eISSN 2311-3111
pISSN 2311-729X
Journal of Fisheries
Volume 9 Issue 2 August 2021
Peer Reviewed | Open Access | Online First
Original Article
Ichthyofaunal diversity and fishery status of Sutrapada Coast, Gujarat, India
Santosh Kumar Singh1 Kangkan Jyoti Sarma2 Dhaval M. Bhatt1 Pradeep C. Mankodi1
1
2
Division of Marine and Freshwater Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao
University of Baroda, Vadodara – 390020, India
Division of Fish and Fishery Biology, Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science &
Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi, Meghalaya-793101, India
Correspondence
Santosh Kumar Singh; Division of Marine and Freshwater Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara – 390020, India
santosh123.14689@gmail.com
Manuscript history
Received 12 November 2020 | Revised 5 June 2021 | Accepted 12 June 2021 | Published online 12 July 2021
Citation
Singh SK, Sarma KJ, Bhatt DM, Mankodi PC (2021) Ichthyofaunal diversity and fishery status of Sutrapada Coast, Gujarat,
India. Journal of Fisheries 9(2): 92204.
Abstract
Gujarat being a state having largest coastline and highest continental shelf in India represents diverse coastal
habitats. Gujarat has vast potential of marine bioresources and offer considerable scope for marine fisheries.
The ichthyofaunal diversity of Sutrapada, Gir Somnath district, Gujarat was investigated for a period of three
years from June 2015 to June 2018 through the analysis of fish catch data of trawl fisheries and achieves of
Fisheries Department, Central Institute of Fisheries Technology - Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute
(CIFT-CMFRI), Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) and Commissioner Fisheries Office,
Veraval. During this study period, 114 fish species belonging to 55 families and 93 genera were identified. The
paper emphasizes the importance of further research on respective families for understanding of its
distribution, ecology and conservation status.
Keywords: Diversity; Sutrapada; fish; species composition
1 | INTRODUCTION
Fishes are the largest group of vertebrates, which exhibit
a remarkable diversity of morphological attributes and
biological adaptations. Species identification is challenging for taxonomists (Zhang and Hanner 2011) when facing
new biota. Globally, ichthyofaunal diversity comprises
approximately half of the total members of the subphylum Vertebrata with 35588 valid fish species (Fricke et al.
2020). In India, ichthyofauna from the fresh and marine
waters account for 9.7 percent of the global population,
among which the marine fishes alone account for 7.4 percent (Eschmeyer and Fong 2014). Day (1899a, 1899b)
reported 1418 species of fish belonging to 342 genera
from British India whereas 2546 species of ichthyofauna
from 969 genera, 254 families and 40 orders were de-
scribed by Talwar (1991). Recent findings have increased
number of valid fish species in India with an estimation of
3231 species of freshwater, brackish water and marine
species (Gopi and Mishra 2015). Out of the total fish diversity, marine water supports 2443 species whereas
freshwater supports 675 species (Gopi and Mishra 2015)
and brackish water comprises approximately 113 species
(Sarkar et al. 2012). Fishes are a major source of human
diet (Sarwade and Khillare 2010; Galib et al. 2013) as well
as of oil, fertilizer and feed for domestic animals.
The state of Gujarat coastline is about 20% of Indian
coastline, 33% of the continental shelf area (164000
square km) and over 200000 square km of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and ranks first among India’s nine maritime states in marine fish production (Mohanraj et al.
BdFISH Publication | journal.bdfish.org | © Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 License
Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Article 92204
Fish fauna of Sutrapada Coast, India
J Fish; Singh et al.
2009). Saurashtra Coast represents major portion of the
Gujarat coastline, having 26 landing centers which is 78%
of the total landings of the state (Balan et al. 1987).
Saurashtra coastline – peninsula of Gujarat is having major fish landing centres such as Okha, Porbandar,
Mangrol, Veraval, Sutrapada, Navabandar, Jafarabad etc.
Gujarat is the leading state in marine fish production
since 2012 (Frad, CMFRI 2018). In 2016, the total landing
of the marine fishes was 0.77 metric tonnes, which constitutes around 21.32% to the total fish landings of India.
In Gujarat state, Gir-Somnath district contributes maximum landings (0.34 lakh tonnes) which is approximately
44% of the total landings of Gujarat (Joshi et al. 2018).
Sutrapada is the second major landing centre of the GirSomnath district, Gujarat. To date, there are no studies
carried out on the diversity of the ichthyofauna from Sutrapada Coast but study of ichthyofauna and their status
are essential for the sustainable management of the fishery (Galib 2015; Galib et al. 2009, 2016; Mohsin et al.
2009, 2013). In Sutrapada, the fishery constitutes primarily of pomfrets, seer fishes, croakers, hilsa and other clupeoids, catfish, ribbonfish, perches and silver bass. The
aim of this study was to investigate the current ichthyofaunal diversity of Sutrapada. The study outcomes will
be helpful in the management and conservation of the
commercially and ecologically important fishes.
2 | METHODOLOGY
In Sutrapada village - bander, about 381 Out Boat Motors
(OBM) gillnetters are being operated of which most are
involved in fishing. These vessels are made up of Fibre
Reinforced Plastics (FRP). In this study data were collected from 23 OBM gillnetters. Fishermen in the study area
usually go for 2 – 3 days fishing trip but one day trip is
also common. Multifilament and monofilament nylon
nets operated by FRP canoes fitted with outboard machine were being used for fishing.
The fish specimens were collected with the help of
professional
fishermen
from
Sutrapada
Coast
(20°5011.94N, 70°2852.48E) from June 2015 to June
2019. The collection of the fishes was performed on a
monthly basis during winter (November to February) and
summer (March to June) seasons. In monsoon (July to
October) season fishing activities are closed due to safety
reasons thus, no collection was made during this period.
After collection, on field photographs were taken and
morphological characters were recorded. The meristic
and morphometric characters of collected specimens
were measured and used for identification of the species
following standard process and literature (Day 1878;
Jhingran 1983; Sarwade and Khillare 2010; Murugan and
Namboothri 2012). Conservation categories of the fish
species are based on Redlist database of International
Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN 2021).
3 | RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The marine fishery recourses of Sutrapada consisted exclusively of capture fisheries. Many collected fishes are
having economic importance and sold after collection in
the local fish market (Sarwade and Khillare 2010). During
this study period, 114 fish species belonging to two classes, 18 orders, 55 families and 93 genera were collected
and identified (Table 1). The most dominant family found
was Carangidae (n = 15 species) followed by Scombridae
(n = 9), Sciaenidae (n = 6), Carcharhinidae (n = 4), Synodontidae (n = 4), Ariidae (n = 4), Clupeidae (n = 3), Engraulidae (n = 3), Nemipteridae (n = 3) and rest families
constituted of single or double species (Table 1).
TABLE 1 Fish species collected from Sutrapada Coast. Status of the species is based on IUCN (2021). EN, Endangered; DD,
Data Deficient; LC, Least Concern; NE, Not Evaluated; NT, Near Threatened; VU, Vulnerable.
Class/ Order/ Family
Species
English name
Status
Class: Elasmobranchii
Order: Carcharhiniformes
Carcharhinidae
Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller & Henle, 1839)
Blacktip shark
VU
Scoliodon laticaudus Müller & Henle 1838
Spadenose shark
NT
Carcharhinus dussumieri (Müller & Henle 1839)
Whitecheek shark
EN
Carcharhinus sorrah (Müller & Henle 1839)
Spot-tail shark
NT
Triakidae
Mustelus mosis Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1899
Arabian smooth-hound
DD
Order: Myliobatiformes
Dasyatidae
Maculabatis gerrardi (Gray, 1851)
Sharpnose stingray
VU
Order: Rhinopristiformes
Rhinidae
Rhynchobatus djiddensis (Forsskål 1775)
Giant guitarfish
CR
Rhinobatidae
Rhinobatos punctifer Compagno & Randall, 1987
Spotted guitarfish
NT
Glaucostegidae
Glaucostegus granulatus (Cuvier 1829)
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Granulated guitarfish
CR
Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Article 92204
Fish fauna of Sutrapada Coast, India
J Fish; Singh et al.
TABLE 1 Continued.
Class/ Order/ Family
Order: Torpediniformes
Torpedinidae
Class: Actinopterigii
Order: Acanthuriformes
Acanthuridae
Chaetodontidae
Pomacanthidae
Ephippidae
Order: Anguilliformes
Muraenesocidae
Order: Aulopiformes
Synodontidae
Order: Beloniformes
Belonidae
Exocoetidae
Hemiramphidae
Order: Carangiformes
Carangidae
Sphyraenidae
Polynemidae
Istiophoridae
Coryphaenidae
Echeneidae
Menidae
Polynemidae
Rachycentridae
Xiphiidae
Species
English name
Status
Torpedo fuscomaculata Peters, 1855
Torpedo sinuspersici Olfers, 1831
Black-spotted torpedo
Variable torpedo ray
DD
DD
Acanthurus mata (Cuvier, 1829)
Zebrasoma desjardinii (Bennett, 1836)
Chaetodon collare Bloch, 1787
Pomacanthus annularis (Bloch, 1787)
Platax teira (Forsskål, 1775)
Elongate surgeonfish
Indian sail-fin surgeonfish
Redtail butterflyfish
Bluering angelfish
Longfin batfish
NE
LC
LC
LC
NE
Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker 1853)
Muraenesox cinereus (Forsskål 1775)
Indian pike conger
Daggertooth pike conger
NE
LC
Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795)
Saurida longimanus Norman 1939
Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801)
Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton 1822)
Greater lizardfish
Longfin lizardfish
Snakefish lizard fish
Bombay-duck
LC
LC
LC
NT
Tylosurus crocodilus (Péron & Lesueur 1821)
Strongylura strongyle (van Hasselt 1823)
Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson 1846)
Hirundichthys coromandelensis (Hornell 1923)
Hemiramphus far (Forsskål 1775)
Hound needlefish
Spottail needlefish
Sailfin flyingfish
Coromandel flyingfish
Black-barred halfbeak
LC
LC
DD
LC
NE
Atropus atropos (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Decapterus russelli (Rüppell, 1830)
Decapterus macrosoma Bleeker 1851
Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus 1758)
Alectis indica (Rüppell, 1830)
Alepes kleinii (Bloch, 1793)
Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795)
Scomberoides tol (Cuvier, 1832)
Scomberoides commersonnianus Lacepède, 1801
Alepes djedaba (Forsskål 1775)
Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard 1825
Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider 1801)
Carangoides coeruleopinnatus (Rüppell 1830)
Atule mate (Cuvier 1833)
Sphyraena jello Cuvier 1829
Sphyraena putnamae Jordan & Seale 1905
Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw 1804)
Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw 1804)
Istiompax indica (Cuvier 1832)
Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw 1792)
Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758
Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758
Mene maculata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804)
Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766)
Xiphias gladius Linnaeus 1758
Cleftbelly trevally
Indian scad
Shortfin scad
Torpedo scad
Indian threadfish
Razorbelly scad
Rainbow runner
Black pomfret
Needlescaled queenfish
Talang queenfish
Shrimp scad
Bigeye trevally
Malabar trevally
Coastal trevally
Yellowtail scad
Pickhandle barracuda
Sawtooth barracuda
Fourfinger threadfin
Indian threadfin
Black marlin
Indo-Pacific sailfish
Common dolphinfish
Live sharksucker
Moonfish
Indian threadfin
Cobia
Swordfish
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
DD
EN
LC
DD
LC
LC
LC
NE
NE
LC
LC
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Fish fauna of Sutrapada Coast, India
J Fish; Singh et al.
TABLE 1 Continued.
Class/ Order/ Family
Order: Centrarchiformes
Kyphosidae
Terapontidae
Order: Clupeiformes
Clupeidae
Chirocentridae
Dussumieriidae
Engraulidae
Pristigasteridae
Order: Mugiliformes
Mugilidae
Order: Perciformes
Haemulidae
Priacanthidae
Serranidae
Sillaginidae
Lethrinidae
Lutjanidae
Sparidae
Uranoscopidae
Nemipteridae
Platycephalidae
Sciaenidae
Species
English name
Status
Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775)
Brassy chub
Jarbua terapon
LC
LC
Sardinella gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849)
Sardinella longiceps Valenciennes, 1847
Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton 1822)
Chirocentrus nudus Swainson 1839
Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål 1775)
Dussumieria acuta Valenciennes, 1847
Thryssa setirostris (Broussonet, 1782)
Thryssa dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1848)
Thryssa malabarica (Bloch, 1795)
Ilisha megaloptera (Swainson 1839)
Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier 1829)
Goldstripe sardinella
Indian oil sardine
Hilsa shad
Whitefin wolf-herring
Dorab wolf-herring
Rainbow sardine
Longjaw thryssa
Dussumier's thryssa
Malabar thryssa
Bigeye ilisha
Tardoore
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
DD
LC
LC
Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758
Grey mullet
LC
Pomadasys maculatus (Bloch, 1793)
Pomadasys argenteus (Forsskål 1775)
Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskål, 1775)
Cephalopholis sonnerati (Valenciennes, 1828)
Epinephelus diacanthus (Valenciennes, 1828)
Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775)
Lethrinus ornatus Valenciennes 1830
Lethrinus nebulosus (Forsskål, 1775)
Lutjanus johnii (Bloch, 1792)
Argyrops spinifer (Forsskål, 1775)
Uranoscopus archionema Regan, 1921
Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791)
Scolopsis vosmeri (Bloch, 1792)
Parascolopsis eriomma (Jordan & Richardson, 1909)
Saddle grunt
Silver grunt
Moontail bullseye
Tomato hind
Spinycheek grouper
Silver sillago
Ornate emperor
Spangled emperor
John's snapper
King soldier bream
–
Japanese threadfin bream
Whitecheek monocle bream
Swallowtail dwarf monocle
bream
Bartail flathead
Bronze croaker
Blotched croaker
Lesser tigertooth croaker
Sin croaker/ Bearded croaker
Tiger toothed croaker
Blackspotted croaker/Ghol
Devil firefish
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
NE
NE
NE
NE
Largetooth flounder
Indian halibut
LC
DD
Bullet tuna
Little tuna
Frigate tuna
Indian mackerel
Skipjack tuna
Yellow fin tuna
Longtail tuna
LC
LC
LC
DD
LC
NT
DD
Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Otolithoides biauritus (Cantor, 1849)
Nibea maculata (Bloch & Schneider 1801)
Otolithes cuvieri Trewavas 1974
Johnius dussumieri (Cuvier 1830)
Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider 1801)
Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepède 1802)
Pterois miles (Bennett, 1828)
Scorpaenidae
Order: Pleuronectiformes
Paralichthyidae
Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton 1822)
Psettodidae
Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider 1801)
Order: Scombriformes
Scombridae
Auxis rochei (Risso, 1810)
Euthynnus affinis (Cantor 1849)
Auxis thazard (Lacepède 1800)
Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier 1816)
Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus 1758)
Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre 1788)
Thunnus tonggol (Bleeker 1851)
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DD
NE
NE
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Article 92204
Fish fauna of Sutrapada Coast, India
J Fish; Singh et al.
TABLE 1 Continued.
Class/ Order/ Family
Scombridae
Stromateidae
Trichiuridae
Order: Siluriformes
Ariidae
Species
Thunnus obesus (Lowe 1839)
Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider 1801)
Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788)
Pampus chinensis (Euphrasen 1788)
Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758
Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier 1829)
English name
Bigeye tuna
Indo-Pacific king mackerel
Silver pomfret
Chinese silver pomfret
Largehead hairtail fish
Savalai hairtail/Ribbon fish
Status
VU
DD
VU
DD
LC
DD
Plicofollis layardi (Günther, 1866)
Plicofollis dussumieri (Valenciennes 1840)
Osteogeneiosus militaris (Linnaeus 1758)
Netuma thalassina (Rüppell 1837)
Thinspine sea catfish
Blacktip sea catfish
Soldier catfish
Giant catfish
NE
NE
DD
LC
Goldband goatfish
LC
Red-toothed triggerfish
Starry triggerfish
Lattice blaasop
Short-nosed tripodfish
Long-spined tripodfish
NE
LC
LC
NE
LC
Order: Syngnathiformes
Mullidae
Upeneus moluccensis (Bleeker, 1855)
Order: Tetraodontiformes
Balistidae
Odonus niger (Rüppell, 1836)
Abalistes stellaris (Bloch & Schneider 1801)
Tetraodontidae
Takifugu oblongus (Bloch, 1786)
Triacanthidae
Triacanthus biaculeatus (Bloch, 1786)
Pseudotriacanthus strigilifer (Cantor 1849)
Species of family Carangidae are of high commercial
importance and also used as game fishes except Atropus
atropos, Alepes kleinii and Scomberoides tol which are of
less commercial importance. In the family Engraulidae,
Coilia mystus forms the subsistence fisheries whereas
others species are of commercial value. Parascolopsis
eriomma of Nemipteridae also forms subsistence fisheries. Within Sciaenidae family, Otolithoides biauritus was
of high commercial importance whereas Otolithes ruber
was of minor commercial value; Roncador stearnsii was
primarily used for game fishing. Sardinella maderensis of
Clupeidae was highly exploited species in Gujarat. Out of
all 114 species majority 71 were belonging to Least Concern (LC) category followed by Not evaluated (NE, n = 16),
Data Deficient (DD, n = 15), Vulnerable (VU, n = 4), Near
Threatened (NT, n = 4) and Endangered (EN, n = 2) categories (IUCN 2021). A total of 86 species were reported in
a study on commercially important of marine finfish and
shellfish of Okha, Dwarka district of Gujarat (Solanki et al.
2020). In another study (Joshi et al. 2018) 94 species were
reported in Veraval of Gir-Somnath district. However,
both studies have reported less number of species than
the present study.
4 | CONCLUSIONS
The coast of Sutrapada supports rich ichthyofauna. This
study confirmed presence of more species than other
parts of Gujarat. Fishes are important, both commercially
and ecologically, and therefore, the diversity of fishes
needs to be conserved, valued and managed properly.
The present study emphasizes on the proper management of the fishery and conservation aspects of the fishes
at Sutrapada Coast.
BdFISH Publication | journal.bdfish.org
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the Head, Department of Zoology Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda for the laboratory facilities and research
work. One of the authors (SKS) is thankful to administration of Dalmia Public School, GHCL, Sutrapada. Authors
would like to thank local fishermen for their valuable
helps. Authors would also like to thank anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTION
SKS primary survey, collection of specimens and identification. KJS review of the manuscript and helped with the
identification. DMB specimens collection, photography
and manuscript preparation. PCM research supervision
and review of the manuscript.
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
The data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article [and/or] its supplementary materials.
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SK Singh
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4861-4242
KJ Sarma
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5073-2539
DM Bhatt
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2737-7951
PC Mankodi
Page 6 of 6
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8454-1984
Volume 9 | Issue 2 | Article 92204
Dhaval Bhatt