Mapa de calidad del paisaje de España
OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
MAPA DE CALIDAD DEL PAISAJE DE ESPAÑA
Prf. Dr. Isabel Otero Pastor1
iotero@caminos.upm.es
Dr. Santiago Mancebo Quintana2
smancebo@caminos.upm.es
Emilio Ortega Pérez2
eortega@caminos.upm.es
Dr. Miguel Angel Casermeiro Martinez3
caserme@farm.ucm.es
Recibido: 31 de mayo de 2007
Aceptado: 16 de julio de 2007
RESUMEN
Actualmente, el proceso de evaluación del paisaje está reconocido como una
herramienta para la evaluación del medioambiente potente e interdisciplinar.
Proporciona una base para percibir una zona de estudio como un sistema de
unidades territoriales interrelacionadas con características ambientales específicas.
El desarrollo y aplicación de diferentes métodos de valoración del paisaje en
diferentes territorios ha provocado que existan mapas de valoración del paisaje en
numerosas regiones y países. En España, se han realizado estudios a nivel regional.
Sin embargo, a nivel nacional, el paisaje ha sido descrito cualitativamente y no de
forma cuantitativa. El objetivo de este trabajo es elaborar un mapa de calidad del
paisaje a escala nacional, lo cual permite introducir esta variable, junto con
información relativa a vegetación, geología, suelo, etc., en el proceso de
planificación. El trabajo se completa con la validación del mapa mediante su
comparación con la zonas protegidas.
Palabras clave: Evaluación del paisaje, cartografía, SIG.
MAPPING LANDSCAPE QUALITY IN SPAIN
ABSTRACT
The process of landscape evaluation is currently recognised as a powerful,
interdisciplinary, environmental research tool. It provides a basis for perceiving a
study area as a system of inter-related territorial units with specific environmental
characteristics. The development and application of different methods to different
territories has advanced landscape mapping to the point that widely accepted maps
now exist for many regions and countries. In Spain, a number of published
landscape maps have been made at the regional level. At the national level, the
landscape has been mapped descriptively, but no landscape quality maps exist. The
aim of this work was to produce a national landscape quality map which would
allow this variable, along with information on vegetation, geology and soils, etc., to
be integrated into the planning process. The work also tackles the validation of this
map through a comparison with maps previously produced for protected areas.
1
2
3
Profesor titular en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes (UPM)
Investigador del Centro de Investigación del Transporte (UPM)
Profesor contratado doctor en la Facultad de Farmacia (UCM)
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Mapa de calidad del paisaje de España
OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
Keywords: Landscape classification, cartography, GIS.
LE PLAN DE QUALITE DU PAYSAGE EN ESPAGNE
RÉSUMÉ
Actuellement, le processus d’évaluation du paysage est reconnu comme un
outil puissant et interdisciplinaire pour évaluer l’environnement. Il donne la
possibilité de percevoir une aire d’étude comme un système d’unités territoriales
interconnectées, aux caractéristiques environnementales spéciphiques. Le
développement et l’application de méthodes différentes de valorisation du paysage
aux différents territoires a favorisé la production de planes de valorisation du
paysage dans de nombreuses régions et pays. En Espagne, on a réalisé des études
au niveau régional. Cependant, au niveau national le paysage a été décrit
qualitativement et pas encore par des méthodes quantitatives. L’objectif de ce
travail est d’élaborer un plan de qualité du paysage à l’échelle nationale, qui va
nous permettre d’introduire cette variable, avec les renseignements relatifs à la
végétation, la géologie, le sol etc, dans le processus de planification. Le travail sera
complété par la validation du plan à travers une comparaison avec les aires
protégées.
Mots clé: Évaluation du paysage, cartographie, SIG.
1. INTRODUCTION
The process of landscape evaluation is currently recognised as a powerful,
interdisciplinary, environmental research tool. It provides a basis for perceiving a
study area as a system of inter-related territorial units with specific environmental
characteristics. The attention given to natural geoecosytem and socioeconomic
data, and the relationship between these, provides an ideal framework for territorial
sampling as part of evaluation work, mapmaking and environmental modelling,
Milanova et al. (1993).
Over the years, the term "landscape" has been used with many different
meanings, including Nature, territory, geographical area, the environment, a
system of systems, habitat, backdrop, everyday environment, and the surrounding
area. One of the most important is ‘the subject of landscape ecology’, Turner
(2005a, 2005b) (a subdiscipline of ecology that examines the patterns, processes
and changes in landscapes), Turner (1989). But above all, and in all cases,
landscape is an external manifestation, an indicator image or key reflecting the
processes (natural and anthropic) that take place within a territory. As a source of
information, landscape requires interpretation. Man establishes his relationship with
the landscape as a perceiver of information, which can either be analysed
scientifically or experienced emotionally, Otero & Ramos (2002). However, the
absence of a clear concept of landscape, plus the difficulty in reducing the amount
of information it provides to manageable quantities, have led to the recent
development of methods for its analysis.
Landscape quality is difficult to define. Although there is no consensus within
the scientific community, several meanings have been proposed. From a landscape
management point of view, the concept of quality refers to diversity, coherence and
continuity, Kuiper (1998). Arraiza et al. (2004) assume that quality is related to the
visual characteristics of the landscape. Lee et al. (1999) and others define quality
as the ecological value of the landscape. Otero et al. (2006) consider the term
quality to refer to the concept of naturalness; in this context, a landscape has a
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high quality value when human no influence is visible.
The large number of features making up landscapes have given rise to many
different approaches to their study, some of which are complementary. In general,
however, these systems classify landscape from two major standpoints: the human
landscape (mainly used in Europe), Blankson & Green (1991) and Green et al.
(1996), and the biological landscape, Christian & Steward (1953), De Agar et al.
(1995), Bailey (1996) and Bernert et al. (1997), which combines information on
climate, soils, vegetation and landform into observable and definable units of
terrain, Omernik (1987). The methods employed vary from visual analysis, using
elements such as "scene", to quantitative techniques employing different sets of
variables, Benefield & Bunce (1982), Blankson & Green, (1991), Host et al. (1996)
and Bernert et al. (1997). These methods are not entirely objective since the
variables taken into account have to be selected, but they are less subjective than
visual methods, Fairbanks & Benn (2000). However, these two major landscape
classification systems have a common basis - the reality of the territory.
1.1 Features of Different Landscape Evaluation Methodologies
The two major approaches to landscape classification are represented by a
number of methodologies incorporating different philosophies. The problem of the
aesthetic evaluation of the landscape is multidisciplinary. Experts in philosophy,
landscape architecture, engineering, psychology, biology and territorial planning
have all attempted such evaluations, but always from very different points of view,
Cañas & Otero (1993), Gussow (1979), Carlson (1977), Ribe (1982), Carlson
(1984) and Dearden (1987). The greatest philosophical and methodological
divisions occur between those who defend a more reductionist and quantitativeobjective approach (quantitative focus), and those who maintain that standard
positivist techniques cannot be used to describe such holistic concepts as landscape
aesthetics.
The focus based on the possession of attributes encompasses a number of
physical, artistic and psychological descriptors. Physical descriptors were used in
landscape evaluations by Daniel & Boster (1976), Ramos et al. (1976), Schauman
(1979), Civco (1979), Blanco & Otero (1980) and Schaumann (1986). Among those
who have used artistic descriptors, Tetlow (1979) and Litton (1982) stand out.
Finally, Russell & Pratt (1980), Kaplan & Hebert (1987) and Kaplan (1988)
employed psychological descriptors. Zube et al. (1982) proposed a model
combining both major approaches to landscape evaluation.
1.2 Landscape Mapping
The development and application of the above methods to different
territories has advanced landscape mapping to the point where widely accepted
maps now exist for different regions and countries. The classic work in this area
was performed by Mori (1977), De Veer & Burrough (1978), Burrough & De Veer
(1984), Alfrey & Daniels (1990) and others. More recent authors include Saxebøl
(1998), Fairbanks & Benn (2000), Clout (2000), Canters et al (2002), Apan et al.
(2002), Petrooshina (2003) and Chust et al. (2004).
In Spain, a number of landscape maps have been published at the regional
level, Gómez (1999), Aramburu & Escribano (2003), or as web pages
(www.euskadi.net/vima_mapas, ww.juntadeandalucia.es/obraspublicasytransporte,
and www.madrid.org). At the national level, the landscape has been mapped
descriptively, but no landscape quality maps exist that might allow this variable to
be integrated into planning tasks (e.g., the assessment of plans and programmes,
strategic environmental assessment [SEA], environmental impact assessment
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[EIA], strategic planning, conservation, etc.).
Landscape character assessment also helps to address the objectives of
sustainable development (effective environmental protection and prudent natural
resource use). The Countryside Agency (2002) (www.ccnetwork.org.uk) reports it
can help to:
-
identify the environmental and cultural features of a locality;
monitor change in the environment;
understand a location's sensitivity to development and change;
set the conditions for development and change.
In relation to development and planning, landscape character assessment
can help to decide policies in development plans, inform on the siting and design of
particular types of development, assess land availability for a range of uses
(including new developments), provide information for the environmental
assessment of plans, policies and individual development proposals. In relation to
land management it can help to provide information on programmes for
environmental enhancement, to target agro-environmental schemes, and to
contribute to wider environmental initiatives such as Local Agenda 21.
2. AIMS
The main aim of this work was to deign a methodology based on a GIS
platform that would allow the production of a national landscape quality map, which
could be integrated with other variables into the planning process. A further aim
was to compare the landscape quality values obtained with those of ecological
quality in maps including Natura 2000 protected areas.
3. LANDSCAPE CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA
In this study, the starting point was the digital version of the Atlas de los
Paisajes de España (Atlas of Spanish Landscapes), Mata & Sanz (2003). This work
(scale 1:4,000,000), which recognises 24 large landscape associations, is divided
into 51 separate maps (scale 1:200,000) showing different landscape groups
(subdivisions of these landscape associations) within their respective areas.
However, this work is descriptive: it provides no appraisal of the quality of these
landscapes. The primary objective of the present work was to provide such an
appraisal, thus affording the necessary data for the production of a landscape
quality map for the entire country.
To develop a useful landscape classification, it is necessary to have a set of
criteria upon which to base the classification, Brabyn (1996). The classification
criterion used in this study deals with the manner in which a set of characteristic
features present in each of the landscape units has served to define their extension.
The selection of these characteristics - relief, altitude, position/influence, land use
and population nucleus of the study area, which have been widely used, Otero et al.
(2006) - was based on the classic works of Schuurmans & Van Shie (1978), Smith
(1976), de Veer & Burrough (1978), Kerstra (1974), Weddle (1973), Steinitz
(1979) and Lovejoy (1973):
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OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
Types of relief
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Complex or massive (large volumes and a diversity of forms)
With large, rounded volumes
Mountain and valleys
Mountains and rocky areas
Mountain ranges
Mesetas
Rolling countryside (low, rolling hills, small valleys and depressions)
Wide valleys
Narrow valleys
Plains
Coastline
Types of Altitude
•
•
•
•
•
•
Very high, >2000 m
High, 1600-2000 m
Moderate, 1200-1600 m
Medium, 800-1200 m
Low, 400-800 m
Very low, <400 m
Type of position/influence
•
•
•
•
•
Oceanic
Mediterranean
Atlantic/sub-Atlantic
Maritime (coastal area)
Insulated from external influences
Types of land use
•
•
•
•
Forest (trees)
Forest (shrubs)
Agricultural
Stock raising
Types of population nucleus
•
•
•
•
•
Extensive, concentrated urban settlements
Small, concentrated settlements
Small, disperse urban settlements
Urbano-industrial settlements
Utbano-touristic settlements
4. CLASSIFICATION PROCESS
The landscape associations and groups were then evaluated by a panel of
ten experts (landscape specialists, engineers and biologists). This process took
place in two stages:
Stage 1: the 24 landscape associations were assigned a value on a scale of
1 – 10 (a direct and discrete scale of 10 equidistant classes sufficient to cover all
landscape association qualities), where 1 = low quality and 10 = excellent quality
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OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
Stage 2: each landscape group was assigned a value on a scale of 0 to 3
(with intervals of one third) in order to qualify the assessment of the different
associations (given their great spatial variability). The reason for choosing these
scales was two-fold: to allow the classification and ordination of the landscapes,
and to allow their mathematical analysis. Voogd (1983) and Eastman et al. (1993)
describe the characteristics of the different types of scale normally used in these
evaluation processes.
The final value of each landscape group is given by the expression:
Where
VF = VA ± [(VA x Vg )/30]
VF = is the final value for the landscape
VA = is the association value
Vg = is the value of the group within the association
Thus, the absolute value assigned to each association is qualified by the
value of each landscape group, such that, in the most favourable scenario VF
would increase by one point (one class) on the 1-10 scale. In the worst
case scenario it would fall by one point.
Table 1 shows the landscape values for the different landscape associations
and groups of mainland Spain.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Decisions had to be made on the following cartographical features: the scale
to be used, the datum required, the software and projection best tailored to the
case study, Bach et al. (2005).
In principle, the quality of the cartographical analysis improves as the scale
increases. Since landscapes are characterised by having very diffuse limits, great
temporal stability and as occupying large territories, a scale of 1:200,000 was
deemed adequate for characterising the territorial variability of the landscape at the
national level.
The datum used was that established for Europe: datum ETRS89.
Eurogeographics, the authority commissioned with harmonizing and preparing
guidelines for maps of EU member states, recommends ETRS89 as the European
standard, European Commission (1999, 2000). The same authority provides the
datum transformation parameters to be used for each country in the region if
harmonisation with sufficient precision at small and medium scales is to be
achieved.
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With respect to the software used for the cartographical analysis, the
following features were taken into account:
•
•
the capacity to perform all the analyses required
the technical capacity to perform such analyses with relatively
large scale maps (i.e., with the smallest processing limitations
possible).
Analyses were performed with several commercial programs produced by
the Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). The SIG Arc/Info program
was finally chosen.
Finally, based on reports in other studies, Mancebo el al. (2005), both the
UTM Zone 30 Extended and the LAEA were understood as valid projection options,
the former being ideal for distance analyses, the latter for area analyses. A
disadvantage of the UTM system is that precision is gradually as one travels away
from the centre of the projection, i.e., for the analysis of countries larger than
Spain or for the simultaneous examination of several countries, this projection is
insufficiently precise. However, the LAEA projection is designed for the whole of
Europe. Again, the greatest errors appear the farther away from the centre of the
projection (central Europe). Since Spain is on the edge of this map, the precision
for this area is poorer than that which might be expected from an analysis of
Europe as a whole.
From a cartographical point of view, the main result of this work is the
landscape quality map for mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands (Figure 1). Table
2 numerically shows the distribution of the different landscape quality classes;
Figure 2 shows the histogram for these data.
6. VALIDATION
As a complement to the study, and as a means of validating the results, this
map was compared to a map of the wild and/or protected areas of Spain (Figure 3).
The landscape quality of some of these areas, e.g., National Parks and Protected
Landscapes etc., is supposedly greater than that of non-protected areas, and
indeed greater than that of other protected areas not particularly renowned for
their landscapes.
The coherence between the landscape quality and the protected areas map
was examined and found to be very good. Table 3 shows the mean landscape
quality values obtained for the different types of protected area.
Figures 4 and 5 show the percentage area of Protected Landscapes and
National Parks belonging to each quality class.
7. CONCLUSIONS
The average landscape quality for Mainland Spain as a whole was 4.94. The
landscape quality map assigned the Protected Landscapes and National Parks
(areas a priori assumed to be of greater landscape quality) significantly higher
quality ratings than the non-protected areas of the country. These ratings were also
higher than those assigned to protected areas not particularly renowned for their
landscapes (e.g., Areas of Community Interest or Special Areas for the Protection of
Birds).
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OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
The proposed methodology was found to be valid for producing landscape
quality maps at the national scale, allowing this variable to be integrated with other
environmental information in planning processes. In fact, the map produced has
already been used in the strategic environmental evaluation associated with the
Spanish Plan Estratégico de Infraestructuras y Transporte 2000-2020 (Spanish
Strategic Plan for Infracstructures and Transport 2000-2020), and is available at
http:\\topografia.montes.upm.es.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The authors wish to thank the Spanish Ministry of
Development for the grant that funded this study.
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comparison of evaluation methods in a region of Spain”, en: Journal of
Environmental Management, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.09.018.
PETROOSHINA, M. (2003): “Landscape mapping of the Russian Black Sea coast”, en:
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RAMOS, A. CIFUENTES, P. & FERNANDEZ-CAÑADAS, M. (1976): “Visual Landscape
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H.
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Mapa de calidad del paisaje de España
OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
ZUBE, E.H., SELL, J.R. & TAYLOR, J.G. (1982): “Landscape Perception: Research,
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Table 1: Values of the different landscape associations and landscape groups of mainland
Spain
Landscape Associations
Northern mountainous
massifs
Mountainous massifs of the
interior
Massifs of the Betic ranges
Atlantic and sub-Atlantic
mountains and mountain
ranges
Pyrenean ranges
Mediterranean and
Continental mountains and
mountain ranges
Mountain ranges, slopes and
valleys of Andalusia, the
Levant and Extremadura
Atlantic and sub-Atlantic hills
Atlas
Code
Landscape Group
Landscape
Value
1
Mountainous massifs of Galicia, Asturias and León
8.33
2
Cantabrian mountainous massifs
8.33
3
Pyrenean mountainous massifs
8.67
4
Mountainous massifs of Mediterranean Catalonia
8.00
5
Massifs and high mountain ranges of the Central
System
7.17
6
Mountainous massifs of the Iberian Range
6.83
7
Mountainous massifs of the Betic Range
7.33
8
Mountainous massifs and high mountain ranges of
the Sub-Betic-Prebetic area
7.00
9
Hill country of Galicia and the Asturias-León divide
8.83
10
Highlands and mountain ranges of Galicia, Zamora
and León
8.83
11
Mountain ranges and the eastern open plains of the
Cantabrian Range
8.50
20
Littoral and prelittoral Cantabrian-Atlantic mountain
ranges
9.17
23
Mountain ranges and valleys of the Cantabrian
Range
9.50
12
Pyrenean mountain ranges
9.50
24
Pyrenean mountain ranges and valleys
9.50
13
Prelittoral mountain ranges of Catalonia and
Castellón
6.67
14
Iberian mountain ranges
6.67
15
Central System mountain ranges
7.00
16
Betic mountain ranges
7.00
17
Mountain range of the Montes de Toledo and Las
Villuercas
6.33
18
Quartzite mountain ranges of the Extremaduran
peniplane
6.33
19
Mediterranean mountain ranges showing signs of
volcanism
6.00
21
Coastal mountain ranges of Catalonia and Valencia
6.00
22
Betic littoral and sublittoral mountain ranges
6.33
25
Quartzite mountain ranges and valleys of
Extremadura
5.83
26
Betic mountain ranges and valleys
6.17
27
Mountain ranges and valleys of the Sierra Morena
6.17
34
Mountainsides and valleys of the Sierra Morena to
the Guadalquivir
5.50
35
Mountainsides, slopes and rolling hills of Andévalo
5.50
28
Galician hills
6.00
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Mapa de calidad del paisaje de España
OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
29
Hills and valleys of the Basque Country, of the
Condado de Treviño, and the Navarrese Pyrenees
32
Sides and bottoms of the Miño and Ulla valleys
6.00
30
Hillsides and plains of the Sierra Morena
5.00
31
Hillsides and rolling hills of the Sub-Betic border
33
Slopes of the central Catalonian depression
5.00
36
Depressions of Galicia and León
5.00
37
Depressions of the Basque Country, Navarre and the
Cantabrian Range
5.00
38
Catalonian depressions and basins
5.00
39
Depressions of the Soria-Burgos corridor
4.00
40
Troughs of the Central System and its borders
4.67
41
Murcia basins
2.67
42
Hollows and depressions of the Betic area and
Alicante
4.00
43
Corridors of the Cantabrian Range and Pyrenees
5.17
44
Castellón corridors
4.50
45
Corridors and depressions of the Betic area
4.83
46
Corridors and valleys between the Castile-La Mancha
mountains
4.50
47
Valleys and corridors between the mountains of the
Betic area
4.83
48
Sourthwestern peniplanes
6.50
49
Peniplanes of Salamanca and Zamora and the
Montes de León piedmont
6.17
50
Piedmont of the Central System and the Montes de
Toledo
5.83
51
Open countryside of the Northern Meseta
2.50
52
Open countryside of the Ebro Depression
2.50
53
Open countryside of the Southern Meseta
2.50
54
Open countryside of Andalusia
2.50
55
Fertile lowlands of the Douro Basin
5.17
56
Fertile lowlands and irrigated lands of the Ebro Basin
5.50
57
Fertile lowlands of the Tagus and Guadiana Basins
5.17
58
Fertile lowlands of the River Segura
4.50
59
Fertile lowlands of the Rivers Guadalquivir, Genil and
Guadalete
4.83
73
The Vega del Ebro between Alforque and Móra de
Ebro
5.17
60
Plains of Castile
1.50
61
Plains and glacis areas of the Ebro Depression
1.50
62
Plains of the Southern Meseta and its borders
1.50
63
Plains of the Andalusian interior
2.17
Coastal peninsular plains
64
Coastal and prelittoral plains and glacis areas
4.83
Valleys
65
Galician Valleys
6.33
Slopes, rolling land and
flatland North of the Sierra
Morena and the Sub-Betic
border
Slopes, rolling land and
flatland North of the Sierra
Morena and the Sub-Betic
border
Corridors
Peniplanes and piedmonts
Open countryside
Fertile lowlands and
riversides
Interior plains
M+A. Revista Electrónic@ de Medioambiente
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6.00
5.00
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Mapa de calidad del paisaje de España
OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
Mooreland and mesas
Butter and open plains
Passes, gorges and canyons
Ria inlets and coastal flats of
the Atlantic-Cantabrian Sea
Mediterranean and southern
Atlantic marshes, deltas and
sands
Large cities and their
metropolitan areas
66
Cantabran V-shaped valleys
6.67
67
Asturian V-shaped valleys
6.67
68
V-shaped valleys of Palencia and Léon
6.00
69
Pyrenean valleys
7.00
70
V-shaped valleys of Soria and La Rioja
6.00
71
Industrial valleys of the Basque Country
4.00
72
Valleys of the North of Burgos
6.67
74
Calcareous moorlands of Castile-León
2.50
75
Detritic moorlands of Castile-León
2.50
76
Aragonese mesas
2.50
77
Moorlands and open plains of the Southern Meseta
2.50
78
Detritic moorlands of the Southern Meseta
2.50
79
Buttes of the Iberian range
1.50
80
Open plains of the Iberian range
1.50
81
Box valleys
7.83
82
Cantabrian mountain passes
8.17
83
Upper Ebro canyons and mountain passes
8.17
84
Gorges and valleys of the Portuguese frontier
7.83
85
Ravines and gorges of the Levant and Iberian
Ranges
7.67
87
The Rías Altas, hills and valleys of the Galician
coastal area
7.50
88
Large Galician ria inlets (Rías Bajas) and surrounding
hills
6.83
89
Ria inlets and bays of the Cantabrian and Atlantic
coasts
7.17
90
Coastal areas, hills and valleys of the Cantabrian
coast
7.17
91
Cantabrian coastal flats
6.83
92
Deltas and associated river flats
6.83
93
Coastal dunes of the Doñana area
7.17
94
Andalusian marshes
7.17
86
Large cities and their metropolitan areas
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0.50
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Mapa de calidad del paisaje de España
OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
Table 2 Distribution of landscape quality classes
Value
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Frequency
(thousand ha)
299.771
6338.464
10264.150
1153.584
6090.710
5491.129
12589.419
2194.620
3065.531
1881.256
49368.638
Percentage
(%)
0.61
12.84
20.79
2.34
12.34
11.12
25.50
4.45
6.21
3.81
100.00
Table 3: Average landscape quality values for each type of protected area
Protected Area
Protected Landscape
National Park
Natural Park
Regional Park
Natural Area
Area of National Interest
Special Areas for the Protection of Birds
Areas of Community Interest
RAMSAR
Biosphere Reserve
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2007, 4: 18-34
Average
Quality
8.04
7.34
6.61
6.16
6.05
7.42
5.68
4.94
5.91
4.63
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Mapa de calidad del paisaje de España
OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
Landscape
Rating Spain
Key
Landscap
e score
Figure 1: A landscape quality map of mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands.
Histogram
13.000
Frequency (thousand ha)
12.000
11.000
10.000
9.000
8.000
7.000
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Value (quality)
Figure 2: Histogram for the different landscape quality classes
M+A. Revista Electrónic@ de Medioambiente
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Mapa de calidad del paisaje de España
OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PROTECTED AREAS OF
Figure 3: Map showing the protected areas of Spain
Protected Landscape
60
47.72
% area
50
40
30
22.09
16.60
20
10
6.89
0.00
0.00
1
2
3.30
3.40
0.00
0
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
Value
Figure 4: Percentage area of Protected Landscapes belonging to each landscape quality class.
M+A. Revista Electrónic@ de Medioambiente
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Mapa de calidad del paisaje de España
OTERO, I.; MANCEBO, S.; ORTEGA, E.; CASERMEIRO, M.A.
National Park
60
49.79
% area
50
40
30.11
30
14.30
20
10
0.00
0.12
0.55
1
2
3
3.88
0.67
0.59
0
5
6
7
8
9
10
Value
Figure 5: Percentage area of National Parks belonging to each landscape quality class.
PR. DR. ISABEL OTERO PASTOR (Santiago de Compostela, 1954), Profesora titular
en el Departamento de Construcción y Vías Rurales de la Universidad Politécnica de
Madrid; actualmente secretaria del Centro de Investigación del Transporte,
TRANSyT-UPM, de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Ha publicado 33 libros, 30
artículos en revistas científicas y ha dirigido 10 tesis doctorales. Ha tomado parte
en 25 proyectos y trabajos de investigación, 13 de ellos como investigador principal
y 4 de convocatorias internacionales. Ha impartido más de 50 cursos nacionales e
internacionales.
SANTIAGO MANCEBO QUINTANA (Madrid 1973), Doctor ingeniero de Montes, es
profesor de GPS (Sistema de Localización Mundial) y SIG (Sistemas de Información
Geográfica) en cursos de grado y postgrado, e investigador en planificación y
evaluación medioambiental así como en precisión y eficacia del sistema GPS. Es
autor de 2 libros o capítulos de libro, 10 artículos o informes científicos, 15
comunicaciones científicas en congresos y 3 cartografías. Ha colaborado en 8
proyectos de investigación. Como programador ha registrado 8 aplicaciones
informáticas.
EMILIO ORTEGA PÉREZ (Hellín, Albacete 1979), DEA en Construcción y vías rurales
(Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 2006), Ingeniero de Montes (Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid, 2004). Actualmente investigador predoctoral asociado al
Centro de Investigación del Transporte, TRANSyT-UPM, de la Universidad
Politécnica de Madrid y es profesor de SIG (Sistemas de Información Geográfica) en
cursos de grado y postgrado. Ha publicado artículos científicos en revistas y ha
tomado parte en varios proyectos de investigación, 4 de ellos competitivos.
PR. DR. MIGUEL ÁNGEL CASERMEIRO MARTÍNEZ (Madrid 1966), Profesor
contratado doctor Departamento de Edafología de la Universidad Complutense de
Madrid; Dr. en Farmacia, Programa de Edafología (Universidad Complutense de
Madrid, 1995); Master en evaluación de impacto ambiental (1992), Licenciado en
Farmacia Universidad Complutense de Madrid en 1990. Ha publicado 50 artículos en
revistas científicas y ha tomado parte en 14 proyectos de investigación
competitivos.
M+A. Revista Electrónic@ de Medioambiente
2007, 4: 18-34
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