Original Article | J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2019; 27(125): 16-24
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research | ISSN:2676-6264
Histopathological Investigation of the Effect of Ozonated Water on Skin
Ulcer Healing Process in Isolation Stress Mouse Model
Milad Rajabi1
1.
2.
3.
, Parvin Zareian1*
, Minoo Shaddel2
, Iraj Karimi3
Dept. of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Dept. of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
Article Info
ABSTRACT
10.30699/jambs.27.125.16
Received: 2019/06/25;
Accepted: 2019/08/05;
Published Online: 12 Sep 2019;
Use your device to scan and read the
article online
Background & Objective: Skin ulcers and their slow healing are considered as one
of the important medical aspects. Nowadays, various antibiotics and materials are
used to accelerate the wound healing process. One of the methods taken in the field
of wound healing is using ozone. On the other hand, one of the factors that hurt the
speed of wound healing is stress. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the
effect of ozonated water on healing of skin ulcers in stressful conditions.
Materials & Methods: A total of 80 male mice were randomly divided into four
groups: stress -no ozone, stress - ozone, no stress-no ozone, no stress- ozone group.
Isolation stress was used (daily, 4 hours, for 14 days). The healing process was
evaluated based on measuring the wound surface area in days 2, 6, 10, and 14 and
histopathological data.
Results: Isolation stress by decreasing the fibroblast maturation and angiogenesis in
the wound leads to a reduction in the speed of wound healing. Ozone enhanced the rate
of tissue repair in both stress and stressless situations by decreasing inflammation and
increasing the fibroblast maturation, amount of collagen tissue, rate of reepithelialization, new vascularization, and granulation tissue size.
Corresponding Information:
Parvin Zareian, Dept. of Physiology,
School of Medicine, AJA University of
Medical
Sciences,
Tehran,
Iran
E-Mail: zareianj2011@yahoo.com
Conclusion: The results of this study implied that treatment with ozone could
accelerate the wound healing process and decrease the harmful effects of stress
conditions in healing process of animal model.
Keywords: Isolation stress, Ozonated water, Wound healing
Copyright © 2019, This is an original open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-noncommercial 4.0 International License which permits
copy and redistribution of the material just in noncommercial usages with proper citation.
Introduction
The process of wound healing and reducing its
duration has attracted the attention of researchers for
many years. Wound healing is divided into four steps:
hemostasis,
inflammation,
proliferation,
and
remodeling. Briefly speaking, the hemostasis step
includes the coagulation of blood platelets and clot
formation. The inflammation step includes an influx of
macrophages and neutrophils to the wound bed and
phagocytosis. In the proliferation step, granulation
tissue formation, matrix deposition, angiogenesis, and
re-epithelialization occur. Finally, in the remodeling
step, synthesis and collagen degradation, collagen
deformation from type III to type II, increased tensile
strength and wound contraction occur (1). Several
factors affect the different stages of wound healing,
such as the local microenvironment, immune system,
and external environment. Interleukins (ILs) are
substances that influence the immune system and
regulate the process of wound healing. A clinical
cohort study showed that recombinant human IL-7
Volume 27, November & December 2019
(rhIL-7) did not affect HaCaT cell growth rates, but it
enhanced cell migration of keratinocytes (2). IL-10, an
anti-inflammatory cytokine, exerts its anti-scarring
effect by reducing inflammatory responses, improving
fibroblast activity and differentiation and increase in
endothelial progenitor cells(EPCs) (3). At wound sites,
IL-2 is known to activate macrophages and natural
killer (NK) cells, and to promote the proliferation of Band T-lymphocytes (4).
Also, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), a subset of
cell adhesion proteins located on the cell surface, play
an important role in the wound healing process. These
molecules help cells stick to each other and their
surroundings. Integrins, selectins, cadherins, and
proteoglycans are groups of CAMs. Integrins
participate in vascular sprouting and fibroblast
infiltration into the wound clot. Therefore, integrins are
an integral part of granulation tissue formation (5). It
has been shown that blockade of E-selectin and P-
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
Milad Rajabi et al. 17
selectin leads to delay in wound healing in mice (6).
Lack of these molecules, especially L-selectin, reduces
the accumulation of leukocytes inside the wound (7).
Animal and human studies have shown that stress
reduces the speed of wound healing and increases
recovery time (8,9). Stress induces neurogenic
inflammation in dendritic cells in the mouse skin at
maturity (10). Foot-shock stress decreases the killing
ability of polymorph nuclear cells to kill bacteria (11).
One of the important concerns of health teams to heal
the wounds, especially large and severe ones, is the
infection and its consequences. Increasing infection at
each stage not only threatens the patient’s life, but also
alters the timing and quality of treatment. Therefore,
preventive methods such as washing the wound with
disinfectant solutions (betadine or topical antibiotics)
are usually adopted in this regard. However, using this
material makes the wound healing process to be long
and associated with pain, irritation, and severe rash.
Furthermore, the appearance of the healed skin might
not satisfy the patient efficiently. So, the patient has to
adopt costly methods to remove or decrease the wound
traces, which are usually ineffective. One of the
methods taken for wound healing is using ozone
(12,13). Ozone gas is a natural molecule, made up of
three oxygen atoms. It can be in both gaseous and
liquid forms. Experimental and clinical studies support
ozone as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of
wounds (12-14). Ozone oil increases migration and
fibroblast activity at post-injury (13). Ozone increases
the number of collagen fibers and fibroblasts at the
wound bed (15); meanwhile, it increases VEGF, TGFβ, and PDGF levels in wound exudates (16).
Furthermore, ozone has an antimicrobial activity,
which is effective in inhibiting bacterial growth (17).
Given that some people are at risk of occupational
stress due to their jobs (e.g., military personnel and
health care staff), the question arises whether ozone in
solution form can have a therapeutic effect on skin
ulcers during stressful situations and accelerate the
wound healing process. Since no study has been
conducted to assess the effect of ozone on skin ulcers
at stressful situations so far, the purpose of this study
was to evaluate the effect of ozonated water on healing
skin ulcers in stressful and stressless situations.
Materials and Methods
Materials
The materials used in this study were ether, 0.9%
physiology serum, betadine scrub (brown), 70%
counterfeit alcohol, non-sterile tampon, sample
collection containers, formalin (10%), scalpel blade no.
12, and the consumption materials for toluidine blue
dye and immunohistochemistry.
(GMBH, Germany), coloring equipment, optical
microscopes, Image J software caliper, and OPURA
ozonated water generator (Canadian Green Solutions
Inc.).
Animals
A total of 80 male mice (weight range: 25-30 gr)
were divided into four groups. The animals were kept
in the animal house of the Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Shahrekord University, Iran. The animals
were kept and fed at 18-26°C, 60-70% humidity, 12%
illumination, and 12 hours of darkness. Each group
consisted of 20 mice, including mice under stress and
not using ozonated water, mice under stress and using
ozonated water, mice without stress and not using
ozonated water, mice without stress and using ozonated
water. Sawdust was used within the cages during the
maintenance period to provide a suitable platform.
Stress Paradigm
The stress model used was isolation, in which the
mice were kept alone in separate cages for 4 hours per
day from the beginning until the end of the sampling
period. The time of isolation stress in all days of the
test period was from 12 PM to 4 PM. In the control
group, all the six mice were kept in a single cage.
Ozone was done by ozonated water, generated by
OPURA device with 100 mg/L concentration.
Applying this amount of water to the wound area
required 15 seconds, and the wound was washed once
a day.
Wound Formation
The animals in each group were completely
anesthetized by inhalation of the ether in the closed
chamber and after shaving the hair behind the neck
region by Moser, a scar of 6 mm diameter was created
in non-infectious conditions with a biopsy punch. For
this purpose, a circle (diameter: 6 mm) was initially
drawn on the skin. Then, the skin was raised and cut
with a biopsy punch. The wound depth included derma
and hypoderm. The wounds were made near the head
of the animal so that the animal would not be able to
see them.
Measurement of Wound Size
The wound surface area at days 2, 6, 10, and 14 was
marked by a transparent paper and calculated by the
picture analysis method via Image J software. Finally,
the recovery percentage was calculated using the
following formula. Using the following formula, the
reduction percent of wound surface area was calculated
for each mouse, and the average value was estimated in
different groups.
recovery percent =
wound surface area in day X
wound surface area in day 1
The equipment and devices used in this study were
Micro-surgery set, Moser machine, microtome
Where X is the day in which the wound surface area
is measured.
Volume 27, November & December 2019
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
18 Histopathological Investigation of the Effect of Ozonated Water on …
samples were colored by the hematoxylin-eosin
method. The wound healing process was evaluated and
rated histopathologically based on the presence of
inflammatory cells, formation of granulation tissue,
orientation of connective strands, epithelium recovery
rate, formation of new vessels, and the quantity and
maturity of fibroblasts.
Euthanizing the Animals
The mice were killed by intraperitoneal injection of
a high dose of thiopental sodium at the end of days 2,
6, 10, and 14. All experiments were performed
following the ethical guidelines set by the “Ethical
Committee of AJA University of Medical Sciences”
(IR. AJAUMS.REC. 1396.109), which completely
coincided with the “NIH Guide for the Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals”.
We used a modified scoring system proposed by
Abramov et al. (18). In this scoring system, each
parameter is evaluated separately and a score of 0-3 is
given (Table 1). The area under the curve (AUC) of
every single histological score during the trial period
was obtained using the trapezoid method.
Preparing Tissue Cross-sections and Histological
Examination
In each group, five mice were killed on days 2, 6, 10,
and 14. To take samples from the skin, strips with 2-3
cm length and 0.5-1 cm width were taken from the 1/3
mid-ulcer area by whole thickness. So, the strip
included both the central and marginal sections of the
wound, as well as the intact area close to the wound bed
symmetrically. After fixing the samples in 10%
formalin, 5 mm cross-sections were prepared and the
Statistical Analysis
All data were presented in the form of a mean value
± standard deviation. SPSS 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago,
IL., USA), one-way ANOVA statistical test, and Toki
post-test were used to investigate the presence of a
significant difference among the groups. P-Value of
less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Table 1. The wound‐healing histological scoring system.
Score
Variable
0
1
2
3
Acute inflammation
None
Scant
Moderate
Abundant
Chronic inflammation
None
Scant
Moderate
Abundant
Granulation tissue
None
Scant
Moderate
Abundant
fibroblast maturation
Immature
Mild maturation
Moderate maturation
Fully matured
Collagen deposition
None
Scant
Moderate
Abundant
Re-epithelialization
None
Partial
Complete but immature or
thin
Complete and mature
Neovascularization
None
Up to five vessels per
HPF
6–10 vessels per HPF
More than 10 vessels per
HPF
Results
Ozonated water enhances the coetaneous wound
healing rate. The average wound size in different
groups and on different days is shown in Table 2. As
shown in this table, the wound surface area, except in
the first group (stressed–no ozone group) decreases
over time.
Stressed–no ozone group: mice under stress and not
using ozonated water, stress-ozone group: mice under
stress and using ozonated water, no stress-no ozone
group: mice without stress and not using ozonated
water, no stress- ozone group: mice without stress and
using ozonated water.
ozone” and “no stress–ozone” groups was 1%, 65%,
50%, and 85%, respectively.
Comparison of the percentage reduction in the
wound surface area in “stressed–no ozone” and “no
stress-no ozone” groups showed that stress
significantly reduced the wound healing rate
(P<0.0001). Also, ozone in both stressful and stressless
groups caused a significant reduction in the wound
surface. The effect of ozone on wound healing in the
stressed group was greater than the non-stressed one
(64% versus 35%).
Percentage reduction in the wound surface area in
“stressed-no ozone”, “stressed–ozone”, “no stress–no
Volume 27, November & December 2019
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
Milad Rajabi et al. 19
Table 2. Average wound surface area (mm2) on the sampling days in different groups
Groups
Day 2
Day 6
Day 10
Day 16
Stress – no ozone
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.40
Stress - ozone
0.23
0.15
0.10
0.07
No stress– no ozone
0.34
0.30
0.21
0.17
No stress - ozone
0.22
0.13
0.03
0.03
Evaluation of Re-epithelialization in the Wound
Wound re-epithelialization data on different days
and in different groups were shown in Figure 1A. As
the figure shows, over time, the level of wound reepithelialization increased.
Comparing the AUC of re-epithelialization in
“stressed–no ozone” and “stressed-no ozone” groups
showed that stress did not have a significant effect on
the re-epithelialization level (Table 3). Ozone in the
stressed group, as well as in the stressless group,
significantly increased the rate of re-epithelialization
(P<0.0001). The maximum and minimum reepithelialization occurred in the “no stress-ozone” and
“no stress-no ozone” groups, respectively (Table 3).
Evaluation of New Vascularization in the Wound
The extent of new vascularization in the wound in
different groups during four sampling stages is
reported in Figure 1B.
Comparing the AUC for new vascularization in
“stressed–no ozone” and “no stress-no ozone” groups
showed that stress caused a significant reduction of
new vascularization in the wound (P=0.03).
Ozone significantly increased angiogenesis in both
stressed (P<0.0001) and no stress groups (P=0.02). The
lowest and the highest levels of angiogenesis were in
the “stressed-no ozone” and the “stressed–ozone”
groups, respectively (Table 3).
Evaluation of Collagen Level in the Wound
The results of collagen formation in the wound area
during four sampling days in experimental groups are
shown in Figure 1C.
Comparing the AUC for wound collagen level in
“stressed–no ozone” and “no stress-no ozone” groups
showed that stress increases collagen formation in the
wound area (P=0.007). Also, ozone significantly
increased wound collagen formation in both stressed
(P=0.002) and no stress groups (P<0.0001) (Table 3).
Volume 27, November & December 2019
Evaluation of Fibroblast Maturation in the
Wound
Wound fibroblast maturation on sampling days in the
experimental groups is shown in Figure 1D.
Comparing the AUC for the fibroblast maturation in
“stressed–no ozone” and “no stress-no ozone” groups
showed that stress reduced fibroblast maturation in the
wound area (P=0.005).
Ozone significantly increased wound fibroblast
maturation in both stressed (P=0.005) and no stress
groups (P<0.0001). The maximum and minimum
fibroblast maturation was in the “stressed-ozone” and
the “stressed-no ozone” groups, respectively (Table 3).
Evaluation of Granular Tissue Size in the Wound
The data of granular tissue size in the wound area in
different groups during sampling days are shown in
Figure 1E. Comparing the AUC for the size of the
granulation tissue in “stressed–no ozone” and “no
stress-no ozone” groups showed that stress increased
granulation tissue size in the wound area, but this
increase was not significant (P=0.3). Ozone
significantly increased granulation tissue size in both
stressed (P=0.005) and no stress groups (P<0.0001)
(Table 3).
Evaluating Inflammation Level in the Wound Area
Figure 1F shows the mean values of the
inflammation level in the wound area during the four
stages of sampling. As shown in this figure, over time,
the level of inflammation decreased in all groups.
Comparing the AUC for the inflammation level in
“stressed–no ozone” and “no stress-no ozone” groups
showed that stress has no significant effect on the level
of inflammation (P=1). In addition, ozone decreased
inflammation levels in both stressed and no stress
groups (P<0.0001) (Table 3).
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
20 Histopathological Investigation of the Effect of Ozonated Water on …
Table 3. The comparison of AUCs for histopathological variables in different groups. Stress –no ozone group: mice under stress
and not using ozonated water, stress-ozone group: mice under stress and using ozonated water, no stress-no ozone group: mice
without stress and not using ozonated water, no stress- ozone group: mice without stress and using ozonated water.
Group
Variable
Stressno ozone
Stressozone
No
stress–
no zone
No stressozone
P-value
Reepithelialization
16.4 ± 1.3
30 ± 3.1
15.2 ±2
33.2 ± 1
*P<0.0001 compared to stress-no ozone group.
ΨP<0.0001 compared to no -stress-no ozone
group.
#P<0.0001 compared to stress –no ozone group.
New
vascularization
11.6 ± 1
23.6 ± 2.6
16.4 ± 1.5
19.6 ± 1.9
#P<0.0001 compared to stress -no ozone group.
ΨP=0.02 compared to no stress-no ozone group.
*P=0.03 compared to stress- no ozone group.
30 ± 3
13.6 ±
1.5
36 ± 2.2
#P=0.002 compared to stress -no ozone group.
ΨP<0.0001 compared to no stress-no ozone
group.
*P=0.007 compared to stress- no ozone group
36 ± 1
#P<0.0001 compared to stress -no ozone group.
ΨP<0.0001 compared to no stress-no ozone
group.
*P=0.005 compared to stress- no ozone group.
Wound collagen
level
23.2 ± 1.2
Fibroblast
maturation
19.2 ± 1.2
27.6 ± 1.6
13.6 ±
1.2
Wound granular
tissue
20.8 ± 0.8
32.8 ± 2.2
22.4 ±
1.6
34 ± 1.1
#P<0.0001 compared to stress -no ozone group.
ΨP<0.0001 compared to no stress-no ozone
group.
Inflammation
level
24.4 ± 1
4.8 ± 1.2
23.2 ±
1.6
5.2 ± 0.8
#P<0.0001 compared to stress -no ozone group.
ΨP<0.0001 compared to no stress-no ozone
group.
Discussion
The results of our study showed that isolation stress
by decreasing the fibroblast maturation and
angiogenesis in the wound leads to a reduction in the
speed of wound healing. SStress directly affects some
components in the healing process by activating the
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
axis
and
the
sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis. Activation of
these two axes resulted (19). Healing rate correlates
with serum corticosterone level (20).
Stress resulted in inhibition of fibroblast growth by
the increase in serum level adrenalin, noradrenalin, and
cortisol (21). Stress also decreases the effect of genes
initiating the inflammatory phase in the wound and
causes a delay in the wound healing process (22).
In this study, ozone enhanced the rate of tissue repair
in both stressed and non-stressed groups by decreasing
inflammation and increasing the fibroblast maturation,
amount of collagen tissue, rate of re-epithelization, new
vascularization, and granulation tissue size.
Volume 27, November & December 2019
Our findings showed that ozone can promote wound
healing by increasing expression of fibroblast genes
such as collagen-I, α-SMA, and TGF-β1. Also, ozone
can improve epithelial–mesenchymal transition process
in the fibroblasts, which is important for the fibroblast
activity (13).
The results of collagen strings implied that using
ozone increases collagen strings in the wound healing
area. In this regard, Kim HS et al. (2009) reported that
using 0.1 mL/day of ozonated olive oil would increase
collagen's synthesis and fibroblast proliferation at the
wound bed in the guinea pig (15).
Fibroblasts have an important role in scar and new
tissue formation. They promote the wound healing via
secreting
many
factors,
such
as
matrix
metallopeptidase-14 (mmp-14), basic fibroblast growth
factor (bFGF), and fibroblast growth factor-9 (FGF-9)
(13). Fibroblasts secrete growth factors that contribute
to angiogenesis in various cells and tissues (23-25).
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
Milad Rajabi et al. 21
A
Stress –
no ozone
Stress –
no
ozone
Stress ozone
Stress ozone
No
stress–
no ozone
No
stress–
no
ozone
No stress
- ozone
Stress –
no ozone
Stress ozone
No
stress–
no ozone
No stress
- ozone
Stress –
no
ozone
Stress –
no ozone
Stress ozone
No
stress–
no ozone
No stress
- ozone
Stress –
no ozone
Stress ozone
Stress ozone
No
stress–
no ozone
No
stress–
no
ozone
No stress
- ozone
Figure 1. Wound re-epithelialization (A), new-vascularization (B), wound collagen level (C), fibroblast maturation (D),
wound granular tissue size (E) and inflammation level (F) on the sampling days and in different groups (scoring 0-3)
Volume 27, November & December 2019
Journal of Advances in Medical and Biomedical Research
22 Histopathological Investigation of the Effect of Ozonated Water on …
The results of inflammatory status in the treatment
area implied that ozone significantly reduces
inflammation. Moreover, ozone reduces inflammation
by reducing levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and
nuclear transcriptional factor-kappa B (NFκB) and
increasing activity of superoxide dismutase (26-28).
In this study, ozone therapy induced new
vascularization in the wound area. Some previous
studies reported that ozone promoted expression of the
angiogenesis marker, VEGF (28). Ozonated serum
enhances nitric oxide (NO) production by human
endothelial cells and leads to vasodilation in ischemic
areas (29).
It is stated that during stress the free radicals increase
(30) and oxidative materials delay the wound healing
(31,32). Ozone reacts with several biological
components and results in moderate oxidative stress.
Moderate oxidative stress activates nuclear factorerythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Activation of Nrf2
results in the production of numerous antioxidant
enzymes, such as SOD, GPx, glutathione-s-transferase
(GST), and catalase (CAT). Therefore, the therapeutic
effect of ozone on wound healing may be through the
activation of the antioxidant protection system in the
body (27).
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Conclusion
The results of this study showed that even though
stressful situations delayed the process of wound
healing, ozone can reduce the effect of stress and help
to return to near-normal levels. Treatment by ozone
accelerated wound healing in both stressed and nonstressed groups by decreasing inflammation and
increasing the fibroblast maturation, amount of collagen
tissue, rate of re-epithelialization, new vascularization,
and granulation tissue size. Given the observed effect of
ozone on accelerating the wound healing process in this
study and also in the literature, conducting great clinical
trials with proper design in this regard seems to be a
critical step towards the treatment of chronic ulcers.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by AJA University of Medical
Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The authors are grateful to the
Army Medical University Vice-Chancellor for
Research.
Conflict of Interest
The authors had no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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How to Cite This Article:
Rajabi M, Zareian P, Shaddel M, Karimi I. Histopathological Investigation of the Effect of Ozonated Water on
Skin Ulcer Healing Process in Isolation Stress Mouse Model. J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2019; 27 (125) :16 -24
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