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The horse, from the time it was domesticated, has been one of the most important companions of humans. Its role as a beast of burden, a means of transport and a useful element in war has placed its standing high, beyond the necessities of everyday life, even at a spiritual level. The usefulness of the horse as a beast of burden was known in Anatolia before the Hittite period (1650-1180 B.C.), but the importance of and the reverence for the horse first appeared in Anatolia in that period. Then the Bronze Age Collapse (ca. 1180) and the subsequent Early (1180-900 B.C.) and Middle (900-600/590 B.C.) Iron Ages in Anatolia introduced to the region many new cultures including the Eurasian warriors, horse-riding nomads in whose culture the horse was highly valued. The intention of this article is to identify horse burials in the region of Anatolia by investigating their locations, the finds they contained and their significance in the kurgan culture. The purpose is also to discuss the relations and similarities between the peoples who followed the kurgan culture such as the Scythians and cultures of later periods which practised the tradition of horse burial, such as the Oghuz Turks.
Nomads as Agents of Cultural Change: The Mongols and Their Eurasian Predecessors
The Scythians and Their Neighbors2015 •
Arrangement of Early Scythian Harness in Altai Equip ment of the sad dle horse in the VIIIth–IIId cen tu ries B. C. New data on the sad dle horse equip ment in the VIIIth-IIId cen tu ries B. C. have been gained re cently in Altai (Kubarev, Shulga, 2007). As a re sult, in Altai, for the first time in the East ern Si be ria there ap peared an op - por tu nity to com pare the Early Scythian and Pasyryk har nesses and re trace evo lu tion of sad - dle horse equip ment from the VIIIth to the IIId cen tu ries B. C. The Early Scythian har ness from foot hills of the North-West ern Altai as well as the Pasyryk one can be con sid ered stan dard for in ter pret ing nu mer ous har ness sets be yond Altai. Those find ings al low to de fine func tions of nearly all known frag ments and un der stand pe cu liar i ties of the evo lu tion of sad dle horse equip - ment in Altai and ad ja cent ter ri to ries in the VIIth–VIth cen tu ries B. C., in par tic u lar in the Cen - tral Asia and in Tuva. All over those ter ri to ries there ex isted com mon prin ci ples in ar rang ing and dec o rat ing sad dle horse har ness, which in cluded a bri dle and a sad dle with ad join ing belts. The most stan dard bri dle is the one with four al lo ca tors (usu ally small ones) placed at the cross ing of a crownpiece belt, a noseband and a throatlash, a pen dant of the noseband, a clasp of the throat lash, and a vorvorka (a fas ten ing) for fix ing crownpiece belts on the back of horse’s head (Fig. 7–10; 15; 20; 27; 34–36; 43. — 5–8; 66 and oth ers). Browbands, plaques and pen dants were not found. The find ings from Gilyovo-10 al low to sup pose that sad dles ap peared al ready in the Early Scythian pe riod. Ap par ently, such sad dles were spread among no mads in the VIIth cen tury B.C. in the East ern Eur asia, in clud ing Kazakhstan and Tuva, where har ness equip ment was anal o - gous to the one found in Altai. Sad dle equip ment wasn’t found in Sayan-Altai and Kazakhstan yet but there are rea sons to sup pose ap pear ing in Altai arched horn pom mels (Fig. 63. — 1–4) and ring lets for fix ing un der-tail belts (Fig. 63. – 5-10). Sad dle belts con sisted of a chest-piece with two with ers belts and two belly-bands (Fig. 8; 11; 20; 34; 36. – 1). The chest-piece in all known find ings was fas tened to the up per belly-belt and, as a rule, con sisted only of one belt (Fig. 20; 66. — 1). A chest-piece con sist ing of two par al lel belts with cor re spond ing set of al lo ca tors, fas ten ers, and ring lets was found only in Gilyovo-10 (Fig. 8; 11; 66. — 2). Full set of bronze de tails of stan dard sin gle-belt chest-piece in cluded two al - lo ca tors, a left-side fas tener, a cen tral pen dant and ring lets (Fig. 16. — 1, 2; 36. — 1; and oth ers). They are larger than those of the bri dle as they were used with thicker belts. Wither belts must have been sim ply tied to gether. On the belly belts there were three de tails: on the left — a belly-band buckle (with the pin down wards) on the wide up per belt; a block on the nar row lower belt (Fig. 20; 74); on the right those belts were con nected by a large plaque-fas tener (Fig. 11. — 1a; 62. — 29–43). There have been found no sad dle equip ment ex cept for flat ring lets of un der-tail belts (Fig. 63. — 5–10). As in the Pasyryk pe riod the Early Scythian sad dle was equipped with two belly-bands – a wide up per one and a nar row lower one (Fig. 64. – 2,3; 20). The buckle was fixed with a nar row belt or was fas tened pin down to the broad up per belly belt (Fig. 20; 72. — 7, 7b, 9), a block with out pin was fixed dif fer ently at the end of nar row bot tom belt (Fig. 20; 28. — 1; 72. — 7, 7a, 8). When tight en ing the girth, the nar row belt on the left end of the up per belly belt (next to the buckle) went through a large ap er ture of the block fas tened at the end of bot tom belly belt; the nar row belt was fas tened with the pin of the buckle (Fig. 20; 70. — 4) the same way as in the Pasyryk harness (Fig. 70. — 3, 5, 6). Horses were sad dled from the left, so on the left there is a vorvorka (fas ten ing) of the crownpiece belts, buck les of the throatlash and the chest-piece, as well as the belly-band buckle and the block (Fig. 20; 34). On the same side there must have been a chumbur (long rein) (Fig. 20). A whip was also placed on the left from the sad dle. Ac cord ing to the ma te ri als of Gilyovo-10 multipart chest belts could have had ad di tional buck les on the left (Fig. 11; 12; 16). In the foot hills of Altai all har ness de tails were made of bronze. Shin ing bronze of al lo ca - tors, clasps, belly-band plaques (up to 7-8 cm in di am e ter), pen dants, cheek pieces, nu mer ous ring lets (up to 128 in Mashenka-1) and other el e ments made har ness an ex pen sive and pres ti - gious horse man’s at trib ute. Horn (bone) ac ces so ries were al most never used in Early Scythian Summary 135 sad dle horse har ness. In the moun tains horn was used to make cheek pieces (Fig. 53. — 3, 5–7, 10–19) and bone ring lets of the men tioned type (Fig. 65. — 8, 9). Other parts (al lo ca tors, clasps and oth ers) were made of horn more rarely, and, as a rule at the fi nal stage (Fig. 37. — 6, 7; 40. — 8, 9; 42. — 20–25; 44. — 2, 4–7; 47. — 10, 11). Equip ment of the draught horse in the VIIIth - IIId cen tu ries B.C. In Early Scythian buri als no char i ots have been found. A team of four draught horses was found in Pasyryk-5 (around the turn of the IV–IIId cen tu ries B.C.) where a char iot sur vived (Fig. 68. – 3; Rudenko, 1953, pp. 60, 214, 232–235, 374; Rudenko, 1960, pp. 232–236). Re cently four horses have been found in Altai in elite Early Scythian kur gan (Fig. 1; 38). In both cases no sad dles were found but there were fas ten ers. Most horses from Arzhan-1,2, with out sad dles, with fas ten ings and pom mels must have been draught ones. Draught four-horse teams have been also found in Kazakhstan. For ex am ple, there are de - tails of four bri dles and pom mel of a cart in the “hoard” from Bizhe (Fig. 68. – 4; Akishev, 1978, pp. 57–58). Draught horse team was found also in Tasmola-5, where along with two pom mels two mas sive tri ple-al lo ca tors (di vid ers for three di ver gent belts) and three bells have been found (Fig. 68. — 6; See Kadyrbaev, 1966, fig. 15–19). The tri ple-al lo ca tors from Tasmola-5 could be vari a tions of well-known in the North ern Cau ca sus cyl in der tri ple-al lo ca tors with three holes in har ness sets of the VIIIth–VIIth cen tu ries B. C. In the men tioned teams vorvorkas and bells are of ten found (See Petrenko, 2006, p. 69; Erlikh, 1994). Tri ple-al lo ca tors, anal o gous to those from Tasmola-5, have been found in har ness sets in Kyryk-Oba-2 in the sur round ings of the South ern Urals (Fig. 68. — 6; Gutsalov, 2007, fig. 13. — I–IV) and in Yukhuanmyao near Beijing (Fig. 77. — III, 3.4) dated within the VIth cen tury B. C. Thus, tri ple-al lo ca tors of that kind are not ac ci den tal but widely spread (from the Urals to Ordos) in an cient har ness de tails re pro - duced for a pe riod of about 100–150 years. On the whole, in Sayan-Altai and Kazakhstan the fol low ing at trib utes of draught har nesses: 1) no sad dle belts in ac ces so ries sets; 2) bri dles are ar ranged sim i larly in a num ber of cases; 3) fas ten ings (nar rowed in the mid dle and three-trove ones) and ad di tional vorvorkas; 4) dif fer ent “pom mels”, bells and tri ple-al lo ca tors.
At the easternmost edge of the Iranic world, settled rather than saddled Scythians ran the kingdom of Khotan as Iranian-speaking Buddhists who traded and tussled with their T’ang and Tibetan neighbours. Straddling the Sino-Tibetan and Irano-Indic oecumenes, these Saka dynasts of the southern ‘Silk Road’ were conquered and converted by the Turkification and Islamisation of the Tarim Basin. Their effect, both historical and artistic, merits consideration in Scythian studies for their own achievements. This survey is based on the existing corpora of administrative and religious texts in Khotanese, an amply documented Middle Iranian language, which enables the tracing of the trajectory of these Scythian legatees until the end of antiquity.
The Scythian legacy: economy, contact and culture of Eurasian nomads, S. J. Simpson et S.V. Pankova (Dir.)
Francfort, H.-P., 2020, “Scythians, Persians, Greeks and Horses: Reflections on Art, Culture Power and Empires in the Light of Frozen Burials and other Excavations”, in: , Londres, British Museum, p. 134-155.An overview of the complex relationships of the Asian nomads with the "empires" cultures, as reflected in arts, especially with the Achaemenian, Chinese and Greek. It shows how the Scythian or Saka pastoral nomadic populations selected some art elements from court arts, monumental or "minor", for integrating them in their compositions, by using their own steppe stylistic artistic conventions, for their own use.
2018 •
The nomadic groups of the ancient world remain enigmatic to archaeological researchers. Leaving only fleeting indications of their day-to-day lives, our primary source of information on their cultures tends to be their burials, single points of permanence that mark their presence, providing glimpses into their most valued accoutrements. By recording these material traces and interlacing them with the accounts of their more settled neighbours and successors, as well as the experiences of modern nomads, we can begin to piece together the lives of these peoples in ancient times. The British Museum’s Scythians: Warriors of Ancient Siberia exhibition was one effort towards communicating the results of this research.1 With an installation of extraordinarily preserved artefacts, head curators St John Simpson and Svetlana Pankova managed to reconstruct a detailed and vivid narrative about life among the tribes of the ancient steppe.
Abstract: Textile tools made of perishable materials such as wood are extremely rare in the archaeological contexts of ancient Mediterranean, but numerous complete and fragmentary boxes containing textile tools and other materials have been found in Scythian burials of the 5th-4th centuries BC in southern Ukraine. The boxes are found exclusively in female burials and are clearly of Hellenic craftsmanship. The paper presents preliminary observations about a 4th century BC female burial 2 from Kurgan 5 at Bulgakovo, which was accompanied by a wooden box containing three wooden distaffs, a spindle whorl made of an amphora fragment, a wooden comb and two smaller wooden boxes, one of which stored a set of at least 19 wooden weaving tablets with four holes each, an iron needle and some yarn. Keywords:Wooden box, textile tools, Scythian, Ukraine, wooden distaffs, wooden tablets, Bulgakovo. Resumen: Los instrumenta textilia confeccionados con materiales perecederos como la madera son extremadamente raros en el contexto arqueológico del Mediterráneo antiguo, pero han sido encontradas numerosas cajas (completas o fragmentos) conteniendo instrumentos para el trabajo textil y otros materiales en enterramientos escitas de los siglos v-iv a.C. en el sur de Ucrania. Las cajas son encontradas exclusivamente en enterramientos femeninos y son claramente de producción helenística. El trabajo presenta observaciones preliminares sobre el enterramiento femenino 2 de Kurgan 5 en Bulgakovo, del siglo iv a.C., que iba acompañado de una caja de madera conteniendo tres ruecas, una fusayola hecha con un fragmento de ánfora, un peine de madera y dos pequeñas cajas de madera, una de las cuales almacenaba un juego de al menos 19 plaquitas de madera para tejer con cuatro orificios cada una, una aguja de hierro y algo de hilo.
Independently published, Amazon KDP
The Identity of Scythian and Turk: In the Base of Cultural History2020 •
This book is the extended and English version of one of my published books, Kültür Tarihi Açısından İskit-Türk Aynılığı (Selenge, Istanbul 2017, Turkish). My goal is to reach to people in the world who are interested in Scythian culture and raise the awareness of them in context of the book title. http://www.amazon.com/dp/B08P4GBPF8/ref=cm_sw_r_tw_dp_x_7Vn5FbVYK8XTT
2023 •
Agua y pobreza. Nuevos enfoques y acercamientos
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International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications (IJISA)
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2008 •
Rang Teknik Journal
Sistem Informasi Penjualan Produk Baju Pada Toko Inyiak Padang Berbasis Web2019 •