DEVELOPMENT OF AN ACTION RESEARCH STRATEGY TO SUPPORT WOMEN AND MEN FARMERS IN THE SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN RURAL ZIMBABWE BIBILIOGRAPHY Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Agrawal, A. Dismantling the Divide Between Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge. 1995 English Development and Change Vol. 26, No 3, pp 413-439 The author discusses the role of indigenous knowledge (IK) systems and defines IK as unique and contextual. It is ‘embedded in a particular community’, ‘contextually bound’ and ‘defined by the economic, social, cultural, ideological and belief system in which it is found’ IK is passed down from generation to generation, often by word of mouth. IK is frequently the basis for local level decision making in the community A very relevant appraisal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems compared with modern scientific knowledge Authors Title Arrowsmith, S and Ward, H K Indigenous sheep selection programme and productivity of indigenous sheep and goats. Year 1981 Language English Location/Publisher Annual Report 1980/81. Division of Livestock and Pastures, Department of Research and Specialist Services, Zimbabwe Brief Summary The article summarizes research work on the productivity of indigenous sheep and goats based on research work at Matopos and Research Station. The indigenous breeds are noted for their hardiness, high reproductive rates. LinKS Interest The article describes the worthy of indigenous breeds of sheep and goats found in Zimbabwe. Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary Baffour-Awuah, O. Directions and progress of meat-goat studies at Matopos Research Station. 1986 English Henderson Research Station. Paper presented at a Field Day for Goat Producers, Henderson Research Station 26 July 1986. The paper summarizes goat research studies at Matopos Research Station, especially the work characterizing the reproductive rates selection and growth rates in indigenous goats. A relevant source of information on the genetic value of indigenous goats Bazeley, W. A Manyika Marriage Custom. 1926 English National Archives, Harare, Zimbabwe. The Southern Rhodesia Native Affairs Department Annual (NADA), pp43. The article describes marriage rights of the Manyika people of Eastern Zimbabwe. Describes in detail the lobola payment system and highlights the role of livestock in the marriage process. LinKS Interest A very relevant illustration of the importance of livestock in the traditional lives of indigenous people of Zimbabwe Authors Title Bentley, J. W. Stimulating farmer experiments in non-chemical pest control in Central America. 1994 English Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest London. Intermediate Technology Publications. Scoones, I. Thompson, J. and Chambers, R. (eds.) 1994. Beyond Farmer First. Rural people's knowledge, Agricultural Research, and Extension Practice. pp 147-150 The article describes indigenous knowledge systems in pest management and how farmer knowledge can be used to reduce the use of pesticide chemicals. Highlights the importance of IK in sustainable crop management. Bratton, M. Land Redistribution 1980-1990 1994 English Ministry of Agriculture Library, Harare, Zimbabwe. Rukuni, M and Eicher, K Eds. Zimbabwe Agricultural Revolution Highlights the inequitable distribution of land in Zimbabwe: the large scale commercial farms owned largely by whites and in areas of high agricultural potential and communal farming areas occupied by indigenous Africans and located in regions of low agricultural potential. The article describes how the government of Zimbabwe has attempted to address the land inequities by resettling people from the congested communal lands on land acquired from the commercial farming sector. Highlights resource inequities relevant to the long term sustainability of indigenous livestock management systems in communal areas of Zimbabwe. CARD Goat Production in Zimbabwe – A Feasibility Study 1992 English GTZ Offices, Harare, Zimbabwe The report is a summary of findings on goat research in Zimbabwe and findings of some pilot surveys in Zaka and Gutu districts of Zimbabwe. A useful review the productivity of indigenous goats and constraints to their productivity in communal areas of Zimbabwe. Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Central Statistics Office Statistical Year Book 1997 English Central Statistical Offices, Harare, Zimbabwe Statistical data on agricultural production in Zimbabwe. Statistical data on agricultural production in Zimbabwe Authors Title Chavunduka, D M The Role of Cattle in the Traditional African Society. Year 1974 Language English Location/Publisher Grasslands Research Station Library, Marondera, Zimbabwe. Proceedings of a Conference on Beef Cattle Production in Developing Countries. Edinburgh, 1-6 September 1974. pp 398-400 Brief Summary A well presented summary of the role of cattle in traditional African Society. Includes the functions such as marriage rights, religious functions, wealth, drought power, source of manure etc. LinKS Interest Highlights IK systems in the value of cattle. Authors Title Chavunduka, D M. The Lutheran World Federation’s Cattle Rehabilitation and Development Programme. Year 1989 Language English Location/Publisher Centre for Applied Social Science, University of Zimbabwe. Ben Cousins Ed. People Land and Livestock. Brief Summary The article highlights the efforts of an NGO to rehabilitate cattle herds in communal areas, indicating some of the shortfalls of the programme in the preservation of indigenous livestock genetic resources, e.g. when exotic breeds of cattle are introduced in the communal areas. LinKS Interest Relevant issues of management and preservation of indigenous genetic resources in situ. Authors Title Chifamba, I K, Khombe, C T and Sithole, L. Comparative performance of indigenous and boer goats under Brachystegia woodland. Year 1990 Language English Location/Publisher Makoholi Experiment Station, Masvingo Brief Summary This is a report on a trial to compare indigenous goats and boar goats when they are raised in a similar environment. The article highlights the superiority of indigenous goats in fertility and the benefits of crossbreeding indigenous with boar goats in growth rates of the offspring. LinKS Interest The article highlights the superiority pf indigenous goats over exotic breeds Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Chifamba, I K, Prasad, V L and Arora, L K. Goat productivity and management in rural Zimbabwe. 1995 English Makoholi Experimental Station, Masvingo The paper summarizes results of a survey of goat production in communal areas of Masvingo Province in Zimbabwe. Goat management systems, productivity and constraints are highlighted. Very relevant article to the management of indigenous goats under traditional systems. Chifamba, I K, Ward, H K, Tawonezvi, H P R, Smith, C and Khombe, CT Productivity of Zimbabwean indigenous sheep, German Mutton Marino and their crosses on range 1988. English Location/Publisher Journal of Agricultural Science Cambridge, 111: 59-65 Brief Summary The paper highlights the superior productivity of indigenous sheep compared to exotic merino sheep. Crossbreeding of the indigenous sheep and merino sheep produces a superior cross and compensates for the low weights and growth rates in the pure indigenous sheep. LinKS Interest The worthy of indigenous sheep is highlighted. Authors Title Chigaru, P R N, Maundura, L and Holness, D H Comparative growth, feed conversion efficiency and carcass composition of indigenous pigs and Large White pigs Year 1981 Language English Location/Publisher Zimbabwe Journal of Agricultural Research, 19: 31-36 Brief Summary The report is based on research trials on the growth rates, feed conversion efficiency and carcass characteristics of indigenous pigs compared to the exotic large white breed when fed commercial diets with differing protein levels. The indigenous pigs were observed to have poor growth rates, feed conversion efficiency and produced carcasses of poor fleshing LinKS Interest Highlights the worth of indigenous breeds of pigs. Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Chigwedere, A. Lobola: the Pros and Cons 1986 English Books for Africa, Harare. The book is a detailed description of the marriage rights of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. The importance and procedure of lobola payment is described. The article highlights the importance of lobola and especially the central role of livestock in the marriage rights. Cobbing, J R D. The Ndebele Under the Khumalos 1820-1896. 1976. English National Archives, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. PhD Thesis University of Lancaster, UK The thesis is a very elaborate study of the Ndebele people. In the thesis is highlighted the importance of livestock in the socio-cultural life of the Ndebele e.g. wealth, livestock loaning systems, lobola payment. Cattle occupied a vital position in the Ndebele socio-economic formation. Cattle ownership was the principal determinant of social status and acquisition of cattle was the long-term economic objective of a Ndebele male. IK systems on the value of livestock Collson, M. A diagnostic survey of the south of Chibi District, Zimbabwe for adapted research planning. Year 1982 Language English Location/Publisher CYMITT Head Office, Harare, Zimbabwe. CYMITT Eastern and Southern Africa Economic Programme Occasional Paper No 5 Brief Summary The survey report provides important baseline data on crop and livestock management in Chibi District. The issues of livestock ownership, livestock LinKS Interest population and interaction of crop and livestock are illustrated. Provides information on in situ management of indigenous genetic resources. Authors Title Cousins, B. Community, class, and grazing management in Zimbabwe’s communal lands Year 1989 Language English Location/Publisher Centre for Applied Social Science, University of Zimbabwe. Ben Cousins Ed. People Land and Livestock. Brief Summary The review discusses the intricacies of common property ownership, management ‘tragedy of the commons’ and describes how communities exist and interact. Issues of leadership, equity and class within communal areas are discussed in detail. LinKS Interest Illustrates the complexity of rural communities and how issues of community organization can influence crop and animal genetic resource management. Authors Title Year Language Location Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Department of Veterinary Services Livestock Monthly Reports 1999 English Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Veterinary Services. Harare The reports provide statistics of livestock numbers, births, mortalities and outbreaks of diseases. Important data on indigenous animal genetic resources Donkin, D J... Goats in Rhodesia 1970 English National Archives, Harare, Zimbabwe. Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Conservation and Extension. Report Number 322.01. The article highlights government policy on goats. Goats were not considered central in the development of agriculture at that time. Goats were considered as being very destructive to the environment and their production was not encouraged. Government policy to goat production in Zimbabwe Gambiza, J, Nyama, C, and Manyara, E. A study on the interaction of goats and cattle on the thorn veld. 1990 English Matopos Research Station Report. Department of Research and Specialist Services The report summarizes data from a trial to measure the interaction between cattle and goats on the rangeland. Goats are browsers while cattle are grazers. Cattle and goats will have differing effects on the rangeland e.g. the browsing effects of goats will modify the rate of bush encroachment, which in turn affects growth of grass. Provides information on the sustainable management of animal genetic resources. Authors Title GFA Study on the economic and social determinants of Livestock production in the communal areas - Zimbabwe Year 1987 Language English Location/Publisher Ministry of Lands Agriculture and Rural Resettlement. Report to the Department of Veterinary Services. Brief Summary This report is a very comprehensive study based on survey carried out in communal areas of Zimbabwe describing the dimensions of livestock production in Zimbabwe’s communal areas: e.g. importance, production systems, gender, ownership constraints etc. LinKS Interest Provides baseline data on livestock ownership, gender and some of the important constraints to livestock production in communal lands. Authors Title Year Language Location Brief Summary LinKS Interest Government of Zimbabwe First Five-Year Development Plan 1986-1990. 1986 English Government Printers, Harare Policy document on development plans by the government of Zimbabwe, includes agriculture crop and livestock Highlights government policy on agricultural development Authors Title Hale, D J. Systems of production and productivity of goats in three communal areas of Zimbabwe. Year 1986 Language English Location/Publisher IDRC, Nairobi, Kenya. Small Ruminants in Eastern and Southern Africa. Adeniji K K and Kategile J A Eds. Brief Summary Based on surveys carried out in communal areas of Zimbabwe, the report characterizes the production systems and the biological productivity of goats in communal areas. LinKS Interest Provides information on the productivity of indigenous animal genetic resources Authors Title Holness, D H The effect of plane of nutrition on reproductive efficiency of the indigenous pigs Year 1973 Language English Location/Publisher South African Journal of Animal Science, 3: 73-78 Brief Summary The report is based on research trails on reproductive efficiency of indigenous pigs given different diets. The indigenous pigs were able to raise good litter size, although lower than litter sizes achieved with the commercial breeds. When expressed in litter size per unit body weight, the Indigenous breeds were more efficient that the Large White. LinKS Interest Characterization of indigenous animal genetic resources Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Holness, D H. The potential of meat production from indigenous pigs 1985 English Wye College, UK. Paper Presented at the British Pig Breeders Society. 10 Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest April 1985. The report is a review of data on the performance of indigenous pigs compared with the exotic Large White pigs. It was shown that Large White out performed Indigenous pigs on both improved and low quality diets in terms of growth rates and feed conversion efficiency. At slaughter, Indigenous pigs had high fat content in carcasses compared to Large White pigs. Characterization of indigenous animal genetic resources Holness, D H., Aspects of puberty in the indigenous gilt 1972 English South African Journal of Animal Science, 2: 85-90 The report is based on trials to measure the age at which indigenous pigs reach puberty. Indigenous pigs were observed to reach puberty at an earlier age and lighter weight than commercial breed of pigs. Characterization of indigenous animal genetic resources Honhold, N, Halliwell, R W, Hale, D H, Pandey, V and Hill, F W G. Production and diseases in communal land goats 1988 English GTZ Head Office, Harare, Zimbabwe. Harrison, J Ed. Goat Development Workshop held in Bikita, Zimbabwe. The report is based on survey data on diseases affecting goats in communal areas of Zimbabwe. It was noted that a high degree of resistance to internal parasites in indigenous goats does not warrant regular treatment of goats with anthelmintics. Losses in communal goat flocks due to worms and tick born diseases were insignificant. Characterization of indigenous genetic resources. The high adaptability of goats to their environment reduced the need for use of drugs to control diseases. Authors Title Khombe, C T Environmental factors affecting the growth and viability of crossbred sheep and goats on range grazing in Zimbabwe. Year 1985 Language English Location/Publisher International Livestock Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Small Ruminants in African Agriculture. Wilson, R Tand Bourzart D Eds. Brief Summary The report analyses factors that affect productivity of goats and sheep based on observation at Makoholi Experiment Station. Factors analysed included, effect of season, litter size, sex of offspring. Goats were observed to be more prolific than sheep but survival rate was similar in both species. In both species, single born offspring were heavier than twins or triplets. LinKS Interest Characterization of indigenous animal genetic resources Authors Title Khombe, C T. Productivity of crossbred sheep and goats under a continuous mating system. Year 1989 Language English Location/Publisher Makoholi Experimental Station, Masvingo Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location Brief Summary LinKS Interest The report is based on a trial to assess the benefits of controlled mating compared to continuous mating system used in communal areas. Kidding interval approaches 6 to 7 months under continuous mating systems, implying that when small ruminants are bred once a year, their reproductive potential is not fully realized. Characterization of indigenous animal genetic resources Khombe, C T. The reproduction and growth of indigenous poultry in a deep litter system. 1992 English Makoholi Experiment Station, Masvingo, Zimbabwe. The report is based on a trial to assess the productivity of indigenous chickens using data from indigenous chicken reared at the station between 1957 and 1960. Indigenous chickens had lower egg production, hatchability of eggs and poorer growth rates than exotic commercial breeds. In the communal areas, these production levels would be much lower due to prevalence of diseases Characterization of indigenous breed of livestock Kothari, B From Aural to written: the documentation of Knowledge in Ecuador. 1995 English Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor. Vol. 3, Issue 2. pp 9-13 The article discusses the importance of documenting IK as an important step in ensuring its preservation based on studies in Ecuador. The techniques and difficulties in documentation IK are discussed Techniques for documenting IK Authors Title Manyuchi, B. FAO Study on Learning to live with the Drought: Animal husbandry desk study and field surveys - Limpopo Basin Study Year 2000 Language English Location/Publisher FAO, Harare, Zimbabwe Brief Summary This report is a summary of findings on livestock production, constraints and drought copying mechanism used by local people in the Limpopo basin. The data was collected using participatory methods. LinKS Interest In situ management of animal genetic resources and documentation of IK Authors Title Manyuchi, B. Pender J, Orskov E R and Mashinaidze, K Livestock /wildlife interactions in areas of tsetse presence and tsetse eradication Year 1999 Language English Location/Publisher Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. Brief Summary The report is a detailed study of the interactions of tsetse removal, livestock and natural resources management in the Zambezi Valley. The report discusses local perceptions on the value of livestock and exploitation of natural resources using the CAMPFIRE approach. Issues of gender and livestock ownership, sustainability and possible conflicts between livestock and natural resources utilization are discussed. LinKS Interest Value of livestock, management and issues, sustainability of management systems Authors Title Manyuchi, B., Mashinagidze, K., McWilliam, A N and Long, S A DDT in the Tropics: Policy Implications and Dissemination. Report on Community Consultation held in Lulsulu, Siabuwa and Chunga Wards of Binga District, Zimbabwe. Year 2000 Language English Location/Publisher Natural Resources Institute, Chatham, UK. Brief Summary The document discusses survey results on perception on the eradication of tsetse using DDT and possible sustainability of cattle/livestock dominated production systems after tsetse elimination. LinKS Interest Livestock production and sustainability Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Mason, I L and Mauler, J P. The Indigenous Livestock of eastern and Southern Africa. 1960 English CAB Technical Communication No 14 A detailed description of livestock breeds of Southern Africa. Phenotypic characterization Documentation of indigenous animal genetic resources and its biodiversity Matika, O. Kid mortality in goats reared under semi-extensive system. 1991 English Matopos Research Station Annual Report. Department of Research and Specialist Services, Zimbabwe Paper discusses and summarizes causes of kid mortality based on station results. The most important causes of mortality can be prevented through proper management such as building shelters to reduce loses exposure, supplementing does to increase milk production and reduce loss of kids due to starvation, providing creep feed to kids to reduce malnutrition. Management of indigenous livestock genetic resources. Ministry of Agriculture National Land Policy Framework 1998 English Ministry of Agriculture, Zimbabwe A detailed description of the government’s policy on land redistribution to address inequities caused by colonial government Natural resource inequities allocation Mombeshora, B G Livestock management in the communal areas of Zimbabwe: Constraints and research interventions Year 1985 Language English Location/Publisher DR & SS Head Office. Proceedings of the Commonwealth Secretariat Workshop on Dry land Farming Systems; East and Southern Africa. Nyeri, Kenya. 10-19 June 1985 Brief Summary LinKS Interest The paper gives an insight into livestock management in communal areas of Zimbabwe. It draws upon survey results to suggest possible interventions to improve livestock productivity and areas needing further research. Management of indigenous livestock genetic resources Authors Title Moyo, S. The productivity of indigenous and exotic beef cattle breeds and their crosses at Matopos. Year 1996 Language English Location/Publisher Matopos Research Station, Zimbabwe. PhD Thesis, University of Pretoria, South Africa. Brief Summary A very thorough study comparing the productivity of indigenous cattle, exotic cattle and their crosses. It is shown conclusively that indigenous cattle excel in traits relating to adaptability to the environment. Their high reproductive efficiency more than makes up for the slower growth rates and small mature weight. LinKS Interest Characterization of indigenous cattle breeds and their merits when compared to exotic breeds. Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Moyo, S. and Mpofu, N. Breed utilization strategies for sustainable cattle production in dry areas. 1999 English FAO Harare, Zimbabwe. Holness, D H. Ed. Strategies for the Dry Season Feeding of Animals in Central and Southern Africa. Proceedings of a joint ZSAP/FAO Workshop held in Harare, 25-27 October 1999 The paper provides an appraisal of the suitability of indigenous cattle using data from breed comparison studies at Matopos Research Station. It is recommended that indigenous cows could form the basis for a cross breeding programme with exotic bulls being used to increase growth rates and weights at slaughter. Characterization of indigenous cattle breeds and their merits when compared to exotic breeds LinKS Interest Moyo, S. National Livestock Policy Framework 1989 English Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe. Ben Cousins Ed. People Land and Livestock, A concise analysis of the livestock policy in Zimbabwe. Highlights in adequacies of the policy framework especially the general neglect of the communal area livestock production sector, inadequate markets, overgrazing and environmental degradation caused by overcrowding and shortage of land for grazing. Policy on management of indigenous livestock resources. Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Moyo, S. The Land Question in Zimbabwe 1995 English Southern African Institute for Policy Studies. Harare, Zimbabwe. Brief Summary Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title The paper describes the historical basis of the land crisis in Zimbabwe and provides a justification for the current land redistribution exercise by the government. Colonial land tenure policies resulted in the overcrowding of communal lands resulting in environmental degradation and low agricultural output. Land re-distribution is viewed as a necessary process to reduce poverty and halt degradation of the environment. Policy on land redistribution, increased availability of resources for livestock production. Muchena, M., 1989. The effect of ox sharing arrangements on the supply and use of draught animals in the communal areas of Zimbabwe. Year Language Location/Publisher Centre for Applied Social Science, University of Zimbabwe. Ben Cousins Ed. People Land and Livestock. Brief Summary The paper describes the importance of drought animals in successful cropping in the communal areas. Inadequacy of drought power is reduced through the ox sharing arrangements. Households without drought animals benefit by hiring oxen and thus increase crop production. LinKS Interest The importance of livestock to cropping in communal areas Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Mutetwa, D The Muzarabani Goat Co-operative 1988 English GTZ Head Office, Harare, Zimbabwe. Harrison, J Ed. Goat Development Workshop held in Bikita, Zimbabwe. The paper describes a cooperative model for goat production in Muzarabani district and the potential application of such projects in other parts of Zimbabwe. Management of Indigenous Livestock Genetic Resources. Ndlovu, L and Royer, V A comparative study of goat productivity in three regions of Zimbabwe. 1988 English GTZ Head Office, Harare, Zimbabwe. Harrison, J Ed. Goat Development Workshop held in Bikita, Zimbabwe. The paper discusses goat production in three regions of Zimbabwe. Data was derived from a survey. Characterization of goats found in Zimbabwe and their in situ productivity is documented. Characterization of indigenous goats and their productivity under communal management systems. Nyamangara, M E and Ndlovu, L R.. Feeding behaviour, feed intake and characterization of diets of indigenous goats grazed on natural vegetation in a high rainfall area in Zimbabwe Year 1989 Language English Location/Publisher Zimbabwe Journal of Agricultural Research, 27 Brief Summary Observations were made on the grazing and browsing behaviour of goats. Goats spent most of their time browsing than grazing. Goats were observed LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher to maintain a crude protein content of their diet averaging 10 percent across all seasons by varying browsing and grazing behaviour. Characterization of the feeding behaviour of indigenous goats Oates, A V. Goats as a possible weapon in the control of thorn bush 1956 English Rhodesia Agricultural Journal, 53: 63 This paper illustrates the old school of thought that goats are very destructive to the environment. Because of their preference for browse it is argued that goats could be used to control thorn bush encroachment. Characterization of the feeding behaviour of indigenous goats Petit, H... Some aspects of parasitism in communal land goats 1988 English GTZ Head Office, Harare, Zimbabwe. Harrison, J Ed. Goat Development Workshop held in Bikita, Zimbabwe. The paper discusses the incidences of parasites in indigenous goats and concludes that although some parasites are found in the guts of goats, their presence does not warrant use of dosing chemicals because the goats are resistant to these parasites. Characterization of indigenous goats Prescott, J R V. Overpopulation and overstocking in the native reserves of Matabeleland. 1961 English National Archives, Harare. Geographic Journal, 127: 212-225 The paper describes some of the demographic problems existing in the communal lands of Zimbabwe and the difficulties faced by the colonial government in limiting the population of livestock and humans in the native reserves. The paper also documents the existence of a transhumance system in the Nyamandlovu area where cattle were brought into the flood planes of the Nata River during the dry season and return to their original areas during the wet season. In situ management of indigenous livestock. IK on strategies to cope with varying natural resources LinKS Interest Reh, I Goat production in the District of Bikita 1985 English GTZ Head Office, Harare, Zimbabwe. Harrison, J Ed. Goat Development Workshop held in Bikita, Zimbabwe The paper summarises survey data on goat production in Bikita. Deals with stock umbers, ownership patterns (including gender) and problems/constraints Management of indigenous goats, ownership and gender issues Authors Title Reh, I. . Livestock numbers and holdings in Chivi District, Masvingo Province. Brief Summary Results from a livestock census in October/November 1984. Year 1986 Language English Location/Publisher Department of Research and Specialist Services, Farming System Research Unit. Harare Brief Summary The paper analyses the dynamics of livestock numbers and ownership based on surveys in Chivi District. The results illustrates the skewed nature of livestock ownership, with more that 50 percent of communal farmers not owing cattle. LinKS Interest Livestock population and ownership trends. Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Sanford S Management of Pastoral Development in the Third World 1983 English John Wiley in Association with Overseas Development Institute, London The publication deals with common property management and of relevance the management of grazing lands and livestock management in communal areas. The tragedy of the commons is well illustrated. Livestock management Authors Title Scoones, I and Wilson, K Households, Lineage Groups and Ecological Dynamics: Issues for Livestock Development in Zimbabwe’s Communal Lands. Year 1989 Language English Location/Publisher Centre for Applied Social Science, University of Zimbabwe. Ben Cousins Ed. People Land and Livestock. Brief Summary This is a comprehensive review of the social dynamics of rural communities and how these relate to issues of livestock ownership and gender. The article discuses in detail the function of livestock, economic value of livestock, environmental degradation – economic and ecological implications, interventions based on socio-economic understanding, inequities, grazing management. LinKS Interest Very relevant in understanding socio-economic dimensions and IK Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary Sheep Handbook 1987 English Commercial Farmers Union, Harare, Zimbabwe Describes breeds of sheep found in the commercial sector and the management practices for commercial farming of sheep. Improved management systems for sheep production. Shumba, E M Livestock and the cropping system in the communal areas of Zimbabwe. 1984 English Zimbabwe Science News, 18:7-9 The paper describes the interdependence of livestock and cropping systems in communal areas of Zimbabwe. Cattle provide drought power to ensure timely planting, provide manure to fertilize crops etc, while crops residues are an important feed resource for livestock during the dry season. LinKS Interest Value of livestock in communal areas. Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Sibanda, R. and Sikosana, J Direction and progress of meat-goat studies at Matopos 1986 English Department of Research and Specialist Services, Henderson Research Station. Paper presented at a Goat Field Day at Henderson Research Station, 26 July 1986. Paper summarises research carried out at Matopos on the productivity of indigenous goats. Aspects of breeding and nutrition are covered. Characterization of Indigenous goats Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Sibanda, R., 1988. Diet selection in goats. Diet selection in goats. 1988 English GTZ Head Office, Harare. Harrison, J Ed. Goat Development Workshop held in Bikita, Zimbabwe. The paper describes studies carried out to assess diet selection in goats. Analysis of feed samples consumed by goats show that goats are browsers and maintain a fairly consistent diet throughout the year. Characterizing the feeding behaviour of indigenous goats. Sikosana, J L N Small ruminants in Zimbabwe with reference to feeding strategies. 1999 English FAO Head Office, Harare. Holness, D H. Ed. Strategies for the Dry Season Feeding of Animals in Central and Southern Africa. Proceedings of a joint ZSAP/FAO Workshop held in Harare, 25-27 October 1999 This is a review article on the feed preferences of small ruminants, their adaptability to the environment and utilization of browse of high tannin content. Characterization of feeding behaviour of indigenous goats. Authors Title Smith, T Nutritional constraints to ruminant livestock in communal sector of Zimbabwe Year 1988 Language English Location/Publisher Department of Research and Specialist Services, Harare. Proceedings of the Workshop on Livestock Research and Extension for Communal Area Farming Systems held at Henderson Research Station 16-18 February 1988. Brief Summary The report highlights undernutrition as a major constraint to livestock production in the communal areas of Zimbabwe. Overgrazing is the major cause for food shortages, especially in the communal areas. The role of crop residues in alleviating nutritional problems in the dry season is highlighted LinKS Interest Problems to the management of Indigenous genetic resources in the communal areas. Authors Tawonezvi, H P R, and Ward, H K, Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Productivity of sheep and goats. Comparison of species. 1987. English Zimbabwe Journal of Agricultural Research, 25: 59-64 The paper compares the productivity of indigenous goats and sheep under similar management. The study showed that goats and sheep have similar reproductive rates but goats achieved higher twining rates and survival rates than sheep. Goats were 32 percent more productive than sheep Characterization of indigenous breeds of goats and sheep. Authors Title Theisen, R J and Marasha, J. Livestock in Que Que Tribal Trust Lands: An Ecological Study of the Importance of Livestock to Development. Year 1974 Language English Location/Publisher University of Rhodesia Brief Summary On the basis of survey results, the paper attempts to draw relationships between livestock ownership and other aspects of household development e.g. the link between livestock ownership and drought power/crop yields, food security, wealth etc. LinKS Interest The socio-economic role of livestock in communal areas. Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Authors Title Year Language Location/Publisher Brief Summary LinKS Interest Thomas, T M. Ceremonies of Ndebele Marriage 1926 English National Archives, Harare. The Southern Rhodesia Native Affairs Department Annual (NADA), pp43 The paper provides a detailed account of the marriage ceremonies of the Ndebele people. Of importance is the role of livestock in these ceremonies as payment for lobola and initiation ceremonies IK on the socio-cultural role of livestock Tiffin, J de W, Angora Goats in Zimbabwe 1988 English GTZ Head Office. Harrison, J Ed. Goat Development Workshop held in Bikita, Zimbabwe The paper describes the importance and management of Angora goats. Angora goats are valued for their fur which is used for the production of highly priced fabrics Exotic breeds of goats found in Zimbabwe. Warren, D. M., Rajasekaran, B Putting Local Knowledge to Good Use 1993 English International Agricultural Development. Vol.25 The report is an appraisal of IK and its importance in the sustainable management of natural resources. The report criticises the common perception that IK is backward. Importance of IK