two coats of nail varnish similar to Groups 1 and 2 and allowed to dry. The root-ends were then submerged in India ink for 48 h. Following exposure to dye, the roots of all groups were then grooved on the buccal and lingual surfaces and split into two sections. The amount of dye penetration was examined with a surgical microscope at 16 magnification (Global Surgical Corp., St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). RESULTS All the canals in the positive control group demonstrated leak- age throughout the entire root lengths. The root canals in the negative control group did not display any leakage. There was no discernible leakage in teeth with resected MTA or in those with MTA placed as a retrograde root-end filling material. No signifi- cant difference in leakage was found between Group 1 and Group 2. DISCUSSION When non-surgical root canal treatment is unsuccessful, surgical root canal treatment is often performed. Following root-end resec- tion and ultrasonic root-end preparation, a root-end filling material is usually used to seal the root. MTA is currently used as a root-end filling material (2). From an orthograde direction, MTA may also be placed either as an apical plug or to obturate an entire canal. In these instances, if periradicular surgery is subsequently required, the clinician may elect to resect the root-end containing set MTA and not place new MTA retrograde as a root-end filling material. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the resection of MTA-placed orthograde as a root-canal-filling material would disturb the apical seal. We found no significant difference between the apical seal of resected MTA-placed orthograde and the apical seal of MTA-placed retrograde as a root-end filling. These findings corroborate with previous findings that show that MTA seals significantly better than amalgam, Super EBA, and IRM (3, 4, 6). The healing properties of MTA have been compared to amal- gam when used either as a root-end filling material or in the repair of experimentally induced furcal perforations (7). It has been shown that MTA produces significantly less inflammation and more fibrous capsule formation when compared to amalgam. In addition, MTA has the unique ability to induce cementum forma- tion directly adjacent to its surface (1, 7, 8). The reason for the cementum formation against MTA may be because of its superior marginal seal (3, 4) or other factors (9). Apaydin et al. (10) compared the healing and extent of cemen- tum deposition on resected set MTA with fresh MTA as a root-end filling material in dogs. The frequency of cementum formation with retrograde MTA was higher when compared with that of resected set MTA. When comparing the amount of cementum formation in the two groups, they found no significant difference between the two groups. Based on their results, it appears that fresh MTA is more inductive than resected set MTA. However, the presence of resected set MTA adjacent to periradicular tissues did not prevent regeneration of these tissues in a majority of cases. Based on the results of this study it appears that the sealing ability of MTA placed in an orthograde manner and allowed to set is not affected by root-end resection. This may prove to be bene- ficial in cases where difficult access and isolation might prohibit placement of MTA as a root-end filling material. Drs. Andelin, Browning, Hsu, and Roland are Post-graduate residents affiliated with the Department of Endodontics, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, U.S.A. Dr. Torabinejad is a Professor of End- odontics and the Director of Graduate Endodontics, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA, U.S.A. Address requests for reprints to Dr. Wallis E. Andelin, Department of Endodontics, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry, Loma Linda, CA 92350, U.S.A. References 1. Ford TR, Torabinejad M, McKendry DJ, Hong CU, Kariyawasam SP. Use of mineral trioxide aggregate for repair of furcal perforations. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 1995;79:756 – 63. 2. Torabinejad M, Chivian N. Clinical applications of mineral trioxide ag- gregate. J Endodon 1999;25:197–205. 3. Torabinejad M, Watson TF, Pitt Ford TR. Sealing ability of a mineral trioxide aggregate when used as a root end filling material. J Endodon 1993; 19:591–5. 4. Torabinejad M, Higa RK, McKendry DJ, Pitt Ford TR. Dye leakage of four root end filling materials: Effects of blood contamination. J Endodon 1994;20:159 – 63. 5. Torabinejad M, Smith PW, Kettering JD, Pitt Ford TR. Comparative investigation of marginal adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate and other commonly used root-end filling materials. J Endodon 1995;21:295–9. 6. Torabinejad M, Rastegar AF, Kettering JD, Pitt Ford TR. Bacterial leak- age of mineral trioxide aggregate as a root-end filling material. J Endodon 1995;21:109 –12. 7. Torabinejad M, Hong CU, Lee SJ, Monsef M, Pitt Ford TR. Investigation of mineral trioxide aggregate for root-end filling in dogs. J Endodon 1995;21: 603– 8. 8. Torabinejad M, Pitt Ford TR, McKendry DJ, Abedi HR, Miller DA, Kariya- wasam SP. Histologic assessment of mineral trioxide aggregate as a root-end filling in monkeys. J Endodon 1997;23:225– 8. 9. Koh ET, Torabinejad M, Pitt Ford TR, Brady K, and McDonald F. Mineral trioxide aggregate stimulates a biological response in human osteoblasts. J Biomed Mater Res 1997;37:432–9. 10. Apaydin ES, Shabahang S, Torabinejad M. Hard tissue healing follow- ing fresh or set MTA as root end filling material. J Endodon 2002;28:252. 574 Andelin et al. Journal of Endodontics
Defensive and fortified settlements are often places of relatively dense nucleation by people with few viable alternatives, resulting in the imperative need to establish consensual rules for living together. What behaviours and attitudes were adopted in defensively nucleated places? Recent investigations at Ayawiri (Machu Llaqta), a densely settled hillfort town of the western Titicaca Basin of Peru inhabited c. ad 1300–1450, shed light on the nature of social life within the defensive community and the workings of social distinction, priority in settlement, conformity and publicity. I draw on the evidence from Ayawiri to discuss how defensive settlements create and reinforce certain ways of living by reformulating the basic logics of sociality and the material and spatial realms through which they work.
Crowdfunding—the practice of raising funds from multiple individuals via the web—first emerged in an organized form in the low-investment environment of 2008, and has quickly grown into a multi-billion dollar industry projected to reach $5 billion this year, channeling funding to hundreds of thousands of ventures globally. Crowdfunding combines the traditional practice of raising funds from friends, family and community for projects or business launches, with the power of the Internet, mobile technology, and social networks to drive donations and investment. It essentially democratizes financing, putting the decision to fund new ventures in the hands of the communities and customers who would benefit the most. The revolutionary power of crowdfunding also extends to the realm of international development, the report suggests. Preliminary modeling estimates that the possible market potential for crowdfunding in developing countries could reach up to $96 billion a year over the next 25 years given the right answers to current regulatory, infrastructure and cultural challenges. In a foreword to the report, AOL co-founder Steve Case highlights crowdfunding’s potential in enabling the “Rise of the Rest,” and calls for further study of appropriate regulation and investor protections. Organizations such as the World Bank, governments, venture funds, and NGOs are watching crowdfunding closely to see whether it has the potential to solve the “last mile funding problem” faced by many start-up companies. To assist them in making the most of crowdfunding, the report provides practical guidance via a self-assessment tool, a set of policy recommendations, and suggestions for the World Bank and infoDev to pursue the topic further. The report also includes a special case study section on climate and clean energy technology addressing the applicability and opportunity of crowdfunding to infoDev’s Climate Innovation Centers.
In order to deploy security protocols in practice, it is highly important that they be implemented in a secure manner. In this study, we first introduce a model for code generation from abstract security protocol specifications. Then, we present the development of an automatic generator called CV2JAVA, which is able to translate a security protocol abstract specified in Blanchet calculus in the computational model into an implementation written in JAVA. Finally, we also use the automatic generator CV2JAVA and CryptoVerif to generate the Secure Shell Version 2(SSHV2) security protocol implementation written in JAVA from the SSHV2 security protocol implementation written in Blanchet calculus proved in the computational model.
El presente trabajo tiene por objetivo central exponer una experiencia de investigacion utilizando Whatsapp, especialmente desde una mirada metodologica/epistemica/teorica. Acompana dicha motivacion, el convencimiento de que en las Ciencias Sociales debemos profundizar la evaluacion de nuevas modalidades de indagacion. Para lograr dicho objetivo hemos seleccionado la siguiente estrategia argumentativa: a) se introduce al lector en los rasgos sobresalientes de las conexiones entre mundo virtual y digital/movil con la investigacion social; b) se describe la experiencia analizada; c) se presentan algunas notas de caracter auto-etnografico; d) se sintetizan algunas consecuencias y aprendizajes; y, finalmente, a modo de conclusion, e) se identifican algunos viejos-nuevos desafios para las Ciencias Sociales que emergen del uso de Whatsapp. La pretension del escrito es abrir un espacio de discusion que permita captar lo conflictivo en el momento de su inscripcion en los diversos mundos po...
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Con el fin de evaluar la utilizacion de organismos vivos como primera alimentacion de larvas de yaque (Leiarius marmoratus), inicialmente se realizo una evaluacion del desarrollo morfologico de las larvas, a traves del seguimiento de la reabsorcion del saco vitelino y la abertura bucal. Para evaluar los efectos del suministro de diferentes organismos vivos sobre algunas variables productivas durante un periodo de larvicultura de 12 dias, larvas de la especie fueron sometidas a condiciones de laboratorio, alojandolas a una densidad de 10 larvas/L y suministrandoles 4 raciones diarias de diferentes tipos de alimento vivo, asi: nauplios de artemia salina recien eclosionados (T1), cladoceros del genero Diaphanosoma (T2), copepodos del genero Diaptomus (T3), cladoceros + copepodos (T4) y larvas recien eclosionadas de cachama blanca (Piaractus brachypomus) (T5). En total se utilizaron 3000 larvas de 50 horas post-eclosion (HPE), con un peso inicial de 0.81±0.02 mg y 3.68±0.04 mm de longit...