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Approximately 90 per cent of total catches in northern Sulawesi are pelagic fishes. About two-third of them are large pelagic fish, such as tunas (Katsuwonus, Thunnus, Euthynnus). However the National Assessment Stock Commission reported... more
Approximately 90 per cent of total catches in northern Sulawesi are pelagic fishes. About two-third of them are large pelagic fish, such as tunas (Katsuwonus, Thunnus, Euthynnus). However the National Assessment Stock Commission reported that availability of the large pelagic fishes in Sulawesi and Maluku Sea is just about one-third of the total pelagic fish resources. Even in the last report the large pelagic fishes in the region are indicating nearly overexploited. In contras, small pelagic fish such as mackerel scads, travellies, sardine, needlefish, Indian mackerel, and flyingfish is less than 40 per cent of the total allowable catch (TAC) exploited. Fishing activities on large pelagic fish by means of pole and line, longline etc. are mainly conducted by fishing industries based in the area of Bitung. This situation may give negative impact on fishing industries due to overexploitation of the large pelagic fish. To maintain the current fishing industries, expansion in fishing fleets for large scale pelagic fisheries should be reviewed. And in another hand, the small pelagic fishing industries should be developing in terms of number of fleets and coverage area. As those small-pelagic fish industries are running by small-and middle scale industries, and concentrated only in two market area in North Sulawesi (Bitung and Manado), an infrastructure of fish storage for remote area in northern area such Sangihe and Talaud Islands should be develop.
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In the city of Manado, rivers are used for water drainage and sewer system of various wastewater discharges, including from toilets; these rivers discharge their load to Manado Bay. Therefore it is extremely important to know the water... more
In the city of Manado, rivers are used for water drainage and sewer system of various wastewater discharges, including from toilets; these rivers discharge their load to Manado Bay. Therefore it is extremely important to know the water quality of these rivers. In this ...
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A study to show bioaccumulation and biotransfer processes of mercury (Hg) has been done in controlled experimental chambers. Three groups of aquatic organisms, namely phytoplankton Nannochloropsis oculata representing 'producers',... more
A study to show bioaccumulation and biotransfer processes of mercury (Hg) has been done in controlled experimental chambers. Three groups of aquatic organisms, namely phytoplankton Nannochloropsis oculata representing 'producers', fish Lebistes (Poecilia) reticulatus representing 'herbivorous consumers', and fish 'Tiger Fish' Symphysodon sp. representing 'carnivorous consumers', were contaminated by two different concentrations of Hg, in form of methylmercury (MeHg), such as 22.6 ppb as Treatment 1 and 79.1 ppb as Treatment 2. Controls were setup for all experiments. The result showed that bioaccumulation process occurred in the experiments and the amount of MeHg accumulated was depended on the amount of supplied MeHg. Biotransfer of MeHg was also indicated in this study. The highest biotransfer of MeHg occurred between the phytoplankton and the herbivorous fish pathway. The study concludes that bioaccumulation and biotransfer processes of MeHg occurred in the experimental pathway and the amount of mercury accumulated and transferred was depended on the amount of mercury supplied.
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This is a comprehensive study showing the marine anthropogenic litter pollution within North Sulawesi, Indonesia. From an area of 2972 m2 that encompassed five sparsely populated locations, a total of 9421 litter items weighing 137 kg... more
This is a comprehensive study showing the marine anthropogenic litter pollution within North Sulawesi, Indonesia. From an area of 2972 m2 that encompassed five sparsely populated locations, a total of 9421 litter items weighing 137 kg were collected. One location (Talisei North) contributed 50% of all collected litter items. Plastic litter always dominated with 96-99%. Litter was unevenly distributed across investigated areas reaching from the upper beach (3.6-30.1 items/m2) to the reef slope (0-0.03 items/m2). Litter composition and daily accumulation showed spatial-temporal dynamics, with upper beach areas displaying the overall highest accumulation rates. Reef micro-habitats were differently affected, with the reef moat and reef flat showing the highest litter concentrations, although litter amounts were much lower compared to the corresponding beaches. Branching corals, especially Porites cylindrica, were most affected by litter entanglement. Field experiments with P. cylindrica showed that attached plastic induced bleaching, necrosis, and algal overgrowth within five months.
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Anthropogenic input of mercury (Hg) to marine environment is a great concern due to its potential impact may threat the marine ecosystem. In this paper, we evaluate Hg releases caused by mining in marine environment of Buyat Bay (BB),... more
Anthropogenic input of mercury (Hg) to marine environment is a great concern due to its potential impact may threat the marine ecosystem. In this paper, we evaluate Hg releases caused by mining in marine environment of Buyat Bay (BB), north Sulawesi, Indonesia, by quantifying the concentration of total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) in marine biota. The results showed that Hg was found in all samples and the concentration varied according to group of species. Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications occurred through the food webs in which the lowest concentration was found in the soft coral Sinularia sp. (1.3 mg/kg, range 0.45-2.28) and other producers (sea grass and seaweed) and the highest was in the carnivorous fish Epi- nephelus merra (359 mg/kg, range 211-572). As MeHg is found to accumulate in the carnivore fish sample in higher level than that in control, the methylation of inorganic Hg occurs in the marine environment of BB. That is plausible since all the Hg re- leased from the anthropogenic sources in the region was inorganic form and there is absolutely no source of MeHg other then the spontaneous distribution.
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Aquaculture activities require appropriate and supportive environmental requirements to live and develop optimally, this study aims to (1) Analyze the physical and chemical parameters of water quality in Batu Angus waters, (2) Evaluate... more
Aquaculture activities require appropriate and supportive environmental requirements to live and develop optimally, this study aims to (1) Analyze the physical and chemical parameters of water quality in Batu Angus waters, (2) Evaluate the suitability of water quality as a potential aquaculture location in Batu Angus waters. This research was conducted in the waters of Batu Angus Bitung in July - August 2022. Water quality analysis was carried out by measuring the parameters of depth, temperature, salinity, pH and oxygen carried out in situ using a Multipurpose water quality tool (Horiba U-52G), measuring current speed using a Current floating meter and measuring brightness using a Secchi disk tool. In situ data collection of seawater samples at 3 stations (St) was carried out 3 times with a time interval of 2 weeks at 05:00, 09:00, 13:00, 17:00 and 21:00 WITA. Meanwhile, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphate measurements were carried out using the spectrophotometer method at the ...
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Benthic foraminifera are protozoans that are readily preserved in marine sediments. The relative proportion of benthic foraminifera that harbor symbionts compared to the proportion that are opportunistic or small/heterotrophic can be used... more
Benthic foraminifera are protozoans that are readily preserved in marine sediments. The relative proportion of benthic foraminifera that harbor symbionts compared to the proportion that are opportunistic or small/heterotrophic can be used to indicate the quality of the aquatic environment for coral reefs via the FoRAM Index (Foraminifera in Reef Assessment and Monitoring). This study assesses the functional composition of benthic foraminifera in the waters of Manado Bay using the FoRAM Index. Sampling was carried out at 4 stations with 3 replicates each using SCUBA equipment at a depth of 3-6 meters. The 4,124 benthic foraminifera specimens collected were distributed over 37 genera and the FoRAM Index ranged from 1.90 to 9.12. The water conditions at three of the stations (Meras, Molas, and Malalayang) are very conducive to the growth of coral reefs, with FoRAM Index values ranging from 5.64 to 9.12, while at the Sario station the FoRAM Index value was only 1.90 to 2.04, indicating ...
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Information about marine isopods in Indonesian water is scarce. This research aimed to inventory isopods in nearshore habitats of Northern Sulawesi using a morphological approach to identify the species. Sampling was done in several spots... more
Information about marine isopods in Indonesian water is scarce. This research aimed to inventory isopods in nearshore habitats of Northern Sulawesi using a morphological approach to identify the species. Sampling was done in several spots in Bangka Island considering three different habitats: coral rubble, mangrove roots, and seagrass beds. These habitats are known to be suitable for isopods to feed, reproduce, and hide from bigger predators. There is 7 group of Isopod found in totals, such as Anthuridea, Asellota, Bopyridae, Cirolanidae, Gnathiidae, Limnoriidea, and Sphaeromatidea. In the family of Anthuridae, there are 2 suspected new species and required further identification.Keywords: Marine Isopod, Ecology, Bangka Island, North Sulawesi.AbstrakInformasi mengenai isopoda laut di perairan Indonesia masih sangat sedikit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi isopoda di habitat dekat pantai Sulawesi Utara menggunakan pendekatan morfologi untuk mengidentifikasi spesies. ...
Susceptibility of the marine polychaete Ophryotrocha diadema (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae) towards the neurotoxic methyl mercury (MeHg) contamination was studied in an experimental chamber, which was aimed to assess and compare the... more
Susceptibility of the marine polychaete Ophryotrocha diadema (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae) towards the neurotoxic methyl mercury (MeHg) contamination was studied in an experimental chamber, which was aimed to assess and compare the susceptibility level of the organism based on its generations (F0, F1, F2, and F3). Seven variables of growth and reproduction aspects were applied as indicators in this study; they were: 1) individual growth, 2) first time the egg laid, 3) number of eggs per individu, 4) number of eggs per egg mass, 5) number of eggs to larva per egg mass, 6) number of mortality per egg mass, and 7) reproductive potential. Observation was conducted on the treatment (MeHg in concentration of 0,00025 ppb) and the control (no MeHg) to each of the generations (F0, F1, F2, and F3). Data obtained were analysed for average and standard deviation. Comparison of susceptibility within the generations was calculated using the variable of reproductive potential. The results showed that...
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A Studies to detect tributyltin (TBT) as a pollutant in the tissue of gastropod, Thais sp. and Monodonta labio, in the harbour of Manado and Bitung has been conducted using an analytical technique of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).... more
A Studies to detect tributyltin (TBT) as a pollutant in the tissue of gastropod, Thais sp. and Monodonta labio, in the harbour of Manado and Bitung has been conducted using an analytical technique of Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Detection results showed, 1 fraction found in a sample of each type of gastropods from Manado Harbour; 2 fractions found in tissue of Thais sp. and 1 fraction in M. Labio from Bitung Harbour. Tributyltin was detected with Rf value of 0.89 on samples from both locations. Thus, it can be concluded that there has been a release of TBT pollutant residue originating from ships paint materials that are present in both waters.
Study on the quality of domestic wastewater in rivers passing through Manado City to Manado bay was done based on organic and inorganic materials. The study aimed to provide suitable information for environmental management of rivers and... more
Study on the quality of domestic wastewater in rivers passing through Manado City to Manado bay was done based on organic and inorganic materials. The study aimed to provide suitable information for environmental management of rivers and beaches in the city. Three rivers were selected to be observed, such as S. Bailang, S. Maasing and S. Tondano, using parameter of Biological Oxygen Demand-5 days (BOD 5), Phosphate (PO 4) and Nitrate (NO 3). Water samples were taken from three locations (upper, middle and river mouth parts) in each rivers. The result showed that average concentrations of the parameters, respectively, were 2 mg/L, 0.014 mg/L and 0.388 mg/L in S. Bailang; 17.66 mg/L, 1.858 mg/L and 0.029 mg/L in S. Maasing; and 4 mg/L, 0.289 mg/L and 0.314 mg/L in S. Tondano. In this paper, water quality status of the observed rivers based on current regulation was discussed. Kajian tentang kualitas limbah cair domestik di beberapa sungai yang melintasi Kota Manado dari aspek bahan or...
In the city of Manado, rivers are used for water drainage and sewer system of various wastewater discharges, including from toilets; these rivers discharge their load to Manado Bay. Therefore it is extremely important to know the water... more
In the city of Manado, rivers are used for water drainage and sewer system of various wastewater discharges, including from toilets; these rivers discharge their load to Manado Bay. Therefore it is extremely important to know the water quality of these rivers. In this ...
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Anthropogenic input of mercury (Hg) to marine environment is a great concern due to its potential impact may threat the marine ecosystem. In this paper, we evaluate Hg releases caused by mining in marine environment of Buyat Bay (BB),... more
Anthropogenic input of mercury (Hg) to marine environment is a great concern due to its potential impact may threat the marine ecosystem. In this paper, we evaluate Hg releases caused by mining in marine environment of Buyat Bay (BB), north Sulawesi, Indonesia, by quantifying the concentration of total mercury (THg) and methyl mercury (MeHg) in marine biota. The results showed that Hg was found in all samples and the concentration varied according to group of species. Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications occurred through the food webs in which the lowest concentration was found in the soft coral Sinularia sp. (1.3 mg/kg, range 0.45-2.28) and other producers (sea grass and seaweed) and the highest was in the carnivorous fish Epi- nephelus merra (359 mg/kg, range 211-572). As MeHg is found to accumulate in the carnivore fish sample in higher level than that in control, the methylation of inorganic Hg occurs in the marine environment of BB. That is plausible since all the Hg re- leased from the anthropogenic sources in the region was inorganic form and there is absolutely no source of MeHg other then the spontaneous distribution.
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As coral reef communities change and reorganise in response to increasing disturbances, there is a growing need for understanding species regimes and their contribution to ecosystem processes. Using a case study on coral reefs at the... more
As coral reef communities change and reorganise in response to increasing disturbances, there is a growing need for understanding species regimes and their contribution to ecosystem processes. Using a case study on coral reefs at the epicentre of tropical marine biodiversity (North Sulawesi, Indonesia), we explored how application of different biodiversity approaches (i.e., use of major taxonomic categories, high taxonomic resolution categories and trait-based approaches) affects the detection of distinct fish and benthic communities. Our results show that using major categories fails to identify distinct coral reef regimes. We also show that monitoring of only scleractinian coral communities is insufficient to detect different benthic regimes, especially communities dominated by non-coral organisms, and that all types of benthic organisms need to be considered. We have implemented the use of a trait-based approach to study the functional diversity of whole coral reef benthic assemb...
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The performance of the biodegradable plastic materials polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polybutylene sebacate (PBSe) and polybutylene sebacate co-terephthalate (PBSeT), and of polyethylene (LDPE) was assessed under marine environmental... more
The performance of the biodegradable plastic materials polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), polybutylene sebacate (PBSe) and polybutylene sebacate co-terephthalate (PBSeT), and of polyethylene (LDPE) was assessed under marine environmental conditions in a three-tier approach. Biodegradation lab tests (20°C) were complemented by mesocosm tests (20°C) with natural sand and seawater and by field tests in the warm-temperate Mediterranean Sea (12–30°C) and in tropical Southeast Asia (29°C) in three typical coastal scenarios. Plastic film samples were exposed in the eulittoral beach, the pelagic open water and the benthic seafloor and their disintegration monitored over time. We used statistical modeling to predict the half-life for each of the materials under the different environmental conditions to render the experimental results numerically comparable across all experimental conditions applied. The biodegradation performance of the materials differed by orders of magnitude depending on climate,...
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As coral reef communities change and reorganise in response to anthropogenic and climate disturbances, there is a growing need of detecting and understanding the different emerging species regimes and their contribution to key ecosystem... more
As coral reef communities change and reorganise in response to anthropogenic and climate disturbances, there is a growing need of detecting and understanding the different emerging species regimes and their contribution to key ecosystem processes. Using a case study on coral reefs at the epicentre of tropical marine biodiversity (North Sulawesi), we explored how application of different biodiversity approaches (i.e. use of major taxonomic categories, high taxonomic resolution categories and trait-based approaches) affects the detection of distinct fish and benthic community assemblages. Our results show that using major categories (family level or above) to study coral reef communities fails to identify distinct regimes. We also show that for detection of different benthic regimes, especially communities dominated by non-coral organisms, monitoring of only scleractinian coral communities is insufficient, and that all types of benthic organisms (e.g. sponges, ascidians, soft corals, ...
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Contamination and impact of tributyltin (TBT) in the marine environment have been studied at three localities in Minahasa Peninsula Coastal waters (MPCW) using sediment samples and tissues of the marine gastropod Thalessa aculeata. The... more
Contamination and impact of tributyltin (TBT) in the marine environment have been studied at three localities in Minahasa Peninsula Coastal waters (MPCW) using sediment samples and tissues of the marine gastropod Thalessa aculeata. The study aimed to determine the TBT concentration in sediment and snail tissues, to evaluate the occurrence of imposex, and to identify histological condition of gonad tissues of imposex affected snails. The study areas and sampling sites were selected for differences in sources of TBT, mainly shipping activities. Manado Bay (A) is an area of relatively low shipping activities, Lembeh Strait (B) has very high level of shipping activities, and Maluku Sea (C) has very low level of such activities. TBT concentrations in the sediment and gastropod tissues reflected the levels of shipping activities, and were below detection limit at locality C. Imposex was detected in snails from all three localities, and in up to 40% of the females at locality B. Relative f...
Marine debris has become a global concern due to its impact on marine ecosystems. These materials generally come from land and are deposited to marine environment through different agent of carrier. Many efforts are being made to monitor... more
Marine debris has become a global concern due to its impact on marine ecosystems. These materials generally come from land and are deposited to marine environment through different agent of carrier. Many efforts are being made to monitor the dynamics of the debris including their presence and their variability in relation to seasons. The latter are assumed from the facts that the presence of the debris is mainly affected by the waves, speed, and direction of ocean currents in the area of interest. In this study, variation of debris in dry and wet season at Manado Bay was assessed by using a shoreline technique. Two locations are selected, Bailang and Malalayang beach. The samplings were conducted in August 2019 (represent dry season) and January 2020 (represent wet season). Several parameters are examined during the sampling; they are: amount of material, type of debris, composition, and spatial density of each type for macro-size (>2.5 cm) and meso-size (0.5–2.5 cm). The results...
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Approximately 90 per cent of total catches in northern Sulawesi are pelagic fishes. About two-third of them are large pelagic fish, such as tunas (Katsuwonus, Thunnus, Euthynnus). However the National Assessment Stock Commission reported... more
Approximately 90 per cent of total catches in northern Sulawesi are pelagic fishes. About two-third of them are large pelagic fish, such as tunas (Katsuwonus, Thunnus, Euthynnus). However the National Assessment Stock Commission reported that availability of the large pelagic fishes in Sulawesi and Maluku Sea is just about one-third of the total pelagic fish resources. Even in the last report the large pelagic fishes in the region are indicating nearly overexploited. In contras, small pelagic fish such as mackerel scads, travellies, sardine, needlefish, Indian mackerel, and flyingfish is less than 40 per cent of the total allowable catch (TAC) exploited. Fishing activities on large pelagic fish by means of pole and line, longline etc. are mainly conducted by fishing industries based in the area of Bitung. This situation may give negative impact on fishing industries due to overexploitation of the large pelagic fish. To maintain the current fishing industries, expansion in fishing fl...
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Southeast Asia harbours the highest marine diversity of our planet. At the same time, the countries in the so-called Coral Triangle (CT; Fig. 1) have the highest potential/risk of plastic pollution to the marine environment. Biodiversity... more
Southeast Asia harbours the highest marine diversity of our planet. At the same time, the countries in the so-called Coral Triangle (CT; Fig. 1) have the highest potential/risk of plastic pollution to the marine environment. Biodiversity research is still struggling with the sheer inventory of biota, as many marine organisms already are under risk of becoming extinct by human influence.
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Members of the order Comatulida (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) are widely distributed on Indo-Pacific reefs, where they host a highly diverse and understudied cryptofauna, which makes them a potential source of hidden biodiversity. In this... more
Members of the order Comatulida (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) are widely distributed on Indo-Pacific reefs, where they host a highly diverse and understudied cryptofauna, which makes them a potential source of hidden biodiversity. In this study, shallow-water crinoid populations and their symbiotic communities from the Bangka Archipelago (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) were investigated. Presence and diversity of the symbionts, focusing on their host selectivity patterns, were assessed. A total of 39 comatulid species belonging to six families were found. Overall, symbiont fauna included 70 species belonging to 11 families within eight orders. The results showed variable host specificity among symbionts’ families, and patterns correlated with host size for some symbiont taxa. This study provides the first baseline dataset of crinoid assemblages and their symbiont diversity in the understudied region of North Sulawesi, within the Coral Triangle.
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During rainy season, a various type of litter can enter the ocean through rivers. This is a significant contributor to the amount of marine litter in the waters. In order to access the type, composition, and density of the litter during... more
During rainy season, a various type of litter can enter the ocean through rivers. This is a significant contributor to the amount of marine litter in the waters. In order to access the type, composition, and density of the litter during rainy season, this study was conducted in Manado Bay, North Sulawesi. The observation was done on the litter stranded on the beach, and they were classified into two different size groups, macro (>2,5 cm)- and meso (0,5-2,5 cm)-sizes. Malalayang Beach and Bailang Beach were chosen for the location of the study. Litter type, composition, and density was evaluated according to National Marine Litter Monitoring Guide. The result showed that there were 7 types of macro-size and 6 types of meso-size marine litter in Malalayang Beach and it was dominated by glass and ceramic for both sizes. In Bailang Beach, 9 types of macro-size and 7 of meso-size were found, and it was dominated by plastics. It can be concluded that various type of marine litter prese...
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Although heavy metals have relatively low levels in water column and sediments, they will not be degraded and can even be absorbed and accumulated by marine algae. Research on accumulation of heavy metals on algae was done in Kima Bajo... more
Although heavy metals have relatively low levels in water column and sediments, they will not be degraded and can even be absorbed and accumulated by marine algae. Research on accumulation of heavy metals on algae was done in Kima Bajo Waters, North Minahasa Regency. The research objective was to evaluate the accumulation of four heavy metals, i.e. arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), plumbum (Pb), and mercury (Hg), on brown macroalgae Padina australis. The alga was introduced and cultivated in the research area using bottom method. The same method was also used in the experiment. One-week acclimatization process was done prior the experiment. Sampling of alga’s thallus was carried out every two weeks to measure the concentration of metals. The experiment was terminated after six weeks. Bottom sediment was also collected at the beginning of the experiment to measure the metal concentration. The results showed that the heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, and Hg) were accumulated in the algae. The highe...
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There are a large variety and quite abundant types of small pelagic fish that have high economic value in the Sulawesi Sea. One of which is the blue scad fish or commonly known as malalugis (Decapterus macarellus). This study aims to... more
There are a large variety and quite abundant types of small pelagic fish that have high economic value in the Sulawesi Sea. One of which is the blue scad fish or commonly known as malalugis (Decapterus macarellus). This study aims to analyze and determine the status of scad fisheries management and to develop recommendations in the management of scad fisheries in the waters of Sulawesi Sea, North Sulawesi Province. The evaluation of fishery management status is carried out using multi-criteria analysis (MCA) through the development of composite index of each indicator of Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM). The results showed that, in general, the status of scad fisheries management in North Sulawesi Province, was in ‘good’ category, specifically reviewed from the domain of fish resources fall into the category of “medium”, habitat and ecosystem “good”, fishing techniques “good”, economy “not good”, social “medium” and institutional “good”. Management actions take prec...
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ABSTRACTAmongst other threats, the world’s oceans are faced with man-made pollution, including an increasing number of microparticulate pollutants. Sponges, aquatic filter-feeding animals, are able to incorporate fine foreign particles,... more
ABSTRACTAmongst other threats, the world’s oceans are faced with man-made pollution, including an increasing number of microparticulate pollutants. Sponges, aquatic filter-feeding animals, are able to incorporate fine foreign particles, and thus may be a potential bioindicator for microparticulate pollutants. To address this question, 15 coral reef demosponges sampled around Bangka Island (North Sulawesi, Indonesia) were analyzed for the nature of their foreign particle content using traditional histological methods, advanced light microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Sampled sponges accumulated and embedded the very fine sediment fraction (< 200 µm), absent in the surrounding sand, in the ectosome (outer epithelia) and spongin fibers (skeletal elements), which was confirmed by two-photon microscopy. A total of 34 different particle types were identified, of which degraded man-made products, i.e., polystyrene, cotton, titanium dioxide and blue-pigmented particles, were incorporate...
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The pollution of the natural environment, especially the world’s oceans, with conventional plastic is of major concern. Biodegradable plastics are an emerging market bringing along potential chances and risks. The fate of these materials... more
The pollution of the natural environment, especially the world’s oceans, with conventional plastic is of major concern. Biodegradable plastics are an emerging market bringing along potential chances and risks. The fate of these materials in the environment and their possible effects on organisms and ecosystems has rarely been studied systematically and is not well understood. For the marine environment, reliable field test methods and standards for assessing and certifying biodegradation to bridge laboratory respirometric data are lacking. In this work we present newly developed field tests to assess the performance of (biodegradable) plastics under natural marine conditions. These methods were successfully applied and validated in three coastal habitats (eulittoral, benthic and pelagic) and two climate zones (Mediterranean Sea and tropical Southeast Asia). Additionally, a stand-alone mesocosm test system which integrated all three habitats in one technical system at 400-L scale ind...
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Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Efektivitas Pengelolaan Taman Nasional Bunaken The important values of Bunaken National Park were gathered through interviews with80 respondents in order to obtain local people’s opinion of the marine park.... more
Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Efektivitas Pengelolaan Taman Nasional Bunaken The important values of Bunaken National Park were gathered through interviews with80 respondents in order to obtain local people’s opinion of the marine park. Results showed that the most important value was coral reefs,holding 68.75% of the respondents’ opinion. Moreover, they put the environmental characteristics, such as fish, biodiversity, and mangrove, as major values of Bunaken National Park. Many respondents mentioned the economic values in relation with tourism business. As many as 11.25% of the respondents claimed that the presence of management and its programs was main value of the marine park. The respondents’ opinion concerning the threat on the major values of Bunaken National Parkfound that nearly all respondents mentioned several deleterious behaviors that could directly demolish natural environmental values, such as fish blasting, fish poisoning, pollution and illegal mangrove cutting. Illeg...