This is a popular piece about the current potential to craft wisdom on social media. It also presents the connection with current grant-funded research on Kazakh proverbs....Read more
M ore than 30 years ago, John Naisbit wrote that high tech could only be embraced when there was an outside, counterbalancing, high touch response. 1 Naisbitt describes high touch as an ex- pression of human potential and valuing of what is highly personal. For example, technological advances to extend life were complemented by a hospice movement. Fast forward to 2015: we have groundbreaking cultural research showing that social media effectively integrates high tech and high touch. Across the globe in a wide range of cultures, people are using social media in a way that fits their cultural distinctives and supports their personal as well as interper- sonal needs. 2 In her ethnography of Chinese migrant workers’ lives and social media use, Xinyuan Wang found that the ability to present oneself as modern in online postings made life more livable for migrant workers. 3 Integrating high tech and high touch ofers three unprecedented opportunities: 1. A means for people—no mater who they are or where they live—to connect and find community online. 2. New ways to research cultural develop- ment and change. 3. The opportunity for people to craf their own wisdom for daily life online. Just a few years ago, I realized the potential of online media to build community. I had lived with my wife and four kids in Kazakh- stan for over a decade, with the last five years spent doing field research concerning Kazakh proverbs. We returned to the US and setled in Pasadena in 2011, excited to enjoy time with family and get to know new friends. Still, we missed our Kazakh friends and wished we could stay in touch with Kazakh culture. During this time, I was in the Bay Area presenting on my research about Kazakh proverbs at the Silk Road House, a cultural center in Berkeley. 4 Shortly before the presentation, a young Kazakh man who used the English name Kevin approached me and introduced himself. He was doing business in San Francisco and enjoyed coming to the Silk Road House for their various events. I commented that I was in- terested in geting together with Kazakhs in Southern California but had up to that point litle success finding them. He recommended that I request to join his Facebook group for Kazakhs in San Francisco and the Bay Area. Once I was approved for his group, I could apply to join other Kazakh groups in my area. Within just a few days of following his advice, I was part of five Kazakh groups on Facebook. Through these groups, I have been able to atend Kazakh cultural events, get together a group of Kazakhs studying at USC as part of a research project, and even arrange for Kevin and two of his Kazakh friends to drop by our house for a spontaneous Kazakh feast. I am not unique in my experience of seeking out cultural contact online. A fellow anthro- pologist researched how Brazilians used social media to develop community while they were living in Belgium. 5 Further, Nell Haynes explored how social media is used to express a regional identity among the citizens of Alto Hospicio, Chile, far removed from the country’s capital, Santiago. 6 Anthropologist Daniel Miller emphasizes how individuals have the ability through social media to determine the level of privacy and the size of the group in which they par- ticipate (i.e., scalable sociality). 7 Rather than geting lost in the shufe of the new technol- HIGH TECH / HIGH TOUCH: SHARING, EXPRESSING, AND CRAFTING WISDOM FOR OUR AGE Erik Aasland Erik Aasland is affliate assistant pro- fessor of anthropology at Fuller, spe- cializing in digital anthropology, research methods, and folklore. He carried out five years of field research in Kazakh oral traditions in Kazakhstan, during which time he developed new methods of proverb research. The journal New Directions in Folklore recognized the innovative nature of his methodology in his most recent publication, which combined ethnographic interviews with methods from digital anthropol- ogy as well as corpus linguistics. He has a wife and four children and lives in Altadena, California. ogies being introduced on a seemingly daily basis, people are showing that they can craf their online experiences and use them to create high touch experiences, as well. My private world of staying in touch with Kazakhs via social media would eventually meet up with my research. However, to get to this juncture in the story, I first have to back up and explain how I became a specialist in Kazakh proverb research. CAUGHT UP IN A REVIVAL I will say half-jokingly that when I lived in Kazakhstan I could roll out of bed, step out my door, and enter into a world of possibili- ties for researching Kazakh proverbs. In the 1990s and the following decade a revival of the Kazakh language was underway. Kazakh proverbs could be found in conversations in the neighborhood, in schools, in the news- paper, and even on a primetime game show! Kazakhs view their proverbs as an entrust- ment and a resource for the future. 8 When the government considered how to reestablish character in post-Soviet Kazakhstan, they encouraged instruction in Kazakh proverbs from pre-kindergarten through secondary school. 9 I was struck by both the language revival and how Kazakhs were using their traditional proverbs to solve their everyday issues, both big and small. Considerable work had been done since the early 20th century to gather and publish Kazakh proverbs, but few were really looking at the role these proverbs played in contempo- rary society. I began my research of Kazakh proverbs by interacting with proverb scholars and teachers for whom the use of proverbs was expected. One teacher commented that they were required to use proverbs for any sit- uation that might arise. Next, I transitioned to researching how students in a technical university found these same proverbs useful. This became the topic of my dissertation at Fuller. 10 Then, when we moved back to the US, I had to shi f my research once again. The most promising resource for exploring Kazakh proverb use was the internet. I developed an approach that combined the best of both—a high tech/high touch approach to researching Kazakh proverb use. 11 I used ethnographic interviews along with the analysis of social media and data- bases of mass media publications to explore the meaning and cultural background of two Kazakh proverbial calls to action: Еңбек етсең емерсің. Eŋbek etseŋ emersiŋ. if you work, you will nurse. Заман тулкі болса таз боп шал Zaman tuli bolsa taz bop shal. if (your) era is a fox, then be a hound. Based on internet searches and work with a Kazakh corpus of news articles, I discovered that one proverb operates in mass media whereas the other is limited to use in inter- personal conversation and online chat forums. The two proverbs operate in diferent spheres, or discourse ecologies as I refer to them. Such a situation could have both academic and societal significance. Building upon this earlier work, Gulnara Omarbeova, one of the scholars with whom I had consulted on an article, and I have a grant-funded project entitled “How Kazakhs Use Proverbs in Our Globalized World: A Discourse Ecologies Approach.” 12 Our project investigates the use of proverbs by Kazakh speakers, as we map out the discourse ecolo- gies that are actualized online and in person. We started by surveying 419 students and did interviews with 45 scholars from five regions of Kazakhstan. Our next step will be to research proverb use in the media and online through a social media and corpus linguistic approach. Our ultimate goal is to explore Kazakh speakers’ vibrant use of proverbs of the past in contemporary Kazakhstan. The discourse ecologies approach allows us to consider how this way of life could be pursued on the societal or mass media level as well as in close personal interaction. Our assumption is that this emerging, digitally mediated way of being will neither follow the Soviet past nor simply assimilate into a generic globalized culture. The Kazakh people are crafing new proverbs as they negotiate personal as well as societal challenges. In this way, my personal interest in using social media to join Kazakhs living in Southern California has met up with my proverb research that explores online use of proverbs in various media. WISDOM AS A MODE OF COMMUNICATION Whereas Kazakhs show a commitment to continuity with the past through their use of Kazakh proverbial forms, Western theo- logians broke with tradition as a key aspect of the Reformation. Tyndale argued that only the literal sense of Scripture should be accepted and all things proverbial or allegor- ical should be avoided. 13 Since then, Western theology has been dominated by the proposi- tional mode (facts and reason), with the nar- rative mode also afrmed (testimonies and tales). 14 However, the wisdom mode of com- munication is largely ignored. Still, all three modes are mutually constituting in the most efective forms of communication. Consider Jesus’ teachings and how he combines prop- ositions with narrative and proverbs. It may seem like a given that proverbs are 53 52 THEOLOGY
part of wisdom. However, current scholar- ship on wisdom literature in the Old Testa- ment has thrown the status of the wisdom genre into question. 15 Similarly, extensive work with Kazakh proverbs has convinced me that they are part of a wisdom mode of communication rather than a genre. Wisdom situates us in relationships and roles as well as brings us to the point of ap- plication. 16 Consider the Book of Proverbs— everyone in the Book of Proverbs is situated, each having a set of relationships that should guide their actions. Jumping ahead to our present day we see the juncture of high tech and high touch. When I teach on Fuller’s online platform, success is based on excellent content accompa- nied by contact and connec- tion. I am hopeful that in the one-dimen- sional forest of ones and zeros, context is king, with relationships and the eforts to situate ourselves having primacy. For it may very well be that the current combination of high tech and high touch in our internet communication is opening the way for us to craf wisdom— the power to situate ourselves to address the issues of the day. ENDNOTES 1. J. Naisbitt, Megatrends: Ten New Directions Transforming Our Lives (New York: Warner Books. 1984). 2. D. Miller, “What’s Our Conclusion? Introducing ‘Scalable Sociality,’” University College London blog; https://blogs. ucl.ac.uk/global-social-media/2015/06/16/conclusion- introducing-scalable-sociality/. 3. X. Wang, Social Media in Industrial China (London: UCL Press, 2016). 4. www.silkroadhouse.org. 5. M. Schrooten, “Moving Ethnography Online: Research- ing Brazilian Migrants’ Online Togetherness,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 35, no. 10 (February 2012): 1794–1809. 6. N. Haynes, Social Media in Northern Chile (London: UCL Press, 2016). 7. D. Miller, ibid. 8. Ä. Tabıldıyev, Qazaq Etnopedagogıykacı [Kazakh eth- nopedagogy] (Sanat: Almaty, 2001). 9. Kazakhstan, Ministry of Culture and Information, “‘Mädeni Mura’ Memlekettik Baġdarlaması [‘cultural heritage’ societal goals]”, (2004), http://www. madenimura.kz/. 10. E. Aasland, The Narrativization of Kazakh Proverbs: College Students’ Language Ideologies Concerning Community (2012); www.academia.edu/2008564/ Dissertation_The_narrativization_of_Kazakh_proverbs_ College_students_language_ideologies_concerning_ community_/. 11. E. Aasland, “Contrasting Two Kazakh Proverbial Calls to Action: Using Discourse Ecology to Understand Proverb Meaning-Making,” Proverbium: Yearbook International Proverb Scholarship 35: 1–14. 12. www.academia.edu/38214378/Nazarbayev_University _Small_Grant_19_Overview_Discourse_Ecologies_and_ Kazakh_Proverbs.pdf. 13. W. Tyndale, The Obedience of a Christian Man and How Christian Rulers Ought to Govern (London: 1528), https:// www.richard-2782.net/obediencechristianman.pdf. 14. E. Aasland, “Black Lives Matter Through the Lens of Dis- course Modalities,” Global Reflections (October 2016); https://sparks.fuller.edu/global-refections/2016/10/28/ black-lives-matter-through-the-lens-of-discourse- modalities/. 15. W. Kynes, An Obituary for “Wisdom Literature:” The Birth, Death, and Intertextual Reintegration of a Biblical Corpus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019). 16. Being situated is part of an embodied-situated theme in Scripture (Gen 3:9, 22:1; Isa 6:8). Paul continues this emphasis in calling people to stay (1 Cor 7:20). In 2013 I was invited to be the full-time worship director at a church in downtown Los Angeles. It was a dream position for me—not only because of my background as a musician and worship leader, but also because I had been prayerful- ly considering a call to vocational ministry. The only problem was that my wife and I were living on the East Coast at the time, and all the seminaries I had interest in attending happened to be there. I was thankful when I discovered that one of these seminaries offered a distance education option that would allow me to complete my degree online. I could accept the position in Los Angeles and still get the education I wanted at the institution of my choice. On the surface, the online program seemed nearly identical to the offering at the seminary’s physical campus. But this was precisely the problem. In an attempt to maintain the “purity” of the educational ex- perience, the institution had chosen not to evolve with the medium. All the courses offered were carbon copies of the courses one could take in person. The format and structure of the courses remained the same, and all lectures were simply low-quality audio recordings taken directly from the classroom. The little online interaction that did exist was extremely challeng- ing to navigate due to the school’s rolling registration system, which allowed students in the frst week of a course to post in the same dis- cussion forums as those fnishing the last week. Trying to digest hours upon hours of audio lectures without the ability to ask questions or engage in thoughtful discussion was slowly taking its toll on me, and within a few years of the program, I found myself completely discon- nected from my learning. Fast forward to the fall of 2018 when, after much prayer, I made the decision to transfer to Fuller Seminary in Pasadena. Disil- lusioned by the idea of virtual education altogether, I believed the only solution that remained was to immerse myself in a “real” learning environment surround- ed by professors and like-mind- ed peers with whom I could explore my calling and process my learning. One can imagine my disappointment when I discovered that the frst course that caught my eye—the Worship, Theology, and the Arts Touchstone—was only offered online. Still, the title of the course alone warranted the risk of being let down again, and considering I was already taking two classes on campus, I fgured I had nothing to lose. What emerged from my experi- ence, however, was a complete overhaul of all of my existing biases and preconceived notions about web-based instruction. I realized that not all online classrooms are created equal and that there is a way to create a dynamic, embodied learning environment in the digital realm if we are willing to rethink how to utilize this unique space. The following are fve features of that Worship, Theology, and the Arts Touchstone course that speak to the ways in which Fuller’s online educational culture is already re- imagining virtual education in the 21st century. 1. The course unfolds in real time (rather than simply repurposing old and outdated content). 2. The course blurs the line between teacher and student (rather than maintaining a strict hierarchy between the student and the “sage on the stage”). 3. The course deepens student interaction by limiting it (rather than operating in the manner of massive, open online courses). 4. The course uses every oppor- tunity to incorporate a human touch (rather than assuming digital technologies inhibit genuine human interactions). 5. The course evolves (rather than remaining forever stuck in the format or modality that preceded it). In my radically different online learning experience at Fuller, I learned there are numerous ways to deliver high-caliber education that fully leverage (rather than acquiesce to) digital learning man- agement systems. This is not to say that there is a silver bullet that will magically solve all of the chal- lenges that come with an online learning environment. After all, just like a geophysical classroom, there is more than one way to set up an educational experience in the digital realm, and not all of these are ideal. But virtual education no longer has to be a lesser al- ternative to a “real,” in-person education. Sometimes it’s even better. Technology has given us the means to customize a powerful online learning experience that can be just as embodied as what one might fnd in a physical classroom setting—if not even more so. Jason Min is the lead pastor at Sovereign Grace Church in Los Angeles. He earned his BA in Communications and History at the University of Pennsylvania and his Master of Education at Harvard University. He is currently working toward an MA in Theology at Fuller. Jason and his wife, Carol, have two children, Avery and Jack. WORSHIP, THEOLOGY, AND THE ARTS ONLINE: A CASE STUDY OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION Jason Min 55 54
T H E O L O GY
HIGH TECH / HIGH TOUCH:
SHARING, EXPRESSING, AND
CRAFTING WISDOM FOR OUR AGE
Erik Aasland
Erik Aasland is affiliate assistant professor of anthropology at Fuller, specializing in digital anthropology,
research methods, and folklore. He
carried out five years of field
research in Kazakh oral traditions in
Kazakhstan, during which time he
developed new methods of proverb
research. The journal New Directions
in Folklore recognized the innovative
nature of his methodology in his
most recent publication, which
combined ethnographic interviews
with methods from digital anthropology as well as corpus linguistics. He
has a wife and four children and lives
in Altadena, California.
ore than 30 years ago, John Naisbitt
wrote that high tech could only be
embraced when there was an outside,
counterbalancing, high touch response. 1
Naisbitt describes high touch as an expression of human potential and valuing
of what is highly personal. For example,
technological advances to extend life were
complemented by a hospice movement. Fast
forward to 2015: we have groundbreaking
cultural research showing that social media
effectively integrates high tech and high
touch. Across the globe in a wide range of
cultures, people are using social media in a
way that fits their cultural distinctives and
supports their personal as well as interpersonal needs. 2 In her ethnography of Chinese
migrant workers’ lives and social media
use, Xinyuan Wang found that the ability to
present oneself as modern in online postings
made life more livable for migrant workers.3
M
Integrating high tech and high touch offers
three unprecedented opportunities:
1. A means for people—no matter who
they are or where they live—to connect
and find community online.
2. New ways to research cultural development and change.
3. The opportunity for people to craft their
own wisdom for daily life online.
and wished we could stay in touch with
Kazakh culture.
During this time, I was in the Bay Area
presenting on my research about Kazakh
proverbs at the Silk Road House, a cultural
center in Berkeley. 4 Shortly before the
presentation, a young Kazakh man who
used the English name Kevin approached
me and introduced himself. He was doing
business in San Francisco and enjoyed
coming to the Silk Road House for their
various events. I commented that I was interested in getting together with Kazakhs in
Southern California but had up to that point
little success finding them. He recommended
that I request to join his Facebook group for
Kazakhs in San Francisco and the Bay Area.
Once I was approved for his group, I could
apply to join other Kazakh groups in my area.
Within just a few days of following his advice,
I was part of five Kazakh groups on Facebook.
Through these groups, I have been able to
attend Kazakh cultural events, get together
a group of Kazakhs studying at USC as part
of a research project, and even arrange for
Kevin and two of his Kazakh friends to drop
by our house for a spontaneous Kazakh feast.
I am not unique in my experience of seeking
out cultural contact online. A fellow anthropologist researched how Brazilians used
social media to develop community while
they were living in Belgium.5 Further, Nell
Haynes explored how social media is used
to express a regional identity among the
citizens of Alto Hospicio, Chile, far removed
from the country’s capital, Santiago.6
Just a few years ago, I realized the potential
of online media to build community. I had
lived with my wife and four kids in Kazakhstan for over a decade, with the last five Anthropologist Daniel Miller emphasizes
years spent doing field research concerning how individuals have the ability through
Kazakh proverbs. We returned to the US social media to determine the level of privacy
and settled in Pasadena in 2011, excited to and the size of the group in which they parenjoy time with family and get to know new ticipate (i.e., scalable sociality).7 Rather than
friends. Still, we missed our Kazakh friends getting lost in the shuffle of the new technol-
52
ogies being introduced on a seemingly daily
basis, people are showing that they can craft
their online experiences and use them to
create high touch experiences, as well.
My private world of staying in touch with
Kazakhs via social media would eventually
meet up with my research. However, to get to
this juncture in the story, I first have to back
up and explain how I became a specialist in
Kazakh proverb research.
CAUGHT UP IN A REVIVAL
I will say half-jokingly that when I lived in
Kazakhstan I could roll out of bed, step out
my door, and enter into a world of possibilities for researching Kazakh proverbs. In the
1990s and the following decade a revival of
the Kazakh language was underway. Kazakh
proverbs could be found in conversations in
the neighborhood, in schools, in the newspaper, and even on a primetime game show!
Kazakhs view their proverbs as an entrustment and a resource for the future.8 When the
government considered how to reestablish
character in post-Soviet Kazakhstan, they
encouraged instruction in Kazakh proverbs
from pre-kindergarten through secondary
school.9 I was struck by both the language
revival and how Kazakhs were using their
traditional proverbs to solve their everyday
issues, both big and small.
Considerable work had been done since the
early 20th century to gather and publish
Kazakh proverbs, but few were really looking
at the role these proverbs played in contemporary society. I began my research of Kazakh
proverbs by interacting with proverb scholars
and teachers for whom the use of proverbs
was expected. One teacher commented that
they were required to use proverbs for any situation that might arise. Next, I transitioned
to researching how students in a technical
university found these same proverbs useful.
This became the topic of my dissertation at
Fuller.10 Then, when we moved back to the
US, I had to shift my research once again.
The most promising resource for exploring
Kazakh proverb use was the internet.
I developed an approach that combined
the best of both—a high tech/high touch
approach to researching Kazakh proverb
use.11 I used ethnographic interviews along
with the analysis of social media and databases of mass media publications to explore
the meaning and cultural background of two
Kazakh proverbial calls to action:
Еңбек етсең емерсің.
Eŋbek etseŋ emersiŋ.
if you work, you will nurse.
Заман тулкі болса таз боп шал
Zaman tuli bolsa taz bop shal.
if (your) era is a fox, then be a hound.
Based on internet searches and work with a
Kazakh corpus of news articles, I discovered
that one proverb operates in mass media
whereas the other is limited to use in interpersonal conversation and online chat forums.
The two proverbs operate in different spheres,
or discourse ecologies as I refer to them. Such
a situation could have both academic and
societal significance.
Building upon this earlier work, Gulnara
Omarbeova, one of the scholars with whom
I had consulted on an article, and I have a
grant-funded project entitled “How Kazakhs
Use Proverbs in Our Globalized World: A
Discourse Ecologies Approach.”12 Our project
investigates the use of proverbs by Kazakh
speakers, as we map out the discourse ecologies that are actualized online and in person.
We started by surveying 419 students and
did interviews with 45 scholars from five
regions of Kazakhstan. Our next step will
be to research proverb use in the media and
online through a social media and corpus
linguistic approach.
Our ultimate goal is to explore Kazakh
speakers’ vibrant use of proverbs of the past
in contemporary Kazakhstan. The discourse
ecologies approach allows us to consider
how this way of life could be pursued on the
societal or mass media level as well as in
close personal interaction. Our assumption
is that this emerging, digitally mediated way
of being will neither follow the Soviet past nor
simply assimilate into a generic globalized
culture. The Kazakh people are crafting new
proverbs as they negotiate personal as well as
societal challenges. In this way, my personal
interest in using social media to join Kazakhs
living in Southern California has met up with
my proverb research that explores online use
of proverbs in various media.
WISDOM AS A MODE OF COMMUNICATION
Whereas Kazakhs show a commitment to
continuity with the past through their use
of Kazakh proverbial forms, Western theologians broke with tradition as a key aspect
of the Reformation. Tyndale argued that
only the literal sense of Scripture should be
accepted and all things proverbial or allegorical should be avoided.13 Since then, Western
theology has been dominated by the propositional mode (facts and reason), with the narrative mode also affirmed (testimonies and
tales).14 However, the wisdom mode of communication is largely ignored. Still, all three
modes are mutually constituting in the most
effective forms of communication. Consider
Jesus’ teachings and how he combines propositions with narrative and proverbs.
It may seem like a given that proverbs are
53
WORSHIP, THEOLOGY, AND THE ARTS ONLINE:
A CASE STUDY OF TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION
Jason Min
part of wisdom. However, current scholarship on wisdom literature in the Old Testament has thrown the status of the wisdom
genre into question.15 Similarly, extensive
work with Kazakh proverbs has convinced
me that they are part of a wisdom mode
of communication rather than a genre.
Wisdom situates us in relationships and
roles as well as brings us to the point of application.16 Consider the Book of Proverbs—
everyone in the Book of Proverbs is situated,
each having a set of relationships that
should guide their actions.
Jumping ahead to our present day we see
the juncture of high tech and high
touch. When I teach on Fuller’s
online platform, success
is based on excellent
content accompanied by contact
and connection. I am
hopeful
that in the
one-dimensional forest
of ones and
zeros, context is king, with relationships
and the efforts to situate ourselves having
primacy. For it may very well be that the
current combination of high tech and high
touch in our internet communication is
opening the way for us to craft wisdom—
the power to situate ourselves to address
the issues of the day.
54
ENDNOTES
1.
J. Naisbitt, Megatrends: Ten New Directions Transforming
Our Lives (New York: Warner Books. 1984).
2. D. Miller, “What’s Our Conclusion? Introducing ‘Scalable
Sociality,’” University College London blog; https://blogs.
ucl.ac.uk/global-social-media/2015/06/16/conclusionintroducing-scalable-sociality/.
3. X. Wang, Social Media in Industrial China (London: UCL
Press, 2016).
4. www.silkroadhouse.org.
5. M. Schrooten, “Moving Ethnography Online: Researching Brazilian Migrants’ Online Togetherness,” Ethnic and
Racial Studies 35, no. 10 (February 2012): 1794–1809.
6. N. Haynes, Social Media in Northern Chile (London: UCL
Press, 2016).
7. D. Miller, ibid.
8. Ä. Tabıldıyev, Qazaq Etnopedagogıykacı [Kazakh ethnopedagogy] (Sanat: Almaty, 2001).
9. Kazakhstan, Ministry of Culture and Information,
“‘Mädeni Mura’ Memlekettik Baġdarlaması [‘cultural
heritage’ societal goals]”, (2004), http://www.
madenimura.kz/.
10. E. Aasland, The Narrativization of Kazakh Proverbs:
College Students’ Language Ideologies Concerning
Community (2012); www.academia.edu/2008564/
Dissertation_The_narrativization_of_Kazakh_proverbs_
College_students_language_ideologies_concerning_
community_/.
11. E. Aasland, “Contrasting Two Kazakh Proverbial Calls to
Action: Using Discourse Ecology to Understand Proverb
Meaning-Making,” Proverbium: Yearbook International
Proverb Scholarship 35: 1–14.
12. www.academia.edu/38214378/Nazarbayev_University
_Small_Grant_19_Overview_Discourse_Ecologies_and_
Kazakh_Proverbs.pdf.
13. W. Tyndale, The Obedience of a Christian Man and How
Christian Rulers Ought to Govern (London: 1528), https://
www.richard-2782.net/obediencechristianman.pdf.
14. E. Aasland, “Black Lives Matter Through the Lens of Discourse Modalities,” Global Reflections (October 2016);
https://sparks.fuller.edu/global-reflections/2016/10/28/
black-lives-matter-through-the-lens-of-discoursemodalities/.
15. W. Kynes, An Obituary for “Wisdom Literature:” The Birth,
Death, and Intertextual Reintegration of a Biblical Corpus
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).
16. Being situated is part of an embodied-situated theme in
Scripture (Gen 3:9, 22:1; Isa 6:8). Paul continues this
emphasis in calling people to stay (1 Cor 7:20).
In 2013 I was invited to be the
full-time worship director at a
church in downtown Los Angeles. It
was a dream position for me—not
only because of my background as
a musician and worship leader, but
also because I had been prayerfully considering a call to vocational
ministry. The only problem was
that my wife and I were living on
the East Coast at the time, and
all the seminaries I had interest in
attending happened to be there.
I was thankful when I discovered
that one of these seminaries
offered a distance education option
that would allow me to complete
my degree online. I could accept
the position in Los Angeles and still
get the education I wanted at the
institution of my choice.
On the surface, the online program
seemed nearly identical to the
offering at the seminary’s physical
campus. But this was precisely the
problem. In an attempt to maintain
the “purity” of the educational experience, the institution had chosen
not to evolve with the medium. All
the courses offered were carbon
copies of the courses one could
take in person. The format and
structure of the courses remained
the same, and all lectures were
simply low-quality audio recordings
taken directly from the classroom.
The little online interaction that
did exist was extremely challenging to navigate due to the school’s
rolling registration system, which
allowed students in the first week
of a course to post in the same dis-
cussion forums as those finishing
the last week. Trying to digest
hours upon hours of audio lectures
without the ability to ask questions
or engage in thoughtful discussion
was slowly taking its toll on me, and
within a few years of the program,
I found myself completely disconnected from my learning.
Fast forward to the fall of 2018
when, after much prayer, I made
the decision to transfer to Fuller
Seminary in Pasadena. Disillusioned by the idea of virtual
education altogether, I believed
the only solution that remained
was to immerse myself in a “real”
learning environment surrounded by professors and like-minded peers with whom I could
explore my calling and process
my learning. One can imagine my
disappointment when I discovered
that the first course that caught
my eye—the Worship, Theology,
and the Arts Touchstone—was
only offered online. Still, the title
of the course alone warranted the
risk of being let down again, and
considering I was already taking
two classes on campus, I figured I
had nothing to lose.
What emerged from my experience, however, was a complete
overhaul of all of my existing biases
and preconceived notions about
web-based instruction. I realized
that not all online classrooms are
created equal and that there is a
way to create a dynamic, embodied
learning environment in the digital
realm if we are willing to rethink
how to utilize this unique space.
The following are five features of
that Worship, Theology, and the
Arts Touchstone course that speak
to the ways in which Fuller’s online
educational culture is already reimagining virtual education in the
21st century.
1. The course unfolds in real time
(rather than simply repurposing
old and outdated content).
2. The course blurs the line
between teacher and student
(rather than maintaining a strict
hierarchy between the student
and the “sage on the stage”).
agement systems. This is not to
say that there is a silver bullet that
will magically solve all of the challenges that come with an online
learning environment. After all, just
like a geophysical classroom, there
is more than one way to set up
an educational experience in the
digital realm, and not all of these
are ideal. But virtual education
no longer has to be a lesser alternative to a “real,” in-person
education. Sometimes it’s even
better. Technology has given us
the means to customize a powerful
online learning experience that can
be just as embodied as what one
might find in a physical classroom
setting—if not even more so.
3. The course deepens student
interaction by limiting it (rather
than operating in the manner of
massive, open online courses).
4. The course uses every opportunity to incorporate a human
touch (rather than assuming
digital technologies inhibit
genuine human interactions).
5. The course evolves (rather
than remaining forever stuck
in the format or modality that
preceded it).
In my radically different online
learning experience at Fuller, I
learned there are numerous ways
to deliver high-caliber education
that fully leverage (rather than
acquiesce to) digital learning man-
Jason Min is the lead pastor at
Sovereign Grace Church in Los
Angeles. He earned his BA in
Communications and History at the
University of Pennsylvania and his
Master of Education at Harvard
University. He is currently working
toward an MA in Theology at Fuller.
Jason and his wife, Carol, have two
children, Avery and Jack.
55
Dopo aver avanzato alcune ipotesi di datazione della Regale du Monde (seconda metà del secolo XIV), l’intervento fa luce sul complesso uso simbolico degli animali nel discorso politico-sociale del componimento. Introdotta da una trasfigurazione araldica dei regnanti di Francia e Inghilterra nel contesto contingente della guerra dei cent’anni, la visione storico-profetica di cui consta la Regale è infatti presieduta da un universo faunistico che intende rappresentare il microcosmo tripartito della società medioevale. In particolare, la rigenerazione del saeculum annessa all’incipiente regno del dedicatario, Carlo V il Saggio, è messa in scena da una doppia processione e da un conflictus che vedono protagoniste tre specie diverse di bestie e di uccelli, di cui il presente studio intende approfondire il significato simbolico, con specifico riguardo al caso peculiarissimo del tarin (il lucherino). L’articolo offre, infine, un’edizione e una traduzione del prologo latino che apre il testo così com’è conservato nel codice di Cambridge (Trinity Hall Library, ms. 12, ff. 100ra–103rb).
Η Περιβαλλοντική Εκπαίδευση (Π.Ε.) μετρά πλέον πάνω από μισό αιώνα παρουσίας στον χώρο της εκπαίδευσης. Όλα αυτά τα χρόνια μέσα από τα σχολικά μαθήματα και τα προγράμματα τόσο στην Α/θμια όσο και στη Β/θμια Γενική και Ειδική Εκπαίδευση, η Π.Ε. προσέφερε σημαντικές ευκαιρίες μάθησης και κοινωνικότητας στους μαθητές με και χωρίς αναπηρία ή/και ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες μέσω της συμμετοχής τους σε εκπαιδευτικές και κοινωνικές διαδικασίες. Παράλληλα, ως
φορέας του συνόλου των αξιών και των χαρακτηριστικών μιας «παιδαγωγικής της συμπερίληψης» προώθησε την ομαδική εργασία και τη μάθηση μέσα από ετερογενείς ομάδες, με αποτέλεσμα να
περιορίσει την περιθωριοποίηση και την απομόνωση των παιδιών με αναπηρία ή/και ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες. Στην παρούσα μελέτη γίνεται λόγος για τις προκλήσεις που αντιμετωπίζουν
οι εκπαιδευτικοί που επιθυμούν να υλοποιήσουν περιβαλλοντικά προγράμματα σε δομές Ειδικής Εκπαίδευσης, για τις δυσκολίες-εμπόδια που παρατηρούνται και για την ανάγκη δημιουργίας και
χρήσης προσβάσιμου εκπαιδευτικού υλικού για μαθητές όλων των αναπηριών. Μέσα από τις αρχές του καθολικού σχεδιασμού για τη μάθηση και της διαφοροποιημένης διδασκαλίας, η Π.Ε. καταφέρνει να προωθήσει τη μάθηση και τη συμπερίληψη των παιδιών με αναπηρία ή/και ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες
Energy access is crucial for rural development in developing countries, as electrification drives economic growth, creates employment opportunities, and enhances the quality of life for rural communities. This study aims to determine the feasibility of powering a remote community with a hybrid energy system (HRS) combining solar photovoltaic, wind, and biogas to generate electricity and meet the energy needs of the rural area. West Waru Village was selected as the case study area due to its abundance of renewable energy sources. The HOMER tool was employed to model and optimize the HRS, providing a detailed analysis of its technical, economic, and environmental aspects. Furthermore, the study's findings were analyzed through a sensitivity analysis, considering uncertainty factors such as village load consumption, solar radiation, wind speed, and biomass availability. The best configuration for an on-grid scheme included a 2,284 kW photovoltaic (PV) system, 388 unit vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT), and a 500 kW biogas generator, resulting in a net present cost (NPC) of $8,506,090, a cost of energy (COE) of $0.054/kWh, and a payback period of 5.79 years. This configuration also reduced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 67.2% compared to grid electricity. The optimal configuration for an off-grid scheme consisted of a 5,491 kW PV system, 954 VAWT, a 500 kW biogas generator, and 4,850 batteries, with an NPC of $20,162,390 and a COE of $0.1601/kWh, reducing CO2 emissions by 99.993%. These findings can serve as a baseline for the government to develop renewable energy systems in West Waru.
Time delay determinations in astrophysics are used most often to nd time delays between flux density variations in dierent spec- tral bands and/or lines in AGNs, and dierent images of gravitationally lensed QSOs. Here we consider a new algorithm for a complex case, when the time delay is itself a linear function of time and the intensity of echo response is exponential function of the delay. We apply this method to the optical-to-radio delay in the lensed double quasar Q0957+561. Radio-optical variability correlation in Q0957+561 was rst reported by Oknyanskij & Beskin (1993, hereafter OB) on the basis of radio ob- servations made in the years 1979 to 1990. OB used an idea to take into account the known gravitational lensing time delay to get combined ra- dio and optical light curves and then to use them for determination of the possible radio-from-optical time delay. It was found this way that radio variations (5 MHz) followed optical ones by about 6.4 years with high level of corr...
Cette etude presente la comparaison de deux approches de modelisation de la transformation pluie-debit a l'echelle annuelle : un modele conceptuel et un reseau de neurones artificiels (RNA). Les deux modeles sont appliques sur trois sous-bassins du fleuve N’zi-Bandama en Cote d'Ivoire. L’analyse comparative est basee sur les performances de simulation en termes de critere de Nash-Sutcliffe. Les modeles ont ete testes sur deux periodes, l’une seche (1973-1997) et l’autre humide (1961-1972). Les donnees d’entree des deux modeles sont la pluie et l’evapotranspiration potentielle au pas de temps annuel. Les principaux resultats de ce travail montrent que les performances des deux modeles (conceptuel et neuronal) restent en general satisfaisantes avec des criteres de Nash-Sutcliffe superieurs a 60%. Ces modeles se sont reveles aussi robustes et adaptes pour la simulation des debits annuels des rivieres. La comparaison des deux modeles a montre que le reseau de neurones a obtenu d...
We investigated the impact of genetic variants in OCT1 (SLC22A1) on morphine, morphine‐3‐glucuronide (M3G) and morphine‐6‐glucuronide (M6G) pharmacokinetics in adult patients scheduled for major surgery. Blood samples were taken before and 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 min after a bolus of morphine (0.15 mg/kg). Patients were genotyped for the genetic variants (rs12208357, rs34059508, rs72552763 and rs34130495) in OCT1.Eighty‐six patients completed the trial. The mean difference (95% confidence interval) for dose adjusted morphine, M3G and M6G AUC was 0.9 (−0.7–2.4), −5.9 (−11.8 to −0.03) and −1.1 (−2.5–0.4) h/L*10−6, respectively, in patients with two reduced function alleles compared to patients with no reduced function alleles in OCT1. Accordingly, the (AUCM3G/Dose)/(AUCmorphine/Dose) and (AUCM6G/Dose)/(AUCmorphine/Dose) ratio was reduced, −1.8 (−3.2 to −0.4) and −0.4 (−0.7 to −0.03), respectively, when comparing the same groups. OCT1 variants had no influence on the experience of...
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Bellissimo! Italienische Malerei von der Gotik bis zur Renaissance aus dem Lindenau-Museum in Altenburg, Ausstellungskatalog Augustinermuseum Freiburg/Breisgau, hg. von Eva Maria Breissig und Jutta Götzmanng , 2024
Esteban Noce y Rodrigo Laham Cohen (editores), Diálogos sobre religión, historia y literatura en el mundo antiguo, IMHICIHU-CONICET, Buenos Aires, 2023