International Journal of
Advanced Research in Public Policy, Social Development and Enterprise Studies
Vol. 2, No. 1 January, 2017
Hard Print: 2536-6548
Online:
2536-6556
ASSESSMENT OF THE IFAD-CBARDP ACTIVITIES
TOWARDS POVERTY ALLEVIATION IN KEBBI
STATE, NIGERIA
Oyediran, Kayode Kunle & 2Nassarawa Muhammad Abubakar
1
Department of Urban & Regional Planning, College of Environmental Studies,
Waziri Umaru Federal Polytechnic, Birnin-Kebbi, Nigeria
T
Abstract
he Sustainable Development Goals seek to build on the Millennium
Development Goals, complete what could not be achieved and
balance/integrate the three dimensions of sustainable development: the
economic, social and environmental both in the urban and rural areas. This paper
aims at assessing the activities of International Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD)-Community Based Agriculture and Rural Development Programme
(CBARDP) towards poverty alleviation in Kebbi state. The set objectives, among
others include identifying the efforts of IFAD-CBARDP in improving the economic
status of the beneciaries and to identify the link exists between poverty alleviation
and IFAD-CBARDP activities. Data were sourced majorly through the secondary
sources, most especially from the IFAD-CBARDP documented success story in
Kebbi State, Volume 2, 2012. Findings from the document revealed that little
amount of money was given to the beneciaries ranging between N3, 000 and N100,
000; more men benetted than women in this phase and little was done in the
provision of rural water, electricity and combating climate change. It was concluded
by recommending that the scope of IFAD-CBARDP activities should be widened
and the amount being voted for the project reviewed considering the economic
situation of the country. In addition, it was suggested that there should be gender
equality in the selection of the beneciaries and some improvements in the areas of
provision of rural water, electricity and combating climate change as these could
also affect rural economy.
Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals, Poverty, Rural Areas, IFAD-CBARDP,
Gender Equality
Corresponding Author:
Oyediran, Kayode Kunle
http://internationalpolicybrief.org/journals/international-scientic-research-consortium-journals/intl-jrnl-of-adv-research-in-public-policy-social-dev-and-enterprise-studies-vol2-no1-jan-2017
IJARPPSDES | Page 47
Background to the Study
In any given society, food, clothing and shelter are considered the most important needs of
its inhabitants and these could be used to dene the level of poverty in that settlement. The
word poverty could be said to apply all that is needed for the physical, mental, health and
social well-being of families and individuals are lacking.
The world leaders in September 2000 made a pledge at the millennium summit in New
York to make sure that poverty, illiteracy, hunger, unsafe water, disease and urban and
environmental degradation were things of the past in 2015. The Heads of State,
government and high-power representatives held another summit at the United Nations
Headquarters in New York from 25 to 27 September 2015 as the Organization celebrated its
seventieth anniversary. The new global Sustainable Development Goals were formulated
and announced as the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development tagged “Transforming our world” is a plan
of action for people, planet and posterity. The stakeholders recognized that eradicating
poverty in all its forms, including extreme poverty, is the greatest global challenge and an
indispensable requirement for sustainable development (United Nation, 2015).
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets that were announced during the
summit demonstrated the scale and ambition of this new universal Agenda. The
stakeholders seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals and complete what
could not be achieved earlier. In the meeting they saw the need to integrate and balance the
three dimensions of sustainable development (the economic, social and environmental) if
poverty was to be eradicated.
Poverty is a main priority on their goals list because it gives birth to nearly all other listed
goals. Also, one of the Presidents of Nigeria, President Umar Yar'Adua in his inaugural
address on 29th May 2007 recognized poverty as a problem and counted it as one of his
government's key priorities when he mentioned food security and wealth creation as two
out of his seven point agenda.(Yar'Adua,2007). This was in line with a saying that anybody
that has sufcient food is not living in poverty. Gyuse (2008) contends that the kind of food
being referred to in a poverty-free family should be obtained in socially acceptable ways
excluding scavenging, begging, stealing or dependence on emergency supplies. That
means the peoples' economic situation should be able to cater for the provision of this food
for those that have jobs and the jobless should nd every possible way to embark on
fraudulence-free activities that would generate money. People only think of poverty as an
extreme life-threatening phenomenon peculiar to only developing countries. In spite of the
overall wealth of the European Union (EU), poverty in the EU is still at a relatively high
level. Nearly 1 out of every 7 people is at risk of poverty (European Anti Poverty Network,
2009).
Rural Development is an act of improving the living standard of the masses living in the
rural areas primarily geared towards sustaining development. Egunjobi (2004) submits
that demographically, in Nigeria a settlement with 20,000 people is an urban area. That
means a rural area is a settlement with less than that population gure.
IJARPPSDES | Page 48
There have been a lot of Federal Government and Non-Governmental Organization
programmes which focused on rural development in Nigeria. These include: Operation
Feed the Nation, Better Life for Rural Women, River Basin Development, Agricultural
Development Project, Green Revolution Programmes, National Poverty Eradication
Programme and so on (Oyediran and Adebayo, 2014; Gyuse, 2008). International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD)-Community Based Agriculture and Rural
Development Programme (CBARDP) is a recent one that targets nancing rural
developing programmes and economic activities.
The report of the joint FGN, IFAD and World Bank supervision mission in June 19-26, 2008
revealed that IFAD-CBARDP's programme is an international one with the following
objectives;
(i.)
To empower poor rural women and to critically analyze their constraining
opportunities and support requirements, and to effectively manage their own
development.
(ii.)
To support institutionalization of the policies and processes, create awareness and
develop the capacity of public and private sector service providers to become
more relevant and responsive to the rural poor.
(iii.) To support balanced sustainable social, agricultural and economic development
interventions for appropriate village groups and individuals.
Objectives of the Study
It is in line with these objectives and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that this
paper aims at assessing the activities of IFAD-CBARDP towards poverty alleviation (goal
one of the sustainable development goals) in Kebbi state. The objectives of this paper were
made to:
1.
Determine the number of the beneciaries from each local government in Kebbi
state
2.
Assess the impacts of IFAD-CBARDP's support on the beneciaries
3.
Identify the link that exists between poverty alleviation and IFAD-CBARDP
activities
4.
Recommend ways of improving the Programmes so as to meet Goal 1(poverty) of
the SDGs
Statement of the Problem
Findings revealed that most of the rural dwellers (men and women) in Kebbi state were
nancially handicapped when it comes to carrying out farming activities that could
improve both their yields and lives. These needs include money to cultivate which tells on
the size of their farmland and buying of farming tools. Also, poverty has wrecked many
that have interest in western education to the extent that they could not sponsor their
children education or give them the professional skills needed to sustain their lives. Lack
or inadequate infrastructure like good roads, schools and so on increases the people's
poverty rate. Therefore, this paper aims at assessing the activities of IFAD-CBARDP
towards poverty alleviation in the state.
IJARPPSDES | Page 49
Methods and Sources of Data
Data used in this paper were sourced mainly through the secondary means. These were
generated from the IFAD-CBARDP documented success story in Kebbi State, (Volume 2,
2012) and the 2006 main report of IFAD-CBARDP. Data in respect of the eight (8) Local
Government Areas that benetted from the programme, namely, the number of
beneciaries, nature of support given, refunding status and impacts on the beneciaries'
life and so on were collected. It should be noted that the report covers the organization's
activities between year 2004 and 2008. The data collected were subjected to simple
descriptive statistical techniques. Frequencies and percentages were used to express the
results of the analysis. Apart from these; internet was searched for relevant materials on
poverty and SDGs as part of the literature reviewed.
Literature Review
Concept of Poverty
Yari (2006, p.48) opines that “The poor may be considered as those earning below a
particular income regarded as the minimum amount needed to provide a basket of basic
necessities of living or below US$1 a day” In his view, some denitions did not capture
what many people consider as the other dimension of poverty which include lack of access
to basic social services like clean water, education, health care, waste disposal and
residential environment, political lack of voice and choice and so on. High and growing
unemployment increases the number of poor people.
World Bank (2001, p.) denes poverty as “the lack of, or the inability to achieve, a socially
acceptable standard of living”. In this denition the action words such as lack, inability
and standard of living are mentioned which are well connected to poverty. It should be
added that poverty involves also lack of money, materials, assets and so on. A situation
where somebody wants to acquire something but he is unable demonstrates “inability”.
Another characteristic of poverty is low standard of living which could manifest in
dressing, composition of diets, place of living and so on. Therefore, many factors have
been synthesized into this denition by World Bank.
Laderchi and Stewart (2003) have identied four different approaches to dening and
measuring poverty. These consist of approaches that attempt to measure individual
deprivation, approaches based on monetary income or on indicators of capability failure,
approaches that are based on concepts of social exclusion and approaches that rely on
participatory methods to establish the views of the poor themselves.
UN-HABITAT (2003, p. 29) denition of slums gives poverty a clear picture. It states that:
The monetary measures of poverty have been used in many countries, but
they do not capture the multidimensional nature of poverty. People may be
poor not just because of low incomes, but their poverty may derive from an
inadequate, unstable or risky asset base needed to cushion to carry them
through hard times. They may be poor because their housing is
overcrowded, of low quality or is insecure; because they do not have access
to safe water, adequate sanitation, health care or school; because they are
IJARPPSDES | Page 50
lacking a supportive safety net; or because they are not protected by laws and regulations
concerning civil and political, as well as economic, social and cultural rights,
discrimination and environmental health, or because they are denied a voice within
political system.
The analysis of Damas and Israt (2004) reveals that poverty is generally associated with
deprivation of health, education, food, knowledge, inuence over one's environment and
the many other things that make the difference between truly living and merely living.
From Yodmani (2001) perception, poverty is mainly viewed as an indicator of lack of
access to resources and income opportunities, but it has other aspects of social positioning
such as geographical location, age, gender, class, ethnicity, community structure,
community decision-making processes, and political issues that determine poor people's
vulnerability.
Peter (2006) opines that historically, poverty has been related to income, which remains at
the core of the concept today. However, poverty is more than income; it has to be carefully
and precisely elaborated. He argues that other resources such as assets, income in kind and
subsidies to public services and employment should be imputed to arrive at a
comprehensive but accurate measure of income. Nze (2008) expatiating on food security
as one of President Umar Yar'Adua's 7 Point Agenda, dwells on rural poverty. In his
words, “Most of our agricultural food producers are poverty stricken, reected in their
inability to modernize their production technique….” From his denition farmers'
poverty means inability to have working tools.
The bottom line of the foregoing discussion on poverty is that poverty is the lack of basic
necessities of life. Also, poverty is as old as human existence and shall continue to apply
years to come. This is because man could not have all he needs every time. Therefore, every
programme and policy by the government and non-governmental organizations could
only reduce human problem (poverty) to some bearable level. Besides, poverty is poverty
to whom it is poverty. This means poverty is a relative term that depends on who is
dening it, time and the task at hand because what is a necessity to one person might not be
a necessity to the other.
Brief on IFAD-CBARBD
The 2006 main report of IFAD- CBARDP reveals that the Loan Agreement between IFAD
and Federal Government of Nigeria became effective on 31st January 2003 to be terminated
on March 31st 2010. According to the report, the programme consists of two (2) major
components:
I. Creation of awareness and capacity building at community, Local Government
(LG), State and Federal levels. This component aims at making service providers
more relevant and responsive through awareness creation, participatory needs
assessments, group community organization and development, development of
village plans) and training of service providers to respond to the challenges faced
by the communities.
IJARPPSDES | Page 51
ii. Provision of community development
infrastructure at the community level
fund to nance support services and
Sub-Components of the Programme
Sustainable Agriculture Development
The focus of this sub-component is to assist rural groups to investigate, develop and adopt
locally-appropriate land husbandry practices within individual farm holdings (both
upland and wetland), communal grazing and woodlands area and settlement areas. This
programme is aimed at:
i. crop development, improved animal husbandry, bee-keeping and shery
ii. improved soil land and water management practices
iii. conict resolution between farmers and pastoralists
Rural Enterprise Development and Finance Linkage Support
This sub-component is expected to develop local and state government resources to assist
small and micro-enterprises, to identify needs and constraints of interested enterprises, to
assess nancial viability and organizational sustainability; to assess training and credits
requirements and facilities linkages with rural enterprises including farmers groups and
nancial institutions. This sub-component records considerable increases in skill
development activities and increase linkages in credit mobilizations and repayment.
Community Infrastructure Development
This sub-component is to develop or upgrade the following: safe village water supplies,
environmental sanitation, alternative energy sources, water for livestock, irrigation
system, village health and education facilities, community on-farm storage and
processing housing for agriculture, health and education programmes for workers and
inter-community access roads. The remaining parts of this sub-component are:
Strengthening community commitment and capacity to operate and maintain the
provided village infrastructure, developing community ability to work with experienced
engineers and contractors.
Vulnerable Groups
Gender and vulnerable group (GVG) sub-component supports gender equality and coordinate support for vulnerable groups. The sub-component has relatively provided adult
education and training programme in literacy, health, HIV/AIDS awareness and
prevention, conict resolution, safety net activities in some participating village areas. The
programme has shown commitment to the advancement of women and gender equality
goals. However, the process of assessing the role of women and men in a planned
community action and the systematic integration of gender equality objectives in
agriculture is still a thorny issue.
Results
Findings have revealed that eight (8) LGAs (48.10% of all the LGAs (21) in the state) were
catered for in the Volume 2 of the success story document of IFAD-CBARDP in Kebbi state.
IJARPPSDES | Page 52
Table 1: Local Government Areas, Their Population and Number of the Beneciaries.
SN
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Local Government
Area
Ailero L. G. A.
Arewa L. G. A.
Danko Wasagu
L.G.A.
Fakai L. G. A.
Gwandu L. G. A.
Koko-Besse L. G. A.
Suru L. G. A.
Shanga L. G.A.
Total
21/3/2006 Population
Census
67,078
189,728
265,271
2016 Projected
Population
94,647
267,706
374,297
No. of Beneciaries
119,772
151,077
154,818
148,474
127,142
1,223,360
168,998
213,170
218,448
209,497
179,397
1,726,160
9
4
3
2
10
47
8
9
2
Source: IFAD-CBARDP 2012, NPC 2006 and Authors Calculation, 2016.
Table 1 presents the total number of the benetted LGAs and beneciaries. The addition of
both the community development projects and individual supports gives forty seven (47).
It could be deduced from the Table that the gure for the beneciaries in each local
government is very low if compared to the 2016 projected population for the LGAs.
Table 2: Support Status for Individuals
Amount in Naira
1,000-10,000
11,000-20,000
21,000-30,000
31,000-40,000
41,000-50,000
51,000-60,000
61,000-70,000
71,000-80,000
81,000-90,000
91,000-100,000
Total
Number of Beneciaries
17
5
4
7
0
0
0
0
0
2
35
Percentage
48.57
14.29
11.43
20.00
0
0
0
0
0
5.71
100
Source: IFAD-CBARDP Documented Success Story from Kebbi State, Volume 2, 2012.
The number of individuals that benetted was 35 as presented in Table 2. The least initial
support as was three thousand naira (N3,000) while the highest was one hundred
thousand naira (N100,000). Majority (48.57%) benetted the support between N1, 000 and
N10, 000 while 5.71% benetted between N90, 000 and N100, 000. It could be deduced
from Table 2 that just a token amount given as a support could change people's story if
wisely used. It may also be deduced that a little support (cash/kind or both) for an
individual may change the story of the whole family for good.
IJARPPSDES | Page 53
Table 3: Community Development Projects done by IFAD-CBARDP
Year
Project Description
LGA
2005
Construction of a block of classrooms, a
store and an ofce
Construction of Canoes with the engines
Construction of a primary Health Center
and staff quarters
Construction of 7km rural feeder road
Construction of a Community dispensary
Fakai LGA
Amount Spent in
Naira
2,650,000
Shanga LGA
Shanga LGA
1,200,000
5,400,000
Suru LGA
Koko-Besse
LGA
Fakai LGA
Ailero LGA
Fakai LGA
Gwandu LGA
Gwandu LGA
Koko-Besse
LGA
Gwandu LGA
5,344,450
2,700,000
2005
2005
2005
2006
2006
2006
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
Total
Construction of a block of classroom
Dening grazing route
Construction of a Community dispensary
Provision of a grinding machine
Provision of drugs store
Training and support on modern day
carpentry
Trees planting on degraded land
2,700,000
30,000
2,700,000
100,000
200,000
87,000
50,000
23161450
Source: IFAD-CBARDP Documented Success Story from Kebbi State, Volume 2, 2012.
Table 3 revealed the community development projects and amount spent on each by
IFAD-CBARDP. These were embarked on to alleviate poverty in Kebbi state. World Bank
(1992) posited that good quality infrastructure reduces poverty and increases life
expectancy through improve health condition, better transportation and so on.
Table 4: Household Size of the Beneciaries.
Household size
1-5
6-10
11-15
Total
Frequency
15
14
6
35
Percentage
42.86
40.00
17.14
100
Source: IFAD-CBARDP Documented Success Story from Kebbi State, Volume 2, 2012.
Household size between 1 and 5 has the highest percentage (42.86%) while household size
between 11 and 15 has the least. This implies that the number of beneciaries were more
than 35 if the household sizes have to considered.
Table 5: Sex of the Beneciaries
Sex
Female
Male
Total
Frequency
13
22
35
Percentage
37.14
62.86
100
Source: IFAD-CBARDP Documented Success Story from Kebbi State, Volume 2, 2012.
IJARPPSDES | Page 54
Table 5 shows that a large number (62.86%) of the beneciaries are male. That could be
attributed to that fact that men have more responsibilities than women in the family
setting. In addition to this, men engage in farming more than women and this Programme
targets land tillers than animal husbandry as poverty is more pronounced among the land
tillers because their activities rely on favorable weather. Therefore, climate change
contributes to their being poor. Notwithstanding the role of men in families and the focus
of the Programme, the number of beneciaries should be shared equally as the burden will
be less on men if their women (wives) are gainfully employed.
Table 6: Assessment of the Component/Sub-Components.
S/N
1
2
3
4
Sub-Component
Gender and Vulnerable Group
Sustainable Agriculture Development
Rural Enterprises Development and
Financial Linkages Support
Community Infrastructure
Total
Frequency
20
12
08
Percentage
42.55
25.53
17.02
07
47
14.90
100
Source: IFAD-CBARDP Documented Success Story from Kebbi State, Volume 2, 2012.
Table 6 shows that out of all IFAD-CBARDP components and sub-components, focus was
majorly (42.55%) on support for gender and vulnerable group while little attention
(14.90%) was given to community infrastructure. That means emphasis on gender
equality and support for the helpless/weak regardless of sex so that they would be able to
be self reliant sex (man or woman) dominated this part of the Programme. There is less
focus on community infrastructure due to funding of infrastructural projects that gulp
more money than any other sub-components.
Impacts of the Supports on Beneciaries and Major Challenges
IFAD-CBARDP documented success story (2012) revealed that with the little support
given to people, the beneciaries are self reliant and even offered employment to some
other people in their communities. Apart from that, two (2) of them bought sewing and
welding machines, three (3) bought motor cycles for commercial purpose, twelve (12) of
them have enough livestock (goats, sheep, cow and camel) even after refunding the
support collected IFAD and so on.
The report of the joint FGN, IFAD and World Bank supervision mission in June 19-26, 2008
revealed among others that low functional literacy classes in English Language and
numeracy standards within the communities; inadequate training of the community drug
attendants that impact negatively in the implementation of programme. Another problem
identies in the report is the issue of reallocation of programme funds. It is therefore
recommended that funds should be properly channeled and used for the intending
purposes. Another revelation from the report is that no serious relationship between
government (Federal, State and Local) and other donors. All these challenges according to
staff interviewed have improved and recommended further actions if the aim of the
IJARPPSDES | Page 55
programme is to be achieved. Among the recommendations are siting primary and
secondary schools in the rural areas and government should provide teachers to those
schools as these will encourage the residents that want to attend the schools.
In sum, the ndings have revealed that;
1. Small amount of money was given to the beneciaries ranging between N3, 000
and N100, 000.
2. More men benetted than women in this phase
3. No serious relationship between the government and other donors.
4. Illiteracy and shortage of staff are affecting the Community Base Agricultural and
Rural Development Programmes.
5. The number of the beneciaries and areas covered are too small compared to each
LGA's population.
6. Little was done on provision of rural water, electricity and combating climate
change.
Based on the above revelations, it is the belief of the authors that there could be
improvements in IFAD-CBARDP's contributions to poverty alleviation in Kebbi state if
the recommendations made are implemented.
Conclusion
In the preamble section of the United Nation's document on the SDGs, it was then pledged
that no one (rural or urban dweller) would be left behind (United Nation, 2015). Based on
the policy statement of SDGs, this research is geared towards assessing the activities of
IFAD-CBARDP towards poverty alleviation in Kebbi state.
Large numbers of the rural dwellers are reputed to be poor and wallowing in poverty. This
is because they lack some necessities of life. In order to alleviate poverty in these rural
areas, Programmes and policies are put in place by both the Nigeria government and
International Bodies. In order to assess the functionality and sustainability of any of these
policies/Programmes between 2016 and 2030, the 17 SDGs should be used to test their
activities. The outcome of the assessment of IFAD-CBARDP activities towards poverty
alleviation is impressive.
Recommendations
1. The scope of IFAD-CBARDP activities should be widened. The areas covered in
each LG were too small compared with the number of the LGAs. Also, the number
of beneciaries should be increased as this is capable of spreading the impact of the
Programme rapidly
2. Fairness should be adopted between men and women in the selection of
beneciaries. This is because women make up two-third of world's poor and are
more adversely impacted by disasters (Mitchell and Tanner, 2006). There should
be gender equality in the selection of beneciaries.
IJARPPSDES | Page 56
3. No government should allow any break in the relationship between the country
benetting from the Programmes and the international communities that are
funding developmental Programmes. Community inclusion at every level of each
Programme is very essential so that if there was a change in government, the
community will take over some aspect of the projects' responsibilities.
4. The amount given as support needs to be reviewed considering the economic
situation of the country. This may enable the beneciaries to expand their business
and help some to achieve their dreams.
5. There should be some improvements in the areas of provision of rural water,
electricity and combating climate change as these could also affect rural economy
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Kayode Oyediran