REVIEW ZOOS' PRINT JOURNAL 19(2): 1351-1360 CHECKLIST OF SCIURIDS (MAMMALIA: RODENTIA: SCIURIDAE) OF SOUTH ASIA C. Srinivasulu 1, S. Chakraborty 2 and M.S. Pradhan 3 Wildlife Biology Section, Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500007, India. 2 Zoological Survey of India, ‘M’ Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700053, India. 3 Western Regional Station, Zoological Survey of India, Vidyanagar, Sector 29, Rawat Road, PCNTDA Post, Pune, Maharashtra 411044, India. Email: 1 hyd2_masawa@sancharnet.in; 2 anindita3000@yahoo.co.in; 3 zsipune@mah.nic.in 1 Abstract A checklist of 28 species of sciurids belonging to 12 genera in two subfamilies known to occur in South Asia including India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka is provided. Keywords Checklist, Sciuridae, Rodentia, Mammalia, synonyms, distribution, South Asia Introduction Ellerman (1940), and Ellerman (1961), with descriptive accounts of 260 subspecies under 128 species belonging to 46 genera of rodents from India, her immediate neighbours and Afghanistan, still remain the most comprehensive taxonomic works on rodents of the Indian subcontinent. Earlier, Blyth (1863), Gray (1867), Jerdon, (1874), Sterndale (1884), Blanford (1891), Wroughton (1905, 1916), Thomas (1908), Robinson and Kloss (1918), Phillips (1980) and others provided accounts of sciurids of South Asia. Due to numerous taxonomic advances in the last few decades, many taxonomic alterations and extension of geographical range pertaining to sciurids of South Asia has been witnessed (Ellerman & Morrison-Scott, 1951; Moore & Tate, 1965; Saha, 1977; Agrawal & Chakraborty, 1979; Corbet & Hill, 1980, 1986, 1991, 1992; Chakraborty, 1985; Hoffmann et al., 1993). Recent checklists on Indian mammals (Nameer, 1998; Alfred et al., 2002) do not include all the South Asian taxa. Keeping this in view and the upcoming Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (CAMP) workshop for non-volant mammals of South Asia, we present an updated checklist on sciurids of South Asia, with information on their synonyms, subspecies and broad distribution. Methods This work relies heavily on Corbet and Hill (1992), Hoffmann et Received 20 October 2003 February 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(2): 1351-1360 al. (1993) and a list prepared by Dr. Mike Jordan. Major works by Pocock (1923), Ellerman (1940, 1947a,b, 1961), Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951, 1953); Agrawal and Chakraborty (1979), Phillips (1980), Corbet and Hill (1991, 1992), Hoffmann et al. (1993), Roberts (1997) and Nowak (1999) have been reviewed to gain insights on the current taxonomic status and distribution of sciurids occurring in the region. Besides these, we also referred to numerous sources for information including Sclater (1891), Bonhote (1901a,b,c), Robinson and Wroughton (1911), Thomas (1915), Zahn (1942), Abdulali and Daniel (1952), Moore (1956, 1958a,b, 1959, 1960), Prasad (1957), McKenna (1962), Gromov et al. (1965), Moore and Tate (1965), Kurup (1968), Agrawal and Chakraborty (1970), Chakraborty (1975, 1981, 1985), Chakraborty and Agrawal (1977), Saha (1977, 1980), Corbet (1978), Agrawal and Bhattacharyya (1979), Mitchell (1979), Ghose and Saha (1981), Tehsin (1981), Emry and Thorington (1982), Heaney (1985), Aswathanarayana (1987), Raman et al. (1995), Pasha and Suhail (1997), Nameer (1998), and, Alfred et al. (2002). Deriving information from the above sources, we have listed the species of sciurids known to occur in South Asia including Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Species of sciurids from Maldive Islands are not listed as we do not have any published information on the same. For India, an attempt has been made to provide detailed state-wise distribution, while for others only the names of the regions, wherever applicable, has been mentioned. This list is based on the best of the present knowledge on sciurid diversity of the region to date. Other details on valid names, synonymy and distribution are as per Srinivasulu and Pradhan (2003). Results A total of 28 species of sciurids belonging to 12 genera of two subfamilies are recorded from South Asia. Sixteen species Finally accepted 31 December 2003 1351 Checklist of sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) of South Asia C. Srinivasulu et al. Table 1. Species diversity of Family Sciuridae in South Asia by two species in the region. Scientific name 1. Callosciurus pygerythrus (I. Geoffroy Saint -Hilaire, 1831) 1831. Sciurus pygerythrus I. Geoffroy Saint -Hilaire, In: Belanger Voy. Inde Orient. Zool., 145. Mag. Zool. Paris, p.5. Pl. 4-6. Name: Irrawady Squirrel, Hoary-bellied Squirrel Type locality: Syriam, near Pegu, Burma (now Myanmar) Synonyms: Sciurus pygerythrus I. Geoffroy Saint –Hilaire, 1831 Sciurus lokroides Hodgson, 1836 Sciurus assamensis Gray ex M’Clelland, 1843 (nom. nud.) Macroxus similis Gray, 1867 Sciurus blythi Tytler, 1845 Sciurus stevensi Thomas, 1908 Subspecies: Callosciurus pygerythrus lokroides (Hodgson, 1836) Callosciurus pygerythrus blythi (Tytler, 1854) Callosciurus pygerythrus stevensi (Thomas, 1908) Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal in India; Bangladesh; Bhutan; Nepal. Comments: Ellerman (1961) included seven subspecies and Chakraborty (1985) lists six subspecies under this taxon. For South Asia only three subspecies are valid (Corbet & Hill, 1992). No. of species Remarks Sciurinae Callosciurus 2 Dremomys 3 Funambulus 5 Marmota 2 Ratufa 3 Tamiops 1 Pteromyinae Belomys 1 Biswamoyopterus 1 Eupetaurus 1 Hylopetes 3 1 regional endemic Petaurista 5 1 regional endemic Petinomys 1 Regional endemic 2 regional endemics 1 Indian endemic 1 Sri Lankan endemic 1 regional endemic 1 Indian endemic Indian endemic belong to subfamily Sciurinae Hemprich, 1820, and 12 species to subfamily Pteromyinae Brandt, 1855 (Table 1). Of this diversity, 10 species (36%) are endemic to South Asia with three species endemic to India and one species endemic to Sri Lanka. Corbet and Hill (1992) included all the known squirrels under two families namely, Sciuridae Gray, 1821 including non-flying squirrels (with subfamilies Ratufinae Moore, 1959; Funambulinae Pocock, 1923, Callosciurinae Moore, 1959; and Marmotinae Pocock, 1923) and Pteromyidae Brandt, 1855 including flying squirrels. Hoffmann et al. (1993) included all the known taxon of squirrels in one family Sciuridae Hemprich, 1820, which contains two subfamilies, namely, Sciurinae Hemprich, 1820 and Pteromyinae Brandt, 1855. The former subfamily includes all the non-flying squirrels and the latter the flying ones. We follow Hoffmann et al. (1993) in this review. Family: Sciuridae Hemprich, 1820 Subfamily: Sciurinae Hemprich, 1820 Genus Callosciurus Gray, 1867 Beautiful Squirrels Corbet and Hill (1992) treated this genus under subfamily Callosciurinae Moore, 1959. This genus is restricted to Oriental region from the Himalaya to Southeast Asia. It is represented 1352 2. Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas, 1799) 1799. Sciurus erythraeus Pallas, Nova. Spec. Quad. Glir. Ord., 377. Name: Pallas’ Squirrel, Red-bellied Squirrel Type locality: Garo Hills, Assam (now in Meghalaya), India Synonyms: Sciurus erythraeus Pallas, 1799 Sciurus erythrogaster Blyth, 1842 Sciurus caniceps Gray, 1842 Callosciurus caniceps (Gray, 1842) Macroxus punctatissimus Gray, 1867 Sciurus gordoni var. intermedia Anderson, 1879 Callosciurus erythraeus bhutanensis Bonhote, 1901 Callosciurus erythraeus nagarum Thomas, 1916 Callosciurus crumpi Wroughton, 1916 Callosciurus erythraeus wellsi Wroughton, 1921 Callosciurus castaneoventis aquilo Wroughton, 1921 Subspecies: Callosciurus erythraeus erythraeus (Pallas, 1779) Callosciurus erythraeus erythrogaster (Blyth, 1842) Callosciurus erythraeus intermedia (Anderson, 1879) Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura in India; Bangladesh; Bhutan. Comments: Ellerman (1961) included nine subspecies that also included forms from Myanmar. Chakraborty (1985) reviewed genus Callosciurus Gray, 1867 in detail. Ellerman and MorrisonScott (1951), and Ellerman (1961) included Callosciurus crumpi Wroughton, 1916 under Callosciurus caniceps (Gray, 1 8 4 2 ) that later on the basis of its intergradation was synonymized February 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(2): 1351-1360 Checklist of sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) of South Asia with Callosciurus erythraeus (Pallas, 1779) by Corbet and Hill (1992). Corbet and Hill (1992) includes in detail all probable and possible names of this species and indicates that forms from Bhutan and northeastern India belong to Callosciurus erythraeus erythraeus (Pallas, 1779). Genus Dremomys Heude, 1898 Plain Long-nosed Squirrel This genus is restricted to Oriental region from the Himalaya to South East Asia. It is represented by three species in the region. 3. Dremomys lokriah (Hodgson, 1836) 1836. Sciurus lokriah Hodgson, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 5: 232. Name: Orange-bellied Himalayan Squirrel Type locality: North and Central regions of Nepal Synonyms: Sciurus lokriah Hodgson, 1836 Sciurus subflaviventris Gray, 1843 Dremomys lokriah subflaviventris (Gray, 1843) Sciurus locriah Blanford, 1891 Dremomys lokriah bhotia Wroughton, 1916 Dremomys macmillani Thomas, 1916 Dremomys lokriah garonum Thomas, 1922 Subspecies: Dremomys lokriah lokriah (Hodgson, 1836) Dremomys lokriah macmillani Thomas, 1916 Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal in India; Nepal. Comments: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) recognised two subspecies, namely Dremomys lokriah lokriah (Hodgson, 1836) and Dremomys lokriah macmillani Thomas, 1916, while Ellerman (1961) added Dremomys lokriah pagus Moore, 1956 to the list. The last subspecies does not occur in South Asian region. Moore and Tate (1965) recognised along with the three listed above Dremomys lokriah garonum Thomas, 1922 too. Corbet and Hill (1992) comment in detail on the intergradation of all these races and indicate that only Dremomys lokriah lokriah (Hodgson, 1836) and Dremomys lokriah macmillani (Thomas, 1916) are distinct enough to be considered as valid subspecies following Agrawal and Chakraborty (1979). 4. Dremomys pernyi (Milne-Edwards, 1867) 1867. Sciurus pernyi Milne-Edwards, Rev. Mag. Zool. (Paris) ser. 2, 19: 230, pl. 19. Name: Perny’s Long-nosed Squirrel Type locality: Moupin, Sichuan, China Synonyms: Sciurus pernyi Milne-Edwards, 1867 Subspecies: Dremomys pernyi pernyi (Milne-Edwards, 1867) Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur and Nagaland in India. Comments: Ellerman (1961) maintained two subspecies, namely Dremomys pernyi pernyi (Milne-Edwards, 1867) and Dremomys pernyi imus Thomas, 1922, which does not occur in South Asia. Corbet and Hill (1992) listed numerous subspecies names of which only Dremomys pernyi howelli Thomas, 1922 February 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(2): 1351-1360 C. Srinivasulu et al. reported from Assam as valid for the region. But following Ellerman (1961) who treated it as synonym of the nominate race, we do not list it as distinct subspecies. 5. Dremomys rufigenis (Blanford, 1878) 1878. Sciurus rufigenis Blanford, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 47(2): 156. Name: Red-cheeked Squirrel Type locality: Mt. Mulaiyit, Tenasserim, S. Burma (Myanmar) Synonyms: Sciurus rufigenis Blanford, 1878 Subspecies: Dremomys rufigenis rufigenis (Blanford, 1878) Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland in India. Comments: Ellerman (1961) included two subspecies, namely Dremomys rufigenis rufigenis (Blanford, 1878) and Dremomys rufigenis adamsoni Thomas, 1914, which does not occur in South Asia. Genus Funambulus Lesson, 1835 Striped Squirrels This genus is more or less restricted to South Asia, with an exception of a species that extends in range up to Iran. The genus Funambulus Lesson, 1835 was treated by Corbet and Hill (1992) under the subfamily Funambulinae Pocock, 1923 in Family Sciuridae Gray, 1821 following Prasad (1957). This genus is represented by five species in the region (Ellerman, 1961; Corbet & Hill, 1992) in two subgenera – Funambulus Lesson, 1835 and Prasadsciurus Moore and Tate, 1965. Two species are endemic to South Asia, and one each are endemic to India and Sri Lanka. 6. Funambulus layardi (Blyth, 1849) 1849. Sciurus layardi Blyth, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 18: 602. Name: Layard’s Striped Squirrel Type locality: Ambigamoa Hills, Central Province, Sri Lanka Synonyms: Sciurus layardi Blyth, 1849 Funambulus layardi dravidianus Robinson, 1917 Tamoides layardi layardi Phillips, 1935 Tamoides layardi signatus Phillips, 1935 Subspecies: Funambulus layardi layardi (Blyth, 1849) Funambulus layardi signatus Thomas, 1924 Distribution: Endemic to Sri Lanka. Comments: Belongs to subgenus Funambulus Lesson, 1835. Ellerman (1961) opined that Funambulus layardi signatus Thomas, 1924 could not be regarded as a race due to paucity of specimens, while Funambulus layardi dravidianus Robinson, 1917 should not be treated as a distinct race as it was described only from a juvenile specimen. Phillips (1981) retained two subspecies from Sri Lanka. 7. Funambulus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1766) 1766. Sciurus palmarum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. 12th ed., 1: 86. Name: Indian Palm Squirrel, Three-striped Palm Squirrel, Common Palm Squirrel. Type locality: Madras, India 1353 Checklist of sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) of South Asia Synonyms: Sciurus palmarum Linnaeus, 1766 Sciurus pencillatus Leach, 1814 Sciurus indicus Lesson, 1835 Sciurus brodei Blyth, 1849 Funambulus palmarum brodei (Blyth, 1849) Sciurus kelaarti Layard, 1851 Funambulus palmarum comorinus Wroughton, 1905 Funambulus palmarum favonicus Thomas & Wroughton, 1915 Funambulus palmarum olympius Thomas & Wroughton, 1915 Funambulus bengalensis Wroughton, 1916 Funambulus robertsoni Wroughton, 1916 Funambulus palmarum robertsoni (Wroughton, 1916) Funambulus gossei Wroughton & Davidson, 1919 Subspecies: Funambulus palmarum palmarum (Linnaeus, 1766) Funambulus palmarum matugamensis Lindsay, 1926 Funambulus palmarum bellaricus Wroughton, 1916 Funambulus palmarum kelaarti (Layard, 1851) Distribution: Endemic to South Asia. Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal in India; Sri Lanka Comments: Belongs to subgenus Funambulus Lesson, 1835. Ellerman (1961) listed six subspecies of Funambulus palmarum from the region – Funambulus palmarum kelaarti (Layard, 1851) (including ‘olympius’ and ‘favonicus’), Funambulus palmarum brodei (Blyth, 1849), Funambulus palmarum roberstoni (Wroughton, 1916), Funambulus palmarum matugamensis Lindsay, 1926, Funambulus palmarum bellaricus Wroughton, 1916, and Funambulus palmarum palmarum (Linnaeus, 1766) (including ‘comorinus’, ‘gossei’, and ‘bengalensis’). Phillips (1981) listed four subspecies from Sri Lanka – Funambulus palmarum brodei (Blyth, 1849), Funambulus palmarum kelaarti (Layard, 1851), Funambulus palmarum olympius Thomas & Wroughton, 1915, and Funambulus palmarum favonicus Thomas & Wroughton, 1915 (including junior synonym Funambulus palmarum matugamensis Lindsay, 1926). Corbet and Hill (1992) propose the following subspecies from the region: Funambulus palmarum comorinus Wroughton, 1905, Funambulus palmarum favonicus Thomas and Wroughton, 1915, Funambulus palmarum olympius Thomas and Wroughton, 1915, Funambulus palmarum bellaricus Wroughton, 1916, and Funambulus palmarum matugamensis Lindsay, 1926. We retain only four forms owing to character overlaps with two Indian forms – Funambulus palmarum palmarum (Linnaeus, 1766) and Funambulus palmarum bellaricus Wroughton, 1916; and two Sri Lankan forms – Funambulus palmarum matugamensis Lindsay, 1924 and Funambulus palmarum kelaarti (Layard, 1851). 1354 C. Srinivasulu et al. 8. Funambulus pennantii Wroughton, 1905 1905. Funambulus pennantii Wroughton, J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc., 16(3): 411. Name: Northern Palm Squirrel Type locality: Mandavi, Surat dist., Bombay Presidency (now Gujarat), India Synonyms: Funambulus pennantii Wroughton, 1905 Funambulus pennantii argentescens Wroughton, 1905 Funambulus pennantii lutescens Wroughton, 1905 Subspecies: Funambulus pennantii pennantii Wroughton, 1905 Distribution: Andaman & Nicobar Islands (introduced), Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Punjab, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal in India; Nepal; Bangladesh; Pakistan. Comments: Belongs to the subgenus Prasadsciurus Moore and Tate, 1965. Ellerman (1961) synonymized Funambulus pennantii argentescens Wroughton, 1905 and Funambulus pennantii lutescens Wroughton, 1905 with the nominate race. Corbet and Hill (1992) followed the same trend. It has been introduced in northeastern India and Andaman & Nicobar Islands by humans (Kurup, 1968; Saha, 1980). 9. Funambulus sublineatus (Waterhouse, 1838) 1838. Sciurus sublineatus Waterhouse, Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1838: 19. Name: Dusky-striped Squirrel Type locality: Nilgiri Hills, Madras (now Tamil Nadu), India Synonyms: Sciurus sublineatus Waterhouse, 1838 Sciurus delesserti Gervais, 1841 Sciurus trilineatus Kelaart, 1852 Sciurus palmarum var. obscura Pelzeln & Kohl, 1886 Funambulus kathleenae Thomas & Wroughton, 1915 Tamoides sublineatus obscurus Phillips, 1935 Subspecies: Funambulus sublineatus sublineatus (Waterhouse, 1838) Funambulus sublineatus obscurus (Pelzeln & Kohl, 1886) Distribution: Endemic to South Asia. Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India; Sri Lanka. Comments: Belongs to subgenus Funambulus Lesson, 1835. Ellerman (1961) and Corbet and Hill (1992) recognised above mentioned two subspecies from the region. 10. Funambulus tristriatus (Waterhouse, 1837) 1837. Sciurus tristriatus Waterhouse, Charlseworth’s Mag. nat. Hist., 1: 499. Name: Jungle Striped Squirrel, Western Ghats Striped Squirrel Type locality: Western Ghats, India Synonyms: Sciurus (Tamias) dussumieri Milne-Edwards, 1867 February 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(2): 1351-1360 Checklist of sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) of South Asia Funambulus wroughtoni Ryley, 1913 Funambulus tristriatus numarius Wroughton, 1916 Funambulus tristriatus annandalei Robinson, 1917 Funambulus thomasi Wroughton & Davidson, 1919 Subspecies: Funambulus tristriatus tristriatus (Waterhouse, 1837) Funambulus tristriatus wroughtoni (Ryley, 1913) Distribution: Endemic to India. Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu in India. Comments: Belongs to subgenus Funambulus Lesson, 1835. We follow Ellerman (1961) in retaining Funambulus tristriatus tristriatus (Waterhouse, 1837) and Funambulus tristriatus wroughtoni (Ryley, 1913). However, Corbet and Hill (1992) retained the subspecies Funambulus tristriatus numarius Wroughton, 1916 and Funambulus tristriatus annandalei Robinson, 1917. Following Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) we do not treat the later taxon as distinct due to similarities between them and two accepted subspecies. Genus Marmota Blumenbach, 1779 Marmots This genus is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere above the Tropic of Capricorn. It is represented by two species in the region. 11. Marmota caudata (Geoffroy, 1844) 1844. Arctomys caudatus Geoffroy, In Jacquemont, Voy. dans l’Inde 4, Zool., p. 66. Name: Long-tailed Marmot, Golden Marmot Type locality: Hombhur (Gombhur), Upper reaches of Indus, Kashmir, India Synonyms: Arctomys caudatus Geoffroy, 1844 Arctomys aurea Blanford, 1875 Arctomys aureus Blanford, 1875 Arctomys littledalei Thomas, 1909 Marmota stirlingi Thomas, 1916 Subspecies: Marmota caudata caudata (Geoffroy, 1844) Marmota caudata aurea (Blanford, 1875) Distribution: Jammu & Kashmir in India; Pakistan. Comments: Ellerman (1961) maintained two subspecies, Marmota caudata caudata (Geoffroy, 1844) and Marmota caudata aurea (Blanford, 1875) based on characteristics of saddle patch from the region. Corbet and Hill (1992) does not include this taxon in their work. We follow Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Ellerman (1961), Hoffmann et al. (1993) and Roberts (1997) to retain both the subspecies. 12. Marmota himalayana (Hodgson, 1841) 1841. Arctomys himalayanus Hodgson, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 10: 777. Name: Himalayan Marmot Type locality: Nepal Synonyms: Arctomys himalayanus Hodgson, 1841 February 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(2): 1351-1360 C. Srinivasulu et al. Marmota bobak himalayana (Hodgson, 1841) Arctomys hemachalanus Hodgson, 1843 Arctomys hemachalana (Hodgson, 1843) Arctomys tibetanus Gray, 1847. Subspecies: None. Distribution: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Sikkim and Uttaranchal in India; Pakistan; Nepal. Comments: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951), Ellerman (1961) and Corbet (1978) treated it as a subspecies of Marmota bobak (Muller, 1776). Hoffmann et al. (1993) indicates that Gromov et al. (1965) elevated the taxon ‘himalayana’ to specific level. Pakistan population was treated as Marmota himalayana himalayana (Hodgson, 1841) by Roberts (1997). Genus Ratufa Gray, 1867 Giant Squirrels This genus is represented by three species in the region. The genus Ratufa Gray, 1867 was treated by Corbet and Hill (1992) under the subfamily Ratufinae Moore, 1959 in Family Sciuridae Gray, 1821. Two species are endemic to South Asia of which one is restricted to India. 13. Ratufa bicolor (Sparrman, 1778) 1778. Sciurus bicolor Sparrman, Göthenborg Samhalle Hand. (Wet. Afd.), 1: 70. Name: Black Giant Squirrel, Malayan Giant Squirrel Type locality: Anjer, W Java, Indonesia Synonyms: Sciurus bicolor Sparrman, 1778 Sciurus giganteus McClelland, 1839 Sciurus macruroides Hodgson, 1849 (nom. nud.) Ratufa gigantea stigmosa Thomas, 1923 Subspecies: Ratufa bicolor gigantea (McClelland, 1839) Distribution: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura and West Bengal in India; Probably also in parts of Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal. Comments: Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) listed eight subspecies, while Ellerman (1961), Moore and Tate (1965), and Corbet and Hill (1992) have listed five subspecies of which only one is valid for the region. 14. Ratufa indica (Erxleben, 1777) 1777. Sciurus indicus Erxleben, Syst. Regn. Anim., 1: 420. Name: Indian Giant Squirrel, Malabar Giant Squirrel Type locality: Bombay Presidency, India Synonyms: Sciurus indicus Erxleben, 1777 Sciurus purpureus Zimmerman, 1777 Sciurus maximus Schreber, 1784 Sciurus maxima (Schreber, 1784) Sciurus bombayus Boddaert, 1785 Sciurus bombaya (Boddaert, 1785) Sciurus malabaricus Scopoli, 1786 Sciurus malabarica (Scopoli, 1786) 1355 Checklist of sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) of South Asia Sciurus elphinstonei Sykes, 1831 Sciurus elphinstoni (Sykes, 1831) Sciurus indicus var. dealbatus Blanford, 1897 Ratufa indicus var. bengalensis Blanford, 1897 Ratufa indica var. bengalensis (Blanford, 1897) Ratufa indica superans Ryley, 1913 Subspecies: Ratufa indica indica (Erxleben, 1777) Ratufa indica maxima (Schreber, 1784) Ratufa indica centralis Ryley, 1913 Distribution: Endemic to India. Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. Comments: Abdulali and Daniel (1952) reported eight colour forms of this taxon from its range in India. Ellerman (1961) listed five subspecies - Ratufa indica indica (Erxleben, 1777), Ratufa indica superans Ryley, 1913, Ratufa indica bengalensis (Blanford, 1897), Ratufa indica centralis Ryley, 1913, and Ratufa indica maxima (Schreber, 1784). Corbet and Hill (1992) following Moore and Tate (1965) recognised four subspecies including Ratufa indica dealbata (Blanford, 1897) a pale coloured population from Gujarat. However, recent surveys have yielded no sightings of this taxon in its range in Gujarat. 15. Ratufa macroura (Pennant, 1769) 1769. Sciurus macrourus Pennant, Ind. Zool., 1: pl 1. Name: Grizzled Giant Squirrel Type locality: Highlands of Central and Uva Provinces, Sri Lanka Synonyms: Sciurus zeylanicus Ray, 1693 Sciurus macrourus Pennant, 1769 Sciurus ceylonicus Erxleben, 1777 Sciurus ceylonica (Erxleben, 1777) Sciurus ceilonensis Boddaert, 1785 Sciurus tennentii Blyth, 1849 Sciurus macrourus var. montanus Kelaart, 1852 Sciurus macrourus var. montana (Kelaart, 1852) Ratufa macrourus albipes Blyth, 1859 Sciurus macrura Blanford, 1891 Ratufa macroura sinhala Phillips, 1931 Subspecies: Ratufa macroura macroura (Pennant, 1769) Ratufa macroura melanochra Thomas & Wroughton, 1915 Ratufa macroura dandolena Thomas & Wroughton, 1915 Distribution: Endemic to South Asia. Tamil Nadu and Kerala in India and many localities in Sri Lanka. Comments: Ellerman (1961) listed three subspecies that were accepted later by Moore and Tate (1965), Phillips (1981) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Ratufa macroura dandolena is the taxon occurring in India (Ellerman, 1961). 1356 C. Srinivasulu et al. Genus Tamiops Allen, 1906 Asiatic Striped Squirrels The Genus Tamiops Allen, 1906 was earlier treated as subgenus under the Genus Callosciurus Gray, 1867 (Ellerman, 1940; Moore, 1959). Moore and Tate (1965) treated it as a distinct genus. This genus is restricted to Oriental region from the Himalaya to South East Asia and is represented by a species in the region. 16. Tamiops macclellandi (Horsfield, 1840) 1840. Sciurus macclellandi Horsfield, Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1840: 152. Name: Himalayan Striped Squirrel Type locality: Assam, India Synonyms: Sciurus macclellandi Horsfield, 1840 Sciurus mcclellandii (Horsfield, 1840) Sciurus pembertonii Blyth, 1842 Sciurus macclellandii manipurensis Bonhote, 1900 Subspecies: Tamiops macclellandi macclellandi (Hodgson, 1840) Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim and West Bengal in India; Bhutan; Nepal. Comments: Ellerman (1940, 1961) and Moore (1959) treated the genus Tamiops Allen, 1906 as one of the subgenus of Callosciurus Gray, 1867. Later, Moore and Tate (1965) elevated it to the generic level. Ellerman (1961) included three subspecies, namely Callosciurus macclellandi macclellandi (Horsfield, 1840), Callosciurus macclellandi barbei (Blyth, 1847) and Callosciurus macclellandi collinus (Moore, 1958), while Corbet and Hill (1992) included six subspecies from the Indo-Malayan region. Of these only Tamiops macclellandi macclellandi (Horsfield, 1840) is found within the range of South Asia. Subfamily: Pteromyinae Brandt, 1855 Genus Belomys Thomas, 1908 Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel The genus Belomys Thomas, 1908 (= Trogopterus Heude, 1898) was treated by Corbet and Hill (1992) under family Pteromyidae Brandt, 1855. This genus is restricted to the Himalayas in South Asia and South China. It is represented by single species in the region. 17. Belomys pearsonii (Gray, 1842) 1842. Sciuropterus pearsonii Gray, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (1)10: 263. Name: Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel Type locality: Darjeeling, Assam (now West Bengal), India Synonyms: Sciuropterus pearsonii Gray, 1842 Trogopterus pearsonii (Gray, 1842) Sciuropterus villosus Blyth, 1847 Belomys trichotis Thomas, 1908 Belomys pearsonii trichotis (Thomas, 1908) Trogopterus pearsonii trichotis (Thomas, 1908) Subspecies: Belomys pearsonii pearsonii (Gray, 1842) February 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(2): 1351-1360 Checklist of sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) of South Asia Distribution: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim in India; Bhutan; Nepal. Comments: Ellerman (1940, 1961) and Hoffmann et al. (1993) included this taxon under Belomys Thomas 1908, while Corbet and Hill (1992) included it under Trogopterus Heude, 1898. Genus Biswamoyopterus Saha, 1981 Namdapha Flying Squirrel Corbet and Hill (1992) treated it under family Pteromyidae Brandt, 1855. This monotypic genus is known only from type locality and its vicinity in the Himalaya in Arunachal Pradesh, India. 18. Biswamoyopterus biswasi Saha, 1981 1981. Biswamoyopterus biswasi Saha, Bull. Zool. Surv. India, 4: 333. Name: Namdapha Flying Squirrel Type locality: Deban, Namdapha, Tirap dist. (now in Chanlang dist.), Arunachal Pradesh in India Synonyms: None Subspecies: None Distribution: Endemic to India, known only from type locality (East of Miao, Changlang dist.) and its vicinity in India. Comments: No sightings after the type description by Saha (1981). However, recently, three specimens were seen at Deban and one at Haldibari on 23 and 24 December 2002 by a Swiss birdwatcher in Namdapha (Ritschard, 2003). Genus Eupetaurus Thomas, 1888 Woolly Flying Squirrel Corbet and Hill (1992) included this monotypic genus under family Pteromyidae Brandt, 1855. The Genus Eupetaurus Thomas, 1888 is sometimes also treated under a family Eupetauridae Schaub, 1953 (Hoffmann et al., 1993). This genus is restricted to Himalayan tracts of South Asia, Tibet and Yunan in South China. 19. Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas, 1888 1888. Eupetaurus cinereus Thomas, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 57: 258. Name: Woolly Flying Squirrel Type locality: Gilgit Valley, Kashmir, India Synonyms: None Subspecies: None Distribution: Pakistan-occupied-Kashmir and Sikkim in India; Pakistan. Comments: Schaub (1953) erected a separate family Eupetauridae to accommodate this taxon. Later, McKenna (1962) retained it to Sciuridae based on its affinity with Petaursita genus, especially Petaurista xanthotis (Milne-Edwards, 1872). Genus Hylopetes Gray, 1867 Arrow-tailed Flying Squirrels Corbet and Hill (1992) included this genus under Family Pteromyidae Brandt, 1855. This genus is restricted to Oriental region from the Himalaya to South East Asia. Two subgenera, February 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(2): 1351-1360 C. Srinivasulu et al. namely Hylopetes Thomas, 1908 and Eoglaucomys Howell, 1915 are recognised. The present review has listed three species from the region, out of which one is endemic to South Asia. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) recognised another species of the genus, namely, Hylopetes phayrei (Blyth, 1859) from Manipur India. However, Hoffmann et al. (1993) excludes it from South Asia. We exclude this species from this checklist for want of a confirmed locality in the region. 20. Hylopetes alboniger (Hodgson, 1836) 1836. Sciuropterus alboniger Hodgson, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 5: 231. Name: Parti-coloured Flying Squirrel Type locality: Central and northern regions of Nepal Synonyms: Sciuropterus alboniger Hodgson, 1836 Sciuropterus turnbulli Gray, 1837 ? Pteromys leachii Gray, 1837 Subspecies: Hylopetes alboniger alboniger (Hodgson, 1836) Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Nagaland Sikkim and West Bengal in India; Bhutan; Nepal. Comments: Belongs to subgenus Hylopetes Thomas, 1908. Ellerman (1961) included two subspecies – Hylopetes alboniger alboniger (Hodgson, 1936) and Hylopetes alboniger leonardi (Thomas, 1921) of which the latter does not occur in South Asia. However, Corbet and Hill (1992) synonymized Hylopetes alboniger leonardi with the nominate race and list two extralimital races, namely, Hylopetes alboniger orinus Allen, 1940 and Hylopetes alboniger chiangfengensis Wang and Lu, 1966. 21. Hylopetes baberi (Blyth, 1847) 1847. Sciuropterus baberi Blyth, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 16: 866. Name: Small Afghan Flying Squirrel Type locality: Nizrow, Kohistan, Afghanistan Synonyms: Sciuropterus baberi Blyth, 1847 Hylopetes fimbriatus baberi (Blyth, 1847) Subspecies: None. Distribution: Jammu & Kashmir in India; Pakistan. Comments: Belongs to subgenus Eoglaucomys Howell, 1915. Ellerman (1940, 1961), and Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) treated this taxon as subspecies of Hylopetes fimbriatus (Gray, 1837). Chakraborty (1981) elevated it to species rank, a trend that was accepted by Corbet and Hill (1992) and Hoffmann et al. (1993). 22. Hylopetes fimbriatus (Gray, 1837) 1837. Sciuropterus fimbriatus Gray, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 1: 584. Name: Small Kashmir Flying Squirrel Type locality: Simla, Himachal Pradesh, India Synonyms: Sciuropterus fimbriatus Gray, 1837 ? Sciuropterus fimbriata Gray, 1837 Subspecies: Hylopetes fimbriatus fimbriatus (Gray, 1837) Distribution: Endemic to South Asia. Jammu & Kashmir, and Uttaranchal (Pasha & Suhail, 1997) in India; Pakistan. Comments: Belongs to subgenus Eoglaucomys Howell, 1357 Checklist of sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) of South Asia 1915. Ellerman (1940, 1961) included two subspecies – Hylopetes fimbriatus fimbriatus (Gray, 1837) and Hylopetes fimbriatus baberi (Blyth, 1847). The latter taxon was elevated to specific level by Chakraborty (1981). Genus Petaurista Link, 1795 Giant Flying Squirrels The genus Petaurista Link, 1795 was treated by Corbet and Hill (1992) under family Pteromyidae Brandt, 1855. This genus is widespread in Asia ranging from South to East Asia. It is represented by five species in the region. One species is endemic to South Asia. 23. Petaurista caniceps (Gray, 1842) 1842. Sciuropterus caniceps Gray, Ann. Mag. nat. Soc., 10: 262. Name: Grey-headed Flying Squirrel Type locality: Nepal Synonyms: Sciuropterus caniceps Gray, 1842 Petaurista elegans caniceps (Gray, 1842) Sciuropterus senex Hodgson, 1844 Sciuropterus gorkhali Lindsay, 1929 Petaurista elegans gorkhali (Lindsay, 1929) Subspecies: None for the region. Distribution: Aruachal Pradesh, Sikkim Uttaranchal, and West Bengal in India; Bhutan; Nepal. Comments: Ellerman (1940, 1961), and, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) included this taxon under Petaurista elegans (Müller, 1840). Corbet and Hill (1992) treated it as a distinct species, which is sympatric with Petaurista elegans (Müller, 1840) in western Yunan. However, Hoffmann et al. (1993) treated Petaurista caniceps (Gray, 1842) and other synonyms listed above under Petaurista elegans (Müller, 1840). We follow Corbet and Hill (1992). 24. Petaurista magnificus (Hodgson, 1836) 1836. Sciuropterus magnificus Hodgson, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 5: 231. Name: Hodgson’s Flying Squirrel Type locality: Central and Northern regions of Nepal Synonyms: Sciuropterus magnificus Hodgson, 1836 Subspecies: Petaurista magnificus magnificus (Hodgson, 1836). Petaurista magnificus hodgsoni Ghose & Saha, 1981 Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and West Bengal in India; Nepal. Comments: Ellerman (1940, 1961) and, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) Considered Sciuropterus nobilis Gray, 1842 and Sciuropterus chrysotrix Hodgson, 1844 as synonyms of the present species. But see comments under Petaurista nobilis (Gray, 1842). One record of this species from southern Tibet adjoining Nepal border by Feng et al. (1986) needs taxonomic confirmation. 1358 C. Srinivasulu et al. 25. Petaurista nobilis (Gray, 1842) 1842. Sciuropterus nobilis Gray, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 10: 263. Name: Noble Giant Flying Squirrel, Gray's Giant Flying Squirrel Type locality: Darjeeling, West Bengal, India Synonyms: Sciuropterus nobilis Gray, 1842 Sciuropterus chrysotrix Hodgson, 1844. Subspecies: Petaurista nobilis nobilis (Gray, 1842). Petaurista nobilis singhei Saha, 1977 Distribution: Endemic to SouthAsia. Sikkim and West Bengal in India; Bhutan; Nepal. Comments: Ellerman (1940, 1961) and, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) included this taxon under Petaurista magnificus (Hodgson, 1836). Ghose and Saha (1981) basing on its distinctness considered nobilis as a separate species and kept Sciuropterus chrysotrix Hodgson, 1844 as synonym under it. Corbet and Hill (1992) and Hoffmann et al. (1993) also maintain nobilis as a distinct species. 26. Petaurista petaurista (Pallas, 1766) 1766. Sciurus petaurista Pallas, Misc. Zool., 54. Name: Red Giant Flying Squirrel, Common Giant Flying Squirrel Type locality: Western Java, Indonesia Synonyms: Sciurus petaurista Pallas, 1766 Pteromys albiventer Gray, 1834 Petaurista petaurista albiventer (Gray, 1834) Pteromys inornatus Geoffroy, 1844 Pteromys birrelli Wroughton, 1911 Pteromys fulvinus Wroughton, 1911 Subspecies: Petaurista petaurista albiventer (Gray, 1834) Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Meghalaya, Sikkim and Uttaranchal in India; Nepal; Pakistan. Comments: Ellerman (1940, 1961) and, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) included Petaurista philippensis (Elliot, 1839) as one of the many subspecies of Petaurista petaurista (Pallas, 1766) as Petaurista petaurista phillipensis (Elliot, 1839). Ellerman (1961) dealt in detail on nine subspecies of this taxon. Corbet and Hill (1992) revised this taxon and separated many forms either as synonyms or subspecies of Petaurista philippensis (Elliot, 1839). 27. Petaurista philippensis (Elliot, 1839) 1839. Pteromys philippensis Elliot, Madras J. Litt. and Sci., 10: 217. Name: South Indian Giant Flying Squirrel, Large Brown Flying Squirrel Type locality: Near Madras*, India Synonyms: Pteromys philippensis Elliot, 1839 Petaurista petaurista philippensis (Elliot, 1839) Pteromys oral Tickell, 1842 ?Pteromys griseiventer Gray, 1843 Petaurista cindrella Wroughton, 1911 Petaurista lanka Wroughton, 1911 February 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(2): 1351-1360 Checklist of sciurids (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae) of South Asia Subspecies: Petaurista philippensis philippensis (Elliot, 1839). Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal in India; Sri Lanka. Comments: *No exact location was given but the paper in which it was dealt was about Mammals of South Mahratta Country. Ellerman (1961) and, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951) included this taxon under Petaurista petaurista (Pallas, 1766) as its subspecies. Phillips (1981) described the Sri Lankan taxon under Petaurista petaurista lanka Wroughton, 1911 following Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1951). Corbet and Hill (1992) reviewed and revised Petaurista petaurista (Pallas, 1766) forms and elevated ‘philippensis’ forms to specific level under Petaurista philippensis (Elliot, 1839). Genus Petinomys Thomas, 1908 Dwarf Flying Squirrel The genus Petinomys Thomas, 1908 was treated by Corbet and Hill (1992) under family Pteromyidae Brandt, 1855. This genus is restricted to Oriental region from the Peninsular India and Sri Lanka to South East Asia. It is represented by an endemic species in the region. 28. Petinomys fuscocapillus (Jerdon, 1847) 1847. Sciuropterus fuscocapillus Jerdon, J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 16: 867. Name: Travancore Flying Squirrel Type locality: Travancore (now southern Kerala), India Synonyms: Sciuropterus fuscocapillus Jerdon, 1847 Sciuropterus layardi Kelaart, 1850 Petinomys fuscocapillus layardi (Kelaart, 1850) Subspecies: Petinomys fuscocapillus fuscocapillus (Jerdon, 1847) Distribution: Endemic to South Asia. Kerala and Tamil Nadu in India (Kurup, 1989; Rajamani, 2001); Sri Lanka. Comments: Ellerman (1940, 1961) included two subspecies, namely Petinomys fuscocapillus fuscocapillus (Jerdon, 1847) and Petinomys fuscocapillus layardi (Kelaart, 1850). Phillips (1981) gave a detailed account of Petinomys fuscocapillus layardi (Kelaart, 1850). Corbet and Hill (1992) synonymized the latter taxon with the nominate race. Acknowledgements We thank Dr. J.R.B. Alfred, Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata and Officer-in-Charge, Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Station, Pune for facilities; Ms. Sally Walker and Mr. Sanjay Molur, Zoo Outreach Organization, Coimbatore helped us in many ways; Dr. Mike J.R. Jordan, Chester Zoo, England helped us with initial list and provided valuable comments on the first draft of the paper. MSP thanks Mr. S.S. Talmale of WRS, ZSI in assisting with the compilation. CS thanks Dr. V. Nagulu and the Head, Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad for encouragement; Dr. Bhargavi Srinivasulu, Department of Zoology, Osmania February 2004 Zoos' Print Journal 19(2): 1351-1360 C. Srinivasulu et al. University, and Ms. Binu Priya and Ms. Padma Priya, Zoo Outreach Organisation for their help in literature survey and preparation of the final checklist; and acknowledges the Research Grant from CSIR, New Delhi. References Abdulali, H. and J.C. Daniel (1952). 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