Big Bang, but not as pleaded by
physics; but, quiet differently. Because, mass cannot
concentrate to infinite densities.
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