Rianwater

JOURNAL OF GEO AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE RESEARCH ISSN: 2328-4676 VOL. 2(2), pp. 75-87, MAY 2014 REF NUMBER: 0720140504 ONLINE: http://www.projournals.org/JGESR ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Full length Research Paper ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, BirninKebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Accepted: 22 MAY, 2014. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT ainwater is one of the free gifts of nature but instead of making use of this resource to cater for human water demands, during both the dry and rainy seasons, it is allowed to waste away. This work then aims at appraising the efficiency of rainwater harvesting methods towards solving water shortage problem during the dry seasons in Kajola Local Government Area (LGA) of Oyo state. In achieving this, the concepts of rainwater harvesting and its harvest technologies were reviewed, the existing water sources were examined, methods of rainwater harvesting in the Local Government Area were assessed, and recommendations were made. Three hundred respondents selected through clustered random sampling technique were interviewed using questionnaires. The data collected from the field were subjected to simple analytical methods. Findings revealed that local methods were used to harvest rainwater. These local methods include the use of small containers and pots. Recommendations made include, adoption of underground tanks method of harvesting, provision of well powered centers for the collection by government, storage and distribution of rainwater and the need to encourage surface catchment system. R KEYWORDS: Rainwater harvesting, capturing, run off, resource, evapotranspiration. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*Corresponding Author: oyediran.kay2011@yahoo.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 1 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. 0720140504 INTRODUCTION Air, water and food, strictly in that order are the basic essentials of life. Human beings can live over sixty days without food, survive rarely for more than three days without water but will die within a few minutes if deprived of air [7]. Therefore, regular intake of water is essential for survival. As a common natural resource, water, not only is supposed to be adequate in whatever season of the year, but expected to be cheap, available and conveniently accessible to both the rich and the common men. Egunjobi [3] observed that water supplies in our urban centres were not adequate and attributed the cause to high rate of population growth most especially in the last century. Rainwater harvesting is as old as history itself, less expensive, affordable by even the lowest income earners and ideal for consumption to a certain extent. In the light of the above observation and the benefits of rainwater, this paper attempts to appraise the efficiency of rainwater harvesting method towards solving water shortage problem during the dry season in Kajola LGA of Oyo State. However, the paper is divided into four main sections. The first part is the introduction that addresses the statement of the problem, study area and the methodology adopted to carry out the research. The second part covers the conceptual interpretation of rainwater harvesting and harvesting technologies. The third part looks at various research findings and brief concluding remarks and recommendations are contained in the fourth section. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Kajola Local Government Area is predominantly covered by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks evidenced by rock outcrop of various magnitudes and hills. This in fact, has hindered the rate at which wells are dug for use as blasting of the cambric rock is required. So, people rely mostly on the few old wells, government dug bore holes and some wells dug by those that could afford blasting of the rock. Akintola and Areola [1] in their work noted that as the socio economic status of a society improves the demand for water increases. The water demand of a community therefore depends on its culture and technological development, and the more sophisticated the civilized man becomes the thirstier he seems to grow. This may be linked to the estimation that 22% of the worldwide water is used in industry (World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 2009). Ogunnowo [8] supported this fact by stating that “the growing populations and industrial development demand ever increasing supplies of water” The population of Kajola Local Government Area keeps on increasing as demonstrated by both the 1991 and 2006 population figures : 168,260 and 200,997 respectively (National Population Commission, 2006). The high rate of population growth, technological advancement and improvement in the socio economic status of the dwellers of the Local Government Area has led to the inadequacy of the existing water supply systems. Despite the efforts of both the Local Government and self-efforts in water provision, this problem still persists. Therefore, it becomes necessary at this point in time not only to identify existing sources of water supply but to appraise the efficiency of rainwater harvesting methods towards solving water shortage, most especially during the dry season in the Kajola LGA. The target of this work is to reduce run off through rainwater harvesting. GLIMPSES OF KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA Kajola Local Government is in Oke Ogun of Oyo State (Figure 1) and has its headquarters in Okeho. Other major towns include, Ilero, Isemi-Ile, Ayetoro, Iwere-Oke and Ilua. Result of the 2006 National Population Census shows that the Local Government has a population of 200,997 which was projected in 2012 as 269,355 with a land area of 609 square kilometers [14]. Page 2 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. 0720140504 The majority of the people inhabiting the LGA belong to the Yoruba ethnic group. People from other parts of the state, country and outside the country also trade and live in the Local Government Area, mostly in Okeho the seat of the Local Government. Agriculture has always been the mainstay of the economy of the Local Government. Agricultural practice, especially in the rural areas is largely for subsistence purpose. Agricultural mechanization is gaining strong hold especially outside the LGA headquarters. The farming population is exposed to the better and improved crop varieties, favourable weather and agricultural credit schemes. These and other factors account for the relatively cheap prices of food items in the LGA. Availability of food partly depends on adequacy of water. Adequacy of water for food production also implies less competition between water for agriculture and human consumption. If these two were well addressed in the local government, their need for external water supply, besides the current situation, may not be economical for the community. Geologically, much of the Local Government Area is covered by Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks. The local government exhibits the typical tropical climate of average high temperature and high relative humidity. Rainfall period covers the period of March to October. The average volume of rainfall varies averagely between 800mm at the onset and 1,500mm at the peak of the season that gives average annual figure of 1,150mm. Ignorance of rainwater management and storage makes the people to divert from rainwater harvesting to other sources like borehole, hand-dug wells, and so on. The kind of which the people expect is not what they often get most especially during the dry season. The reasons being that getting water from water vendors is expensive and could hardly be afforded by every citizen. This scenario is often compounded by the fact that their land is rocky to the extent that one could hardly dig up to 30feet before hitting the rock. Hence, this work finds its justification to the fact that there is the need to harness the rainwater to complement other sources in Kajola LGA. Page 3 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. 0720140504 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The unit of data collection for this paper was Kajola LGA. The data came from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data were collected with the aid of questionnaires administered to respondents found to have knowledge of water shortage problem in the sampled towns. Oral interview and personal observation of some situations were also employed. Information sought from the respondents include; the effort of individuals in water provision, sources of water available, methods of rainwater harvesting, preservation methods, uses of rainwater and others. The sampling methods employed were Cluster and Systematic random Page 4 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. 0720140504 samplings. The sample frame was the National Population Commission register taken in 1991 because the figure for population census conducted in 2006 was not breakdown into communities. The summation of the population figures for these towns was 88,198 going by the 1991 census’ register and projected to 188,022 for 2013. The sample size of three hundred was taken from this sample frame. The distribution of the sample size was based on population distribution. That is, the larger the population, the more the questionnaires that were administered as shown by table 1. Table 1. Distribution of the Sample S/N Settlement 1 2 3 4 5 6 Okeho Ilero Ayetoro Isemi -Ile Iwere -Oke Ilua Total 1991 Population Figure 33,698 36,283 5,947 5,671 1,674 4,925 88,198 2013 projected population Sample Size Percentage 71,828 77,355 12,679 12,091 3,569 10,500 188,022 75 80 45 43 17 40 300 25.00 26.67 15.00 14.33 5.67 13.33 100.00 Source: National Population Commission, 1991 and author’s calculation,2013 National Population Commission Office published that the average standard of households in Nigeria falls between six and eight. The average of these, seven (7) was used to divide 188,022 which gave 26,860 households in these selected major settlements of Kajola LGA. Table 2 shows the analysis. Table 2: Determining the Sample Size of the Study Area. 1991 Population figure 88,198 Projected Population 2013 188,022 to Average Households 7 Number households of 26,860 Percentage of the selected households 1.12 Source: Author’s calculation, 2013. The secondary data utilized were gathered from both Kajola Local Government Water and Toilets Sanitation Office (WATSAN) and Kajola Zonal Planning Office. Relevant data were also generated from textbooks, internet materials, research reports and government gazettes which covered the background information. The data generated were subjected to simple analytical techniques. Nominal measurement and percentages were used to express the results of the analysis. LITERATURE REVIEW A number of past works relevant especially to this paper were reviewed. The review is sectioned into two, namely, rainwater harvesting and sources of water supply. RAINWATER HARVESTING Rainwater harvesting is the interception and storage of rainwater for consumption and other domestic uses or for irrigation and ground water storage. It involves collecting rainwater from natural surfaces or rooftops, and using the collected rainfall for various purposes (www.rainwaterharvesting.org, 2014). Rainwater Page 5 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. 0720140504 harvesting means capturing rain where it falls or capturing the runoff in a village or town and taking all precautions to keep it unpolluted (Balasubramanya, 2006). Balasubramanya was of the view that rainwater harvesting saves money, saves other resources of water, reduces erosion and storm water runoff and increases water quality. According to Jannette and Tim van (2006)Water harvesting is an umbrella term for a range of methods of concentrating and storing rainwater run-off, including water from roofs (rooftop harvesting), the ground (run-off harvesting) and from channel flow (floodwater harvesting). The impressive work of the Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team (NEST) in 1991 revealed that everywhere in the country has a dry season which spans from two or three months in the south to nine months in the extreme north. Section 58(1) and (2) of Kebbi State Urban Development Authority Building Regulations (1995) supported rainwater harvesting by stating that “a person may provide for a building a rainwater tank suitably placed in the property and constructed to withstand water pressure” and Part 2 of the regulation states the basic requirement of the tank. A rainwater tank shall be: (a) constructed with durable materials and water tight, (b) with a capacity of holding water as may be approved by the Authority, and (c) built in a way to provide access for internal cleaning, and where metal is used, surface of mild steel metal shall be galvanized or painted. From the above submissions, it is understood that rainfall is very unevenly distributed. There is therefore the need to capture and manage this precious gift of nature so as to cater for one’s water needs as this would reduce the runoff quantity. Based on this, the different technologies of rainwater harvesting have to be looked into. RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS Rainwater harvesting could still mean capturing rain where it falls whether in our own villages or towns, and taking measures to keep the water clean. Therefore, three means of harvesting rainwater include, capturing run off from the rooftops, capturing run off from local catchment and capturing seasonal floodwaters from local streams [15]. According to Sivanappan [10] there are different systems of water harvesting depending upon the source of water supply and places as classified below; a) In situ Rainwater harvesting. This entails bundling and terracing, vegetative / stone contour barriers, contour trenching, contour stone walls, contour farming, micro catchments, tie ridging methods, farm ponds. b) Direct surface runoff harvesting. This involves roof water collection, dug out ponds / storage tanks, tankas, kundis, ooranis, temple tanks, diversion bunds, water spreading c) Stream flow / runoff harvesting. This involves nalla bundling, gully control structures, check dams – (temporary or permanent), silt detention tanks, percolation ponds d) Sub surface flow harvesting. This entails sub surface dams and diaphragm dams e) Micro catchment’s / watershed. Examples of this are inter terrace / inter plot water harvesting and conservation bench terrace f) Runoff inducement by surface treatment include, eroded catchments, use of cover materials – aluminum foils, plastic sheet, bentonite, rubber, using chemicals for water proofing, water repellent and so on to get more runoff water. Madhaorao [6] opinion was in line with the above methodologies. Page 6 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. 0720140504 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS OF THE STUDY This section presents the findings from other sources of water and rainwater harvesting in Kajola LGA of Oyo State. This presentation is within the context of the objectives of this paper. SOCIO -ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STUDY AREA Those that were interviewed were largely female and constituting 83.5% of the respondents. This percentage obtained in favour of the female could be traced to the nature of their jobs and the fact that they are the ones bearing mostly the brunt of water shortage during the dry seasons. The major occupations of the respondents were farming and trading representing 58% and 31% respectively. This therefore implies that much water will always be needed especially by those trading and selling farm products. The respondents were largely married persons with the least household comprising between 5 and 8. It could be drawn from this revelation that much water for drinking, bathing, toileting and other domestic uses would be required. Hence, water budgeting is done per capital which takes cognizance of household membership. As a matter of fact, these respondents’ socio economic status is above average going by the twin factors of how they live and their monthly income. Going by Akintola and Adeola [1] submission that as the socio economic status of a society improves the demand for water increases, the demand for water in the study area will be higher. EXISTING SOURCES OF WATER IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA Table 3: Sources of water supply Hand dug well Rain Boreholes River\Stream Total Frequency 177 92 06 25 300 Source: Author’s field survey, 2013 Percentage 59.1 30.6 2.1 8.2 100.0 Four major sources of water were identified in the study area. Hand dug well has the highest percentage despite the presence of ancient hard rocks. This is another picture of an improved socio economic status because the least amount collected for blasting a rocky area is N10,000 which might take more than three times to accomplish. According to them, this charge does not cover the cost of evacuating the broken stones from the pit. It could be confirmed from Table 3 that the respondents used to harvest rainwater. The introduction of improved methods of harvesting rainwater would be a welcome idea to them. The few boreholes according to them were dug by the government, politicians and other citizens that could afford it. Another sources pointed out are rivers and streams. Page 7 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. 0720140504 Table 4: Hand Dug Wells Who Dug the well? Private Government Communal effort Frequency 113 27 33 Percentage 63.7 15.4 18.6 Politicians Total 4 177 2.3 100.0 Source: Author‘s field survey, 2013 The total number of the respondents that were sourcing for water through hand dug well was one hundred and seventy seven (177). From Table 4, majority of these wells were privately dug as this covered 63.7% of the respondents. This was followed by the ones dug through communal efforts. That means the efforts of the people in meeting their water demand cannot be overlooked in the provision of water in Kajola LGA. Table 5: Sources of water supply Depth by the number of concrete rings Rings Below 10 11 to 15 16 to 20 21 and above Total Frequency 15 118 37 7 177 Percentage 8.3 67.2 20.7 3.8 100.0 Source: Author’s field survey, 2013 Table 5 shows that the majority of wells under study had between eleven and fifteen concrete rings which covered 67.2% of the respondents. This was followed by 16 to 20 rings and covered 20.7% of the respondents. The least respondents averred that they had 21 and above rings in their wells. From the interview, a concrete ring is about 0.85 meter tall (figure1). Therefore, majority of the wells had a depth between 10.06meters to 13.72 meters. It could be deduced that the water table was a little bit low and in line with the Nigerian Environmental Study Team’s (1991) findings that in the ancient rock areas, the amount of ground water available is generally small. Table 6: Serving Round the Year Did it serve you round the year? Yes No Frequency 43 133 Percentage 24.3 75.3 No Response 1 0.4 Total 177 100.0 Source: Author’s field survey, 2013 Page 8 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. 0720140504 Table 6 shows that these wells do not usually serve the people round the year as about seventy five per cent (75.3%) of the respondents admitted that, they experienced water shortage during the dry seasons. According to them: “it is a pity that many of these our wells used to dry up at the peak of the dry seasons”. This shows that there is usually water shortage during the dry seasons. Table 7: Rain water Harvesting Method of Rainwater Harvesting Buckets/other small containers Tanks/Reservoirs Dam the run off Others Total Frequency 231 39 23 07 300 Source: Author’s field survey, 2013 Percent 77.1 12.8 7.8 2.3 100.0 Table 7 reveals that major methods of rainwater harvesting in the LGA are through buckets and other small containers such as bowls, pots and concrete rings that were cemented to the ground. These according to the respondents were set at the edge of roofs for improved or high rainwater collection which was later taken into the house for storage. Table 8: Storage of the Harvested Rainwater Storage of the Water Frequency 31 229 35 05 300 Tanks/Reservoirs Buckets/Bowls In Local pots Others Total Percent 10.2 76.3 12.0 1.5 100.0 Source: Author’s field survey, 2013 From Table 8, the methods employed in storing the harvested water include; tanks or reservoir, kegs, buckets, local pots among others. Figure 2 shows the picture of how the people do arrange their small containers when it is about to rain in the LGA. About seventy six percent (76.3%) of the respondents admitted taking into the house those small containers full of water after rainfall to avoid being heated by sun while protecting them from raindrop splash. This method is being employed in other LGAs in the region such as Iseyin LGA, Saki West LGA and Iwajowa LGA just to mention a few. That means the introduction of large-sized tanks or reservoirs would go a long way to solve water shortage problem in the study area during the dry seasons. Table 9: Duration of Harvested Rainwater Duration of Harvested Water < a week A week > a week A month Total Frequency 174 62 41 23 300 Percent 58.3 20.7 13.5 7.5 100.0 Source: Author’s field survey, 2013 Page 9 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. 0720140504 From Table 9 large number of the respondents (174) admitted that the harvested rainwater used to last them for less than a week before it would be exhausted. This may be attributed to the number of persons in the households. It was gathered that they use the harvested rainwater for many purposes such as bathing, drinking, washing of cloths and plates, and others. It could be deduced from table 8 that local method of rainwater harvesting is used in Kajola LGA which can only secure small amounts of water. Apart from this, the use of buckets or bowls to store the harvest determines the duration of its use. Notwithstanding the uses, the size of the storage facilities really matters when it comes to the issue of durability. No reservoirs or tanks are available to store the harvested water so as to be able to cater for the dry seasons water needs. Figure 2: Rainwater Harvesting Technologies In The Study Areas Concrete ring placed permanently at the edge of the roof. Small containers arranged at the roof edge before rain starts. Source: Author’s Field Survey, 2013 Page 10 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) OUTCOME OF THE INTERVIEW CONDUCTED WITH KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT WATER AND TOILETS SANITATION OFFICE (WATSAN) AND KAJOLA ZONAL PLANNING OFFICE. According to WATSAN when water is available and conveniently accessible to people, the tendency to use it to maintain personal cleanliness is always guaranteed. Their objectives as revealed by the officers of this office include supplying safe and wholesome water to families, groups and communities, to supply water in adequate quantity and to make water available to users so as to encourage personal and household hygiene. Drilling of boreholes and digging deep wells were part of their achievements. It was gathered that rainwater harvesting is not in their programmes for now. The staffs of Kajola Zonal Planning Office revealed that water tank or reservoir is not a part of the requirements for a proposal approval. According to them it is one of the necessities one should have in a standard house and it’s optional to show it the plans submitted. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION In conclusion, the analyses in this paper show that crude/traditional method of rainwater harvesting which affects the quantity of water stored for the dry season is employed by the people. Apart from this, other sources of water were not adequate to cater for the dry season’s water needs or demand. Therefore, if rainwater is well harvested and managed, there would be less water shortage problem during the dry season in the study area. This could be achieved through; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Since shortage of water during the dry seasons in the study area may be linked to low water storage capacity and not due to rain fluctuation, residents should adopt the underground tanks method of harvesting rainwater as this would improve the quantity of stored water. Government should provide well powered centres for the collection, storage and distribution of rainwater most especially during the dry season as this would relieve the residents of water shortage problem. Residents should embrace using chemicals such as chlorine, alum and so on to treat their harvested rainwater as this would prolong the lifespan of the collected water and make it potable. Surface catchment system with rock catchment, earth dam catchment, and sub surfaced dam sub systems should be encouraged. For each of these sub systems, water is collected and stored before it can run off and through infiltration seep into the earth. This will boost the farmers yield during dry season and improve their socio-economic life. Public participation, that gives room for enlightenment, should be adopted in every stage of the newly introduced rainwater harvesting methods. This, according to Oyediran and Ogundiran [9], helps to achieve sustainability of public developmental projects. Whatever technology applies in rainwater harvesting in Kajola Local Government Area, such should be relatively cheap and the choice should depend largely on local circumstances. Therefore, larger sized concrete rings is recommended Vijaya (2006) suggested that watersheds, check dams, “tankas”(underground tanks, found traditionally in most Bikaner houses)and roof water harvesting should be made compulsory and mandatory in India. In line with this, building a rainwater tank for roof rainwater harvesting should be enforced by Kajola Zonal Planning Office on every building plan submitted for approval in this local government area. Page 11 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR) APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. 0720140504 REFERENCES [1] Akintola, F.O and Areola, O (1999). Domestic Water Consumption in Urban Area; A case study of Ibadan City, Nigeria, Journal of Nigeria Water Supply Management,Vol.4, pgs 34 -40. [2] Balasubramanya, N (2006). Harvested Rainwater for Drinking, National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management 11-12 Nov. 2006, Nagpur [3] Egunjobi, L. (1985). Effective Design and Implementation of Urban Water Supply Projects, Text of Lectures delivered at 5th National Development Planning Programme for Development Planners, Ibadan. 5th-6th July. [4] Jannette W and Tim van H (2006). Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Use, Agromisa Foundation and CTA, Wageningen, 1st Edition. ISBN CTA:92-9081-330-X [5] Kebbi State Urban Development Authority Building Regulations (1995) [6] Madhaorao, B. D. (2006). Rainwater Harvesting and Groundwater Recharge, National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management, Nagpur. 11-12 November, [7] Nigerian Environmental Study Team (1991) Nigeria’s Threatened Environment: A National Profile, NEST publication, Ibadan, Nigeria. [8] Ogunnowo, Y. (2004). Water Resources; Geography of Nigeria Development, Heinemann Nigeria Ltd, Ibadan. [9] Oyediran, K. and Ogundiran, A. (2013) Public Participation in Urban Governance: Case of Ibadan SouthEast Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development,Vol.4, No.2, 2013, January. [10] Sivanappan, R. K. (2006). Rainwater Harvesting, Conservation and Management Strategies for Urban and Rural Sectors. National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management, Nagpur. 11-12 November, [11] Vijaya, A. (2006). Water Issues and Related Concerns, National Seminar on Rainwater Harvesting and Water Management,. Nagpur. 11-12 November, [12] World Business Council for Sustainable Development, (2009) Water Facts and Trends –Retrieved 12-032009. [13] http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/Traditional2.htm,( 2014) Solution to Water Crisis. [14] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki.NIPOST retrieved on 1Oth October, (2009) Post Offices-with map of LGA. [15] http:// www.searnet.org,(2006) Rainwater Harvesting Innovation in Response to Water Scarcity-Google Books Result. Page 12 PRO JOURNALS [JGESR] - APPRAISAL OF THE EFFICIENCY OF RAINWATER HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES TOWARDS SOLVING WATER SHORTAGE PROBLEMS DURING DRY SEASONS IN KAJOLA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OYO STATE. By OYEDIRAN KAYODE KUNLE Journal of Geo and Environmental Science Research (JGESR)