SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION IN INDIA

International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 11, Issue 11, November 2020, pp. 781-789. Article ID: IJM_11_11_073 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijm/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=11 Journal Impact Factor (2020): 10.1471 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510 DOI: 10.34218/IJM.11.11.2020.073 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION IN INDIA Anant Madhav Kulkarni Research Scholar, Library and Information Science, Alagappa University, Tamilnadu, India Dr. P. Muthumari Librarian, Alagappa University Model Constituent, College of Arts & Science, Paramakudi, Tamilnadu, India Nutan Dilip Nemade Librarian, Pune, India ABSTRACT Introduction. Scholarly communication is the means by which the research output of academician and researchers are shared with the worldwide community of scholars. The different channels and forms of Scholarly communications are evolving among this is the open access publications trend which is reviewed in the context of India. Method. This paper will review the open access publication output of Scholarly communication of India from the contributors. Analysis. Data relating to the various forms of open access publications is gathered and processed and its analysis is done to represent the trend in Scholarly communication in India. Results. The result highlights the availability of open access Scholarly publications in India and overviews the development taken place in it during the last two decades. Conclusion. In India the institutions of national importance are well aware about the need and importance of Scholarly communication and have taken initiative in that direction and there is ample of scope. Open access can provide the effective means of sharing scholarly communication among researchers. Key words: Scholarly communication, Open access, Scholarly journal, OSS, Consortia. Cite this Article: Anant Madhav Kulkarni, P. Muthumari and Nutan Dilip Nemade, Scholarly Communication in India, International Journal of Management, 11(11), 2020, pp 781-789. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=11&IType=11 http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 781 editor@iaeme.com Scholarly Communication in India 1. INTRODUCTION Scholarly Communication forms integral part of research – the term “scholarly” refers to the research activity carried out by researcher of academic community for the benefit or progression of research by fellow members. The trend of scholarly communication started with the universities of Western Europe and is now adopted worldwide. Scholarly communication is mostly carried out by researchers working in higher educational institutions or in universities which demands/expect researchers to carry out research. Scholarly communication is usually done through certain mediums of communication by scholars and academicians for the peers among these are some noticeable to give some examples this incorporates research monographs, research papers, journals and conference proceedings. With the advancement in the Internet technology and willingness to share the research carried out by researchers among peer members a clear boom can be seen in sharing the scholarly research by means of open access/closed access. Open source software’s (OSS) have contributed to a great extent in leveraging the growth of scholarly publishing.(Mukherjee, 2010) Scholarly communication should be of formal and informal type it should be communicated on a local and on a world wide scale. The formal type of communication includes learned institutions which do research in Science, Technology (S & T) and Medicine or either of this and they are the creator of scholarly journal in their respective subject areas the purpose behind this is to widen the research done by them across the globe and to get the feedback regarding the research as well as creating new knowledge for use by the peers. In the latter half of twentieth century and after that publishers started the work of publishing Scholarly journals for the academic community as well as they started publishing new journals as well the purpose behind this was of commercial nature and these were for profit journals. With the development in Internet technologies the reach of these journals extended all over the world and due to this contribution from all countries and sphere of world started contributing for this journal this in turn also helped in increasing the readership also. Internet has brought revolution in the Scholarly communication by making available the scholarly journals in print along with electronic forms as well. (Fjällbrant, 1997) 1.1. Historical Analysis of Scholarly Communication The publishing activity of Scholarly journals started in the seventeen century in which many new inventions and research were carried out in sciences. In the latter half of seventeen century the need to establish scientific forum was felt for scientist and similar interest groups of researcher. As a consequence of this societies like Royal Society (formed in London in 1660 and chartered in 1662) and Académie des Sciences formed in 1666 in Paris. These learned societies collaborated with each other so as to represent as a co-operative organisation for scientist irrespective of political views or professional association. Many of the learned societies are established in Europe e.g. a short time society was formed in Dublin in 1683 the St. Petersburg Academy of Science was formed in 1725 and the Royal Swedish Academy of Science in 1739 (on the guideline of Linnaeus) and the Royal Society of Edinburg in 1783.(Fjällbrant, 1997) Each learned society has started their own journals which communicates research finding of their society members as well as of other scholars. This kind of research publications are known as “Transactions” or “Proceedings” and these are published at a regular period of time so as to disseminate the research findings. This type of interaction has helped in the development of a new subject field. These “Transactions” were of multidisciplinary in nature and it has offered inspiration scholars of various domains to comprehend the research impacts. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 782 editor@iaeme.com Anant Madhav Kulkarni, P. Muthumari and Nutan Dilip Nemade Some of the oldest Scholarly around the world are as follows:  The Journal des Sçavans was the foremost journal published in Europe. Its first issue was released on 5th January 1665. It was founded by Denis de Sallo adviser to the parliament of Paris in France. Its present publication name is Journal des Savants (ISSN: 0021-8103).  The second academic journal was published in Europe by Royal Society of London and its name was The Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society (Phil. Trans.). Its first issue was released on 6th March 1665. The Royal Society now publishes this journal in two parts namely The Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (ISSN: 1364-503X) and The Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (ISSN: 09628436).  From the United State of America (USA) the foremost scientific journal published was The American Journal of Science (AJS) (ISSN: 0002-9599). Its publication is continued from 1818.  From India as well as from Asia the Asiatic Society, India first started the publishing of the Scholarly journal. The Asiatic Researches or Transaction of the Society Instituted in Bengal was published for inquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Art, Sciences and Literature of Asia. Its first volume was published in the year 1788. It is one of the oldest scholarly journal published from the South of the hemisphere. It is presently published by the name Journal of the Asiatic Society (ISSN: 0368-3303). (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation [UNESCO], 2015) 1.2. Scholarly Communication: Definitions and Scope There isn't an agreement on the meaning of Scholarly Communication. Once in a while the term is barely characterized to incorporate just the peer reviewed literature after research completion. The definition set by C.L.Borgman is as follows: Scholarly Communication can be defined as study of how scholars of any field (e.g. physical, biological, social and behavioural sciences, humanities, technology) use and disseminate information through formal and informal channels. The scope of Scholarly Communication involves studying the growth of scholarly information, the relationship among research areas and disciplines, the information need and use of individual user groups, and the relationship among formal and informal methods of communication. (Borgman, 2000) The meaning of Scholarly Communication is expansive in scope which covers a extensive scope of information and it is certainly a significant point which articulates information need which impacts communication types. It is definitely an important topic which enunciates how information need and uses of individual scholar group affect their communication pattern. The widespread growth of information technology, computer networks, electronic publishing, and digital libraries has contributed to the restructuring of scholarly publishing, academic and research libraries, universities, methods of access to information resources, intellectual property practices, and relationship between authors, libraries, publishers and readers.(Borgman, 2000) The Association of Research Libraries (ARL) has defined Scholarly Communication as follows: Scholarly Communication can be defined as “the system through which research and other scholarly writing are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use. The system includes both formal means of http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 783 editor@iaeme.com Scholarly Communication in India communication, such as publication in peer reviewed journals and informal channels such as electronic listservs”. (“Scholarly Communication”, 2015) There are numerous opportunities are accessible to researcher. Scholarly periodicals are the top most used type of resource available to researchers. Those publications are accessible and having good impact and quality confirmation with good repute. Conference proceedings are another valuable source of scholarly communication as it reviewed by experts of subject fields. Conference Proceedings may be published before or after concluding the conference. Gradually the trend is setting in where in many conference organisers are making available the papers presented in conference in online mode also with the help of commercial publishers on their knowledge gateway. Some conference organiser in collaboration with academic journals brings out special issue of such journals by incorporating high quality research articles into it. In social sciences and humanities, research monograph is also perceived as scientific and technical publishing platform. It is another alternative for distributing the consequences of research. In research process project and research reports are considered as formal methods for research communication used in information dissemination. Examination reports and venture reports are formal method of exploration correspondence to record and scatter research results to financing organizations and different partners engaged with the examination cycle. In certain nations public subsidized undertaking reports are made accessible on open space by online open access. Various research projects are available freely as an open access. In academic research, dissertation and thesis works as publishing channels for post graduate learners of universities. Some countries have taken initiatives in the direction of establishing research repositories of such theses and dissertation by making use of open source software’s for this purpose. In India INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network) has taken initiative in this direction and its Shodhganga project is an example of this. INFLIBNET was established in 1991 as an autonomous public funded Inter-University Centre (IUC) of the University Grant Commission (UGC) established in 1991. Scholarly papers can also be published through working papers to communicate research progress. It helps researcher to revise the research paper with particular subjective changes. Patents are the safeguard methods for intellectual property safeguard methods for scientific innovations. By this another item or system or methods subsequently developed because of logical exploration work which has application for the government assistance of human life is patentable and the innovator can guarantee it as a protected innovation of his/her own by enlisting it with licensing office by following explicit legal techniques. All these are the examples of primary literature in scholarly communication. 2. FORMS OF SCHOLARLY ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING 2.1. Journals With the onset of the Internet publishers of the print journals also started the electronic version of print journal which is now known as e-journal and these have proliferated on a high level. Along with print plus electronic form fully electronic journal have also evolved which are available in electronic form only and these became readily popular with the users due to the ease in handling and retrieval of scholarly articles from it. Upon subscription back volumes became readily available in the forms of archive in the case of open access there is no need of subscription and the scholarly journals are freely available without any subscription. According to Mukherjee (2010) e-journals can be divided into four categories post web era (as cited in Kling and McKim, 1997b) they are: http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 784 editor@iaeme.com Anant Madhav Kulkarni, P. Muthumari and Nutan Dilip Nemade (a) Pure e-journals which are available in electronic form only e.g. Electronic Journal of Communication. (b) E-p journals which are primarily distributed electronically but may have very limited distribution in paper form e.g. Journal of artificial intelligence research, Electronic transaction on artificial intelligence. (c) P-e journals which are primarily distributed in print form but is also available electronically e.g. Nature, Science, Physical Review. (d) P+e journal which are available in both print and electronic form and can reach widely e.g. Organic letters. Sometime the researcher may approach a funding agency for the funding of the study. To publish an article publication charges may need to pay to the journal publisher. 2.2. Conference Proceedings There are three ways to publisher conference proceedings as followed a) printed Publishers market this conference proceeding via their catalogue and assign it ISBN or ISSN depending on the form in which they’ve published it i.e. Book or Special issue of Journal. In Special issue of Journal the publisher select few high quality articles and incorporate it into journal and publish it as a special issue. There are some open source and commercial solutions are available in order to manage the scholarly publishing activities by which the acceptance of abstract and paper can be done electronically by allowing the research to register on such sites. Most of the conference organisers are making use of such facility by this conference proceedings and paper can be submitted in searchable format this facility is used by over more than 100 countries worldwide. Some of the most popular conference management systems are as: Open Conference system (https://pkp.sfu.ca/ocs/), EasyChair (http://easychair.org/) and OpenConf (http://openconf.com/).(UNESCO, 2015) 2.3. Research Reports Research reports are another form of scholarly publication and are available through academic databases upon subscription. Research report presents in depth analysis and it highlights the recent trends on the basis of facts and figures presented in research report. 2.4. Reviews It has arisen as a significant type of scholarly publishing of recent innovations. Reviews represents outline of such scientific innovations blended with new learning outcomes along with peer review guidance. This cycle is useful of an incredible degree to creators as a solid survey in an all-around presumed distribution can help the researcher in spreading their work in order to reach to the researchers and thus bought by the libraries. This practise is of use of a great extent to authors as a strong review in a well reputed publication can help the scholar in disseminating their work so as to reach to the scholars and in turn purchased by the libraries. In any case, because of the dull cycle of review publication, printing a monograph is lengthy event and hence because of this the significant advantage of the survey to assist researcher with recognizing the best new grant can be incredibly reduced. 2.5. Preprint and Working paper It gives researchers admittance to new research and permit them to share their own work immediately without a journal's long standing cycle which involves peer review and publication process may get delayed. In spite of the fact that there are numerous ways for the researcher to trade their initial form of their work. Researcher can post preprints on close to http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 785 editor@iaeme.com Scholarly Communication in India home website pages or in institutional stores and can share them through society-supported channels and email draft duplicates to organizations of confided in partners. Likewise committed preprint worker can assume an imperative function in specific fields of study. 2.6. Monograph Monographs and chapters are widely get published by the researcher of the social sciences and humanities disciplines. Research monograph and edited books if peer reviewed can also be considered as effective channels of scholarly communication. (UNESCO, 2015) 2.7. Patents It is a “grant conferred by the state in the form of a certificate disclosing an invention by which certain exclusive rights are given to the patentee (proprietor) for a limited period.” Patents are also accessible through the database of patent. The information in a database about patent comprises of: patent title, applicant and inventors names, patent and application numbers, application and publication dates, international classification code and country. (IGNOU, 1999) 3. SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION IN INDIAN SCENARIO Scholarly communication in Indian scenario is accessible by both modes i.e. by open access and by closed access through consortia and direct subscription. This paper will review the Scholarly publishing activity of the institution of national importance as listed by Ministry of Human Resource Development on its website (http://mhrd.gov.in/institutions-nationalimportance). The MHRD has listed 74 institution of national importance this includes 16 Indian Institute of Technology’s (IITs), 29 National Institute of Technology’s (NITs), 5 Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research (IISER’s), 7 AIIMS (All India Institute of Medical Sciences), 3 SPA (School of Planning and Architecture), 1 Indian Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), 1 Academy of Science and Innovation Research, 1 Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, 1 Dakshin Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha, 1 Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, 1 ISI (Indian Statistical Institute), 1 Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, 1 Motilal Nehru Institute of Technology, 1 National Institute of Pharmaceutical, Education and Research, 1 Pandit Dwarka Prasad Mishra Indian Institute of Information technology and Manufacturing, 1 Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, 1 Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development, 1 Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Science and Technology. In this paper a review of availability of scholarly communication resources of two premier higher educational institutions of India i.e. IITs and NITs will be taken in the context of only four channels of scholarly communication i.e. e-journals, Institutional Repositories, Standards and Electronic Theses & Dissertations (ETDs). Table 1 Scholarly Communication resources made available by IITs and NITs Sr.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Name of the Institute E-Journals √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ IIT BHU, Varanasi IIT Bhubneshwar IIT Chennai IIT Delhi IIT Gandhinagar IIT Guwahati IIT Hyderabad IIT Indore IIT Jodhpur http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 786 IRs √ × × √ √ × √ × √ Standards ETDs × √ √ √ √ √ √ × × × √ √ √ √ √ × × × editor@iaeme.com Anant Madhav Kulkarni, P. Muthumari and Nutan Dilip Nemade 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ IIT Kharagpur IIT Kanpur IIT Mandi IIT Mumbai IIT Patna IIT Roorkee IIT Ropar DR.B R Ambedkar NIT, Jalandhar Malviya NIT, Jaipur Maulana Azad NIT, Bhopal NIT, Arunachal Pradesh NIT, Agartala NIT, Calicut NIT, Delhi NIT, Durgapur NIT, Goa NIT, Hamirpur NIT, Jamshedpur NIT, Suratkal NIT, Kurukshetra NIT, Manipur NIT, Meghalay NIT, Mizoram NIT, Nagaland NIT, Patna NIT, Puducherry NIT, Raipur NIT, Rourkela NIT, Sikkim NIT, Silchar NIT, Srinagar NIT, Tiruchirapalli NIT, Uttarakhand NIT, Warangal Sardar Vallabhai NIT, Surat Visveshvarya NIT, Nagpur √ √ × √ × √ √ × × × × × √ × × × √ × × × × × × × × × × √ × × × × × × × × × √ √ √ √ √ × √ √ √ √ √ √ × √ × √ √ √ √ × × × × √ × × √ × √ √ √ × √ √ √ √ √ √ √ × √ × × × × × × × × × × √ × × × × × × × × × × √ × × × × × × × × From the above table we arrive at the conclusion that IITs and NITs have made available the e-journals and standards to all networked branches. Simultaneously some have maintained and archived IRs and ETDs. 3.1. Contributors of open access scholarly publications In the above section we have seen the scholarly communication resources made available by the premier institutions of national importance. Some other scientific institutions which contribute open access scholarly publications which do research in India are categorised into three categories: Non-governmental organisations (NGO’s), research labs under various ministries (i.e. central government), research labs from industries along with academic institutes. Some of the institutions who have contributed for research are Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (MCIT), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Council of Scientific and Industrial research (CSIR), Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) etc. The following table depict the overall scenario of open access journals contributed by the Indian Research and Development organisations. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 787 editor@iaeme.com Scholarly Communication in India Table 2 Overall scenario of Open Access Journals contributed by the Indian R & D organisations Sr.N o. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Contributing organisations Indian MEDLARS Centre (NIC-ICMR) under MedIND Project National Institute of Science Communication and Information Resources (NISCAIR), CSIR, New Delhi Indian Academy of Science (IAS), Bangalore Indian National Science Academy (INSA), Delhi Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture (D-KMA), ICAR, Delhi (Formerly Directorate of Information Publication on Agriculture, DIPA) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Delhi Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre (DESIDOC), DRDO, Delhi Particulars 62 full text journals 18 full text, 2 abstracting and 3 popular science journal 11 full text journals 3 full text journal 25 full text journals and 2 abstracting journals 1 full text journal 2 full text journals Total – 122 full text Journals Of the above mentioned journals ICAR, Delhi and DRDO, Delhi uses open source software PKP open journal system (OJS) which was developed by the INASP (i.e. profit academic publisher). It supports development of e-journal gateways for developing countries. 4. SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION THROUGH CONSORTIA IN INDIA Consortium can be formed at various levels i.e. national, regional, state or city level. Those consortia collectively bargain with the publisher which in turn offers the bunch of journals at a competitive rate for the member institutions. Consortia can be of two types i.e. open ended and close ended. In open consortia members can participate by paying subscription fees while in close consortia specific members can only share resources. Indian National Digital Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDEST), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) INDEST-AICTE, India consortium is established in the year 2003 and is having 5529 active members up to 2015. University Grant Commission (UGC)-INFONET, India is established in the year 2003 and is having 433 university libraries as members. (http://inflibnet.ac.in/econ/about.php) The project entitled National Library and Information Services Infrastructure for Scholarly Content (N-LIST) is a consortium established for arts, commerce and sciences colleges in the year 2003 and is jointly executed by UGC-INFONET digital library consortium and is having 5011 colleges as members.(http://nlist.inflibnet.ac.in/about.php) 5. CONCLUSION In India the institution of national importance i.e. IITs have taken initiatives in the direction of forming consortia for the purpose of e-journals access and simultaneously some have also developed and maintained IRs and ETDs as a medium of scholarly communication. INDESTAICTE is the most ambitious initiatives taken in India. UGC-INFONET and N-LIST consortiums are another feather in cap of India. The contribution from the R & D organisation of India in terms of open access journals is commendable. As per observation the number of open access quality journals contributed by Indian R & D organisation has increased many folds. Efforts need to be made on the parts of scholarly societies to bring more numbers of open access journals. Open access journals can leverage the growth of research articles to a great extent. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 788 editor@iaeme.com Anant Madhav Kulkarni, P. Muthumari and Nutan Dilip Nemade REFERENCES [1] Arunachalam, S. and Muthu, M. (2011). Open Access to Scholarly Literature in India – A Status Report. Retrieved from http://cis-india.org/openness/publications/open-accessscholarly-literature.pdf [2] Borgman, C.L. (2000). Digital Libraries and the Continuum of Scholarly Communication, Journal of Documentation, 56(4), 412-430. Retrieved from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/EUM0000000007121 [3] Collins,E., Milloy, C. and Stone,G.(2015). Guide to open access monograph publishing. 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