BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MARINE RESEARCH LITERATURE Selorm Anku Ankudey University of Energy and Natural Resources Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana Email: selorm.ankudey@uenr.edu.gh ORCID 0000-0003-2540-4311 Abstract The field of Bibliometrics is continually emerging and helps in examining the science indicators such as citation analysis, research output in a subject, institutions and author productivity, etc. The study presents the bibliometric analysis of global marine research literature. The research is proposed to examine the citation count which increases to ranking of journals, articles authors, language, subject, author affiliation, funding agency, and country wise writing of literature for 20 years (1999 and 2018). The data analysed were retrieved from Web of Science citation database. From the studies revealed 2018 have most significant number of publications. English language scores 6615(98.467%) which shows that themedium preferred to publish marine research. The journals ranking shows Marine Ecology Progress Series 121 (1.801%) ranks first. Environmental Sciences Ecology 1205 (17.937%) has produced maximum number of publications. The USA has contributed the largest number of publications 1839 (17.546%) whereas Melchers R.E. has contributed the highest number of 25 (0.372%) publications. Key Words: Bibliometric; Marine research; Authorship productivity; Journals ranking; Marine Literature INTRODUCTION The term “marine” according to encyclopaedic of Merriam-Webster dictionary, it is of or relating to the sea or typically depicting the sea, seashore, or ships. The synonymous words of marine according to Merriam-Webster are maritime, oceanic, and pelagic. The prominent writers have long discovered the ocean and the best conditions of human interaction in the company of it as a probable cause for curiosity and chronicled pondering. A reflection for some, for others a wilderness, the ocean has obviously impacted on the vivid ingenuities of novelists all through ancient history in wildly diverse ways (Middlebury College, 2010). The whole diversifications of written genres with which authors have typically expressed upon the sea and its intended significances that writing and voyaging on the sea share is a natural attraction. The sea in The Odyssey is full of possible perils and amazed wonders; in The Good Book, it is an influential mechanism of the furious anger of God; it is the adverse space of illustrious expulsion and despair in Old English poems. In bare distinction, the sea is the substantial space of crucial self-discovery in many contemporary writings (Middlebury College, 2010). The ocean serves the setting, a body of symbolism, a mystery, the liaison of divine wrath, an epistemic challenge, a means of escape, and a reason to reveal on the human alliance to nature. The similar concepts related to the study are marine ecology, oceanography, marine policy, and marine environmental history which can be studied as specific area. Publications of a certain discipline can represent its research trend whether it focuses on the present, previous or future research, and the utility of Science Citation Index as a retrieval device was rarely questioned (Garfield, 1970; 1998). Bibliometrics is a range of quantitative measures that assesses the impact of research outputs. Bibliometrics complement qualitative indicators of research impact such as funding received, number of patents, awards granted and peer review. Together they assess the quality and impact of research. Bibliometric study of global marine research is an attempt to find out the growth pattern of this research area over the time and productivity of various countries and institutions, authors, and the research publications that are receiving considerate attention as a way of citation, etc. Bibliometric study is a popular and useful research tool used to analyse the research productivity by using the communication indicators employed to measure the citation pattern among others. 1.2 RELATED LITERATURE The review of related literature gives an in-depth historical trends, relevant theories and concepts related to the discipline under investigation. It is the basic foundation upon which many research ideas are developed. A thorough review gives an idea of the gap in research be it a critic, further investigation, a new dimension based on the old. There are very few studies conducted so far on the bibliometric analysis of global marine research. As a foundation from other bibliometrics studies, certain resources of literature are needed for the collection of data and required material. The use of citation index databases such as Web of Science, Scopus etc. is relevant in measuring the various indicators. Belter, (2014) examined the citation analysis of oceanographic data set conducted a research in two phases to measure the oceanographic data in Web of Science and Google Scholar between 1982-2013. In the second phase of the analysis, it was revealed a total of 8,412 articles citing all six editions of the World Ocean Atlas and World Ocean Database WOA/WOD from 1984 to 2013. The 1982 edition has been cited 2,987 times, the 1994 edition has been cited 2,577 times, the 1998 edition has been cited 810 times, the 2001 edition has been cited 842 times, the 2005 edition has been cited 795 times, and the 2009 edition has been cited 401 times. Belter opined that, the first versions of the WOA/WOD seem to require at least four, and up to fourteen, years after their initial release date to reach their peak citation rate. The time necessary for versions to reach their peak rate has declined with each version. The 1982 Climatological Atlas reached its peak 14 years after its initial publication, whereas the 1998 version required six years and the 2005 version required four. The amount of time necessary for the older versions of the WOA/WOD to reach their peak citation rate is longer than the 2–5 years required for most journal articles (Costas, Leeuwen, & Raan, 2011; Eom & Fortunato, 2011), although the 2005 version seems to have peaked within that timeframe. (Belter, 2012) examined the journal articles funded by US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) Office of Ocean Exploration and Research (OER). A total of 409 OER-supported articles were identified which indicated 171 (42%) of these articles were first identified by the author-identification method, whereas 238 (58%) were first identified by the search-based method. The search-based method also identified the majority of the publications originally identified by the author identification method, making it the more comprehensive of the two methods used in this analysis. It was evident that an increase and fluctuation from 46 articles in 2009 to 95 articles in 2010 and back to 34 articles in 2011. Further complications due to some articles resulting from a grant getting published up to 10 years after the grant was awarded, although the majority of the publications that were successfully matched to a grant were published within 5 years of the award. Bibliometric mapping identified six major research areas of OER-supported publications: Corals and Coral Reefs, NW Atlantic Ecosystems, Undersea Geophysics, Hydrocarbon Seeps, Arctic Ocean Ecosystems, and DNA Analysis. A high concentration of OER-supported articles was found in the Hydrocarbon Seeps research areas, and highly cited articles were found to be common in the Hydrocarbon Seeps and Corals and Coral Reefs research areas. Percentile analysis found that a higher than expected percentage (over 20%) of OER articles in the subjects of Oceanography and Marine and Freshwater Biology were ranked in the 90th percentile for their subjects and years of publication. The analysis also found that a lower than expected (around 35%) percentage of these articles were ranked in the < 50th percentile. Elango & Rajendran, (2012) in a study examine the authorship trend and collaboration pattern in Marine Sciences literature from the Indian Journal of Marine Sciences published from 2001 to 2010. It was revealed in their study that, Multi authored contributions dominated the field of marine sciences research. The average number of authors per joint authored paper is 3.4 with an average Collaboration rate (0.57). It is shown that, 58% of the papers are collaborated within the same institution and author Srinivas, K. attained the higher value of dominance factor (0.88).Araújo & Shideler, (2011) conducted a bibliometric analysis on the the Bulletin of Marine Science on the occasion of its 60th anniversary (1951-2010. From the results 4303 papers and notes were published. It is revealed that, US at the top of most metrics (number of contributions, most authors, top institutions, top cities for online use, etc.), international presence, with subscriptions in 46 countries and authors scattered through the world. The analysis also revealed that, 293 issues, 34 maximum numbers of authors in a publication. The percentage of articles that have been cited at least once is 92%, 532 reviewers registered in their online peer-review system. It took 42 days from submission to acceptance of the fastest manuscript going through our online system, 60,700 total number of pages published. Sundararajan & Ponnudurai, (2011) in their study revealed 270855 total productions in terms of research articles produced from 1980-2004. They opined that, in 1980 Marine Biology research output published was 7605 at the international level, and it rose to 270855 by the end of 2008 which is a phenomenal increase in numbers. The relative growth rate has shown a declining trend. It could be seen that its relative growth rate decreased gradually from 0.57 in 1980 to 0.01 in 2004. The study period records the mean relative growth rate of 0.14. Zhang, Qian, & Ho, (2009) in their study shows that 12 document types were found in totally 2,879 documents between 1991 to 2005. There were 2,649 articles, which comprised 92% of the total productions, followed by reviews 171 (5.9%), editorial materials 25 (0.87%), notes 13 (0.45%), meeting abstracts 8 (0.28%), book reviews 3 (0.10%), corrections 3 (0.10%), letters 3 (0.10%), biographical-items 1 (0.035%), addition corrections 1 (0.035%), news items 1 (0.035%), and reprints 1 (0.035%). Most articles originated from the USA 637 (42%), Germany 170 (11%), the UK 147 (9.7%). This distribution was similar to the bibliometric study of ocean science and technology, in which the result ordered from the USA (50%), the UK, Germany, France, Japan and Canada (Dastidar, 2004; Dastidar, & Ramachandran, 2005). The USA produced the most independent articles at 637 (42%). A possible reason for its highest proportion may be that 23% (203) of the institutes with collaborative articles were in the USA. Erftemeijer, Semesi, & Ochieng, (2001) analyse marine botanical research in East Africa over the period 1950–2000. Marine botanical research was interpreted broadly as research on mangroves, seaweeds, seagrasses, salt marshes, phytoplankton, or benthic microalgae (Dawes, 1998). A total of 478 papers were retrieved in the search. Tanzania and Kenya accounting for 76% of all marine botanical research. A proportion of 30% papers was published in international, peer-reviewed scientific journals, but most research was published in other more restrictive outlets, such as technical reports (21%), workshop and conference proceedings (20%), national and local journals (13%), university theses (11%), and book chapters (4%). Whereas the overwhelming majority (93%) of all publications were in English, 4% used French and 3% other languages (Portuguese, Dutch, Italian and German) to disseminate research findings. Although the international scientific publications are distributed over 54 international journals, they are highly concentrated in a few of them (50% in 6 journals). Hydrobiologia (16%) and AMBIO (10%) clearly stand out as the leading journals, together printing nearly one-quarter of all papers. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology & Ecology (7%), Aquatic Botany (7%), Botanica Marina (5%) and Marine Ecology Progress Series (5%) are also important outlets of research on marine botany in East Africa. Seven scientific meetings (out of a total of 32) account for 67% of all papers published in conference proceedings. OBJECTIVES The main objectives of the present study are: To study the growth of marine literature during the period 1999-2018 To find out the type of documents and languages of publications To examine new and emerging areas of research To rank the journals in the field of marine research To reveal the subject wise distribution of articles in marine research To identify the prolific countries contributing to marine research To identify the most prolific institutions of authors contributing to marine research To assess the most productive authors in marine research literature METHODOLOGY To study the appropriate methodology deployed is based precisely on the statistical variables available based on the citation indices from the Web of Science, the citation database by Clarivate Analytics formerly Thomson Reuters. The Web of Science database is used appropriately to retrieve all the scholarly literature published on ‘marine literature' dealing with a productive period of twenty years i.e. 1999 to 2018. All significant articles in the connected field of marine studies are appropriately included in the quantitative interpretation not limited to any particular discipline under marine studies. The citation factors, authors’ contribution, references and bibliographic details among others that were retrieved were exported to MS Excel for the comprehensive evaluation of year wise publication, country-wise contribution of scholarly literature, citation analysis, prolific authors, most prolific organization and funding agencies, etc. The specific methodology deployed cannot be reasonably achieved if there are precisely no such citation databases that are properly used to indexed journals along with articles published by them. This helps to extrapolate the scholarly productiveness and the expected impact a scholarly journal, published article or a prolific author is bringing off to a specific field of scholarly inquiry. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Year wise Distribution of Marine research literature Year-wise progression of publications in marine research under the years of study 1999 to 2018 is shown in table 1. It can be seen from the table that research in marine related studies is in a state of steady growth over the years. Even though there was a decline in the productivity in the years 2001 126) and 2004 (176). Out of 6718 publications through the years the maximum number of publications 796 (11.849%) is published in the year 2018 followed by 609 (9.065%) publications in the year 2017, 563(8.38%) publications in the year 2016 and so on. The least publication of 114 (1.697%) was recorded in 1999. Table 1 Year wise Distribution of Marine research literature S/N Publication Year No. of Publications Percentage S/N Publication Year No. of Publications Percentage 1 1999 114 1.697 11 2009 295 4.391 2 2000 134 1.995 12 2010 318 4.734 3 2001 126 1.876 13 2011 381 5.671 4 2002 179 2.664 14 2012 386 5.746 5 2003 190 2.828 15 2013 414 6.163 6 2004 176 2.62 16 2014 510 7.592 7 2005 212 3.156 17 2015 541 8.053 8 2006 232 3.453 18 2016 563 8.38 9 2007 264 3.93 19 2017 609 9.065 10 2008 278 4.138 20 2018 796 11.849 Fig. 1 Year wise Distribution of Marine research literature Year wise Distribution of Marine research literature Citation The citations received by an article are proportional to the impact the article is assumed to be making in that field. The more citations an article receive from others the more its impact on both the author and the journal. Data from the citation index indicated that, the total number of citation received from 1999 – 2019 as is 219118 from which 214073 are without self citation. The citing articles of 17266 are those that give citations to the publications from which 170163 are without self citation. With an h-index of 180 the average citations received per item is 32.62. The highest citations received is 30531 (13.934%) in the year 2018. The least in 1999, 34 (0.016%). It observed that, citations received is increasing year wisely which is in comparison to the increase in the number of publication per year. Table 2 Year wise Distribution of Marine research literature Citation S/N Publication Year No. of Citations Percentage S/N Publication Year No. of Citations Percentage 1 1999 34 0.016 12 2010 9980 4.555 2 2000 250 0.114 13 2011 11722 5.350 3 2001 585 0.267 14 2012 13338 6.087 4 2002 1032 0.471 15 2013 15945 7.277 5 2003 1611 0.735 16 2014 18011 8.220 6 2004 2410 1.100 17 2015 20712 9.452 7 2005 3329 1.519 18 2016 23602 10.771 8 2006 4366 1.993 19 2017 26232 11.972 9 2007 5544 2.530 20 2018 30531 13.934 10 2008 6810 3.108 21 2019 14700 6.709 11 2009 8374 3.822 Year wise Distribution of Marine research literature Citation Fig. 2 Year wise Distribution of Marine research literature Citation Type of Documents The type documents from where the various publications are made are presented in table 3. The observation as deduced shows that 4988 (74.248%) out of total number of document distribution i.e., 6718 are in the form of research articles. Reviews constituted 19.708% (1324) of the total data. Bibliography, Correction, Meeting Abstract, News Item, Reprint, Retracted Publication all contribute 1(0.015%) of the total data. Table 3 Type of Documents S/N Document Type No. of publication Percentage 1 Article 4988 74.248 2 Review 1324 19.708 3 Proceedings Paper 291 4.332 4 Editorial Material 51 0.759 5 Book Chapter 42 0.625 6 Data Paper 8 0.119 7 Letter 8 0.119 8 Bibliography 1 0.015 9 Correction 1 0.015 10 Meeting Abstract 1 0.015 11 News Item 1 0.015 12 Reprint 1 0.015 13 Retracted Publication 1 0.015 Ranking of Journal Publications in Marine Research The contribution to publication in terms of journals and their corresponding citations received is very important in according the journal a high impact. The data from table 4 showing the 15 prolific journals indicated that, Marine Ecology Progress Series contributed 121 (1.801%) of the total journal count. This is followed by the Marine Pollution Bulletin and PLOS ONE both contributing 95 (1.414%) each. The journal of Limnology and Oceanography in the 15thposition contributed 43 (0.640%). Table 4 Ranking of Journal Publications in Marine Research S/N Journal No. Of Articles Percentage 1 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES 121 1.801 2 MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 95 1.414 3 PLOS ONE 95 1.414 4 MARINE POLICY 94 1.399 5 MARINE DRUGS 77 1.146 6 OCEAN COASTAL MANAGEMENT 68 1.012 7 ZOOTAXA 66 0.982 8 NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTS 63 0.938 9 SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 61 0.908 10 ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE 55 0.819 11 JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY 53 0.789 12 CHEMOSPHERE 46 0.685 13 ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE 44 0.655 14 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY 43 0.640 15 LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 43 0.640 Language of Publication The languages wise distribution of global research output in marine research has shown that scientists contribution is predominantly in English 6615 (98.467) which is followed by Spanish 48 (0.714%), French and Portuguese contributing 15 (0.233%) each. With a contribution of 1 (0.015) each, Croatian, Danish, Hungarian, Polish, and Turkish are the least contributing languages. Table 5 Language of Publication S/N Language No. of Publications Percentage 1 English 6615 98.467 2 Spanish 48 0.714 3 French 15 0.223 4 Portuguese 15 0.223 5 Chinese 7 0.104 6 German 5 0.074 7 Japanese 3 0.045 8 Russian 3 0.045 9 Italian 2 0.03 10 Croatian 1 0.015 11 Danish 1 0.015 12 Hungarian 1 0.015 13 Polish 1 0.015 14 Turkish 1 0.015 Though India has wide sea roots, and surrounded by three seas, Indian contribution to the maritime literature is not appreciable. Ranking of Most Productive Authors in Marine Research The list of top 30 prolific authors contributing to marine research is presented in table 6. Among the total number of 28428 authors contributing to global marine research, Melchers R.E. has contributed the highest number of 25 (0.372%) publications. Li X. M. followed with a total publication of 22 (0.327). With 19 publications, Copp B. R. is the third highest contributing to marine research. Table 6 Ranking of Most Productive Authors in Marine Research Country wise Distribution of Marine Research Literature With a total number of 142 countries contributing 10481 publication to the global marine research, USA is the highest giving a total of 1839 (17.546%) of the total count. England contributing 674(6.431%) came second with Australia the third prolific country contributing 657(6.268%) of the total publications. The publications in terms of countries are higher due to the collaboration research of authors from different countries. Table 7 Country wise Distribution of Marine Research Literature Funding Agency Distribution of Marine Research Literature The funding of research is very important in carrying out a good research. For lack of funding can be an impediment to the progress of any research. It is therefore necessary to study the agencies contributing to research in marine research. From table 8 presents the top 20 prolific funding agencies out of the total 7699. It can be observed that the agency that funded the highest number of publications is Natural Environment Research Council United Kingdom contributing 133 (1.727%). This is followed by National Natural Science of China NSFC funding 130 (1.689%). The third most contributing agency is National Science Foundation Environment Society and the Economy contributing 97 (1.260%) and so on that order. Table 8 Funding Agency Distribution of Marine Research Literature Research Area Distribution of Marine Research Literature The various research areas where literature in marine research is conducted revealed a total number of 128 research areas are those contributing to global marine research. With a contribution of 1205(17.937%) Environmental Sciences Ecology contributed highest. The second most prolific research area is Marine Freshwater Biology 802 (11.943%). The least contribution among the top 20 is Biotechnology Applied Microbiology 84 (1.250%) Table 9 Research Area Distribution of Marine Research Literature Ranking of Most Productive Organization The list of the top 20 most productive organisation of affiliation is given in table 10. Chinese Acad Trop Agr Sci with 134(0.867%) publications tops the list followed by University Reading with 93(0.602%) publications, University Waterloo with 90(0.582%) publications. Nat Hist Museum Frankfurt with 51(0.330) publications is the 20th in ranking. Table 10 Ranking of Most Productive Organisation SUMMARY It is observed that out of 6718 publications through the years the maximum number of publications 796 (11.849%) is achieved in the year 2018. The least publication of 114 (1.697%) was recorded in 1999. The total number of citation received from 1999 – 2019 is 219118 from which 214073 are without self citation. The citing articles of 17266 are those that give citations to the publications from which 170163 are without self citation. The investigation revealed 4988 (74.248%) out of total number of document distribution i.e., 6718 are in the form of research articles. The 15 prolific journals indicated that, Marine Ecology Progress Series contributed 121 (1.801%). This is followed by the Marine Pollution Bulletin and PLOS ONE both contributing 95 (1.414%) each. The preferred language of publications is English 6615 (98.467) which is followed by Spanish 48 (0.714%), French and Portuguese contributing 15 (0.233%) each. Among the total number of 28428 authors contributing to global marine research, Melchers R.E. has contributed the highest number of 25 (0.372%) publications. Li X. M. followed with a total publication of 22 (0.327). Country wise distribution shows that USA is the highest giving a total of 1839 (17.546%), followed by England contributing 674(6.431%), with Australia as the third prolific country contributing 657(6.268%). With a journal contribution of 1205(17.937%) Environmental Sciences Ecology contributed highest. The second most prolific research area is Marine Freshwater Biology 802 (11.943%). The least contribution among the top 20 is Biotechnology Applied Microbiology 84 (1.250%). The funding agency distribution shows that Chinese Acad Trop Agr Sci with 134(0.867%) publications tops the list followed by Univ Reading with 93(0.602%) publications, Univ Waterloo with 90(0.582%) publications. Nat Hist Museum Frankfurt with 51(0.330) publications is the 20th in ranking. 1.7 CONLUSION The study of bibliometrics is necessitated due to the developments in scientific research which is used to measure the productivity of the various parameters that are used to measure the prolific contributions that are made by authors, institutions, funding agencies, journals among others. The basis for the emergence bibliometrics, is to measure scientific contributions which is in the turn gives room for the growth of related and innovative concepts in measuring the research output both locally and globally. The synonymous terms that emerged from the conception of bibliometrics are scientometrics, informetrics, webometrics, link analysis, citation measurement and author networking. Application of bibliometrics to the field of science such as global marine research has helped the authors and potential authors in identifying the nature and characteristics of marine research literature and where there is gap for them to research. The effort in this study is to discover the major aspects of global marine research literature that statistically project the authors making major contributions, languages of choice, areas of marine research, country wise distribution of literature, organisational affiliation of researchers, citation pattern, among others. The source of data for the study is Web of Science citation index database, the choice is based on the relevance of database on the conditional that, the few selected journals that are indexed are considered those with authority. The details of the retrieved data with some predefined statistics helps to analyse easily and also the database facilitates easy retrieving of relevant research data. The study indicates that 2018 has a greater number of publications 796 (11.849%). English is the predominant language of global marine research communications 6615 (98.467). Marine Ecology Progress Series 121 (1.801%) tops among the journals contributing articles. The subject Environmental Sciences Ecology 1205(17.937%) has produced maximum number of publications. USA has contributed the highest number of publications in global marine research, recording 1839 (17.546%). The funding agency distribution shows that Chinese Acad Trop Agr Sci 134(0.867%) is the top among the list. Melchers R.E. has contributed the highest number of 25 (0.372%) publications. Thus, the research carried on bibliometric analysis of global marine has shown interesting trends and the paper has contribute to the existing body of bibliometric research. REFERENCES Araújo, R. J., & Shideler, G. (2011). 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