Journal of Air Pollution and Health (Autumn 2018); 3(4): 177-186
Original Article
Available online at http://japh.tums.ac.ir
A content analysis of articles published in recent decade in environmental
health journals with an emphasis on air pollution
Seyed Ali Sajjadi1, Aram Tirgar2,*, Zahra Aghalari3
1
Environment Health Engineering Department & Social Determinants of Health Research Centre, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
2
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
3
Student Research Committee, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
A RT I C L E I N F O R M AT I O N
A B S T R A C T:
Article Chronology:
Introduction: Air pollution is one of the environmental concerns of many
countries, including Iran. One of the most common and effective ways to explain the importance of this issue is to perform research and publish scientific
articles. Therefore, this study aimed to monitor scientific publications on air
pollution in the specialized environmental health journals of Iran within the
last ten years.
Materials and methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on all articles published in the field of air pollution in five specialized environmental health journals within 10 years (2008-2017). Data were collected
using a checklist in accordance with the research objectives. The variables
in the checklist were selected based on the recommended items for writing
medical articles by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors
(ICMJE) and the World Association of Medical Editors (WAME). The obtained data was analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results: Reviewing 1276 articles in 102 issues of the 5 specialized environmental health journals showed that 11.6 % of articles were published in the
field of air pollution. The trend in air pollution researches over the past decade was a slow and growing trend. Studying articles related to air pollution
showed that the highest proportion of articles (45.3 %) in this field were related to measuring the organic matter. The analysis of the content of the articles
showed that, from the research methodology point of view, most articles (24.3
%) were performed by laboratory method.
Conclusion: Due to the widespread nature of air pollution issue in many cities of Iran and other countries in recent years and its destructive effects on human and other creatures, it is expected to focus and perform more researches
on this issue. Hence, health policymakers should place the air pollution issue
at a higher priority, and also it would be useful for researchers, especially
graduate students, to focus on research in this area, drawing international cooperation.
Received 17 October 2018
Revised 15 November 2018
Accepted 3 December 2018
Published 30 December 2018
Keywords:
Articles; Environmental health; Air
pollution
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
a.tirgar@mubabol.ac.ir
Tel: (+98 11) 32190560
Fax: (+98 11) 32197667
Introduction
The presence of one or more pollutants, such
as liquid, solid, and gas in the air, with specific
concentration and timing which can be hazard-
ous to humans, animals and plants, is considered
as air pollution [1]. Air pollution has become a
major environmental concern in all countries
due to the recognition of its harmful effects on
Please cite this article as: Sajjadi S. A, Tirgar A, Aghalari Z. A content analysis of articles published in recent decade in environmental
health journals with an emphasis on air pollution. Journal of Air Pollution and Health. 2018; 3(4): 177-186.
178
S.A. Sajjadi, et al. A content analysis of articles ...
health, economy and the environment in recent
years [2-3]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 800.000 people each year suffer from premature death due to cardiovascular,
respiratory diseases or lung cancer induced by air
pollution around the world [4]. In recent years,
more environmental problems, such as air pollution, have happened, and the fine particulate matter problem in the southern provinces of the Iran
has become one of the main health problems. The
statistics of the meteorological organization show
that the average dusty days during the past 50
years in Ahwaz and Abadan were 65 and 82 days
respectively [5]. Considering the considerable
damages caused by pollution on human health,
the importance of preventing air pollution or controlling their source is necessary [6-7]. One of the
essential steps in controlling any type of unwanted event and getting ready to deal with them is to
collect and analyze the relevant data. Managers
will not be able to make informed decisions in
order to control such events without a full knowledge of the underlying causes or its consequences
[8]. Therefore, it is also necessary to continuously investigate air pollution situation and to regularly review the existing documentation. Citation
analysis is one of the useful methods to monitor
published articles in the field of air pollution. Citation analysis and, more broadly, Scientometrics
are the new scientific approaches for the quantitative analysis of scientific production, policy making and planning [9], through which it would be
possible to monitor the available literature, such
as published or unpublished sources and articles
in order to control scientific activities and manage researches in relevant fields of science [10].
In recent years, a number of studies have been
conducted on health issues, but despite the importance of the issue of air pollution, there are
limited studies carried out in the field of environ-
http://japh.tums.ac.ir
mental health. In a study, five specialized occupational health journals were reviewed and in 927
published articles, 27.24 % were related to ergonomics and 11.54 % used interventional method
[11]. In the other study, four research journals of
health management were studied using content
analysis method; the obtained data showed the
characteristics of researches in this area [12].
Due to the importance of the air pollution issue and its negative consequences in Iran, and
the lack of proper knowledge in terms of related
researches, this study aimed to monitor the scientific publications of air pollution in the environmental health journals in Iran within the past
decade. The results of this study will help to
make more precise decisions and, subsequently,
reduce this serious health problem and promote
the health status of Iranian people.
Materials and methods
This descriptive cross-sectional and retrospective
study was performed on all the published articles
in environmental health journals, focusing on air
pollution over past 10 years (2008-2017). Since
air pollution is categorized as specialized area
and environmental health indicator by the WHO
[13] and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [14], so the inclusion criteria into
this research included the existence of the Environmental Health in the title of the journal, publishing at least four issues per year and publishing the articles at least three consecutive years. It
should be noted that there is also the possibility
of published papers on the issue of air pollution
in other Persian and English journals in Iran, but
they have been discarded for some research considerations.
According to these criteria, three Persian journals
of “Quarterly journal of health and environment”
affiliated to the Iranian Environmental Health
179
Journal of Air Pollution and Health (Autumn 2018); 3(4): 177-186.
Science Association (IJHE), “Alborz Environmental Health Engineering Journal (JEHE)” and
“Quarterly Journal of Research on Environmental Health (JREH)” of Mashhad University of
Medical Sciences, as well as two English journals of “Environmental Health Engineering and
Management Journal (EHEMJ)” and “Journal
of Environmental Health Science and Engineering (JEHSE)” were selected. After visiting the
dedicated website of journals, all articles were
downloaded and the full text of the articles was
reviewed. The data collection was done by a
researcher-made checklist. In order to select the
most important variables, the recommended criteria for compilation of articles were by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) [15] and the World Association
of Medical Journal Editors (WAME) [16]. The
checklist included the number of issues and articles, the type of pollutant and the environment
studied, type and rank of the authors, the status
of the researchers’ participation with researchers
out of Iran.
After collecting data, the information of all the
articles were encoded and entered into the Excel
file. Then, it was analyzed using descriptive and
inferential statistics such as Index of dispersion,
central tendency, and presented in the form of
charts and tables.
VOSviewer software was also used to visualize
the data and show the level of participation of
continents and writers from different countries
with Iran. This software helped to visualize the
collaborative network of writers from different
countries in different ways. For example, this
software makes it possible to display data aggregate by different colors, clustering them or their
dispersion at different geographic locations [17].
Results and discussion
According to the findings of this research, within
the last decade, 1276 articles have been published
in 102 issues in 5 Iranian Journal of Environmental Health. 36 issues and 626 articles were published in English, 66 issues and 650 articles were
Persian. The largest number of Persian-language
articles (430 articles) was related to the quarterly
journal of health and environment affiliated to the
Iranian Environmental Health Association and
the largest number of English-language articles
were related to the JEHSE (Table 1).
Table 1. Frequency distribution of all articles and articles published in the field of air in the specialized magazines of the health of the Iranian environment during 10 years of (2008-2017)
Persian
JEHE
Journal
IJHE
Publication
year
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Total
Number
of article
16
32
47
48
47
48
48
48
48
48
430
Air
related
article
2
2
3
4
3
13
3
8
10
8
56
Number
of article
16
32
32
32
24
136
Air
related
article
1
1
7
2
4
15
English
JRHE
Number
of article
32
31
21
84
Air
related
article
2
5
5
12
JEHSE
Number
of article
41
42
42
45
38
31
152
86
20
25
522
EHEMJ
Air
related
article
5
3
5
5
4
3
18
6
0
3
52
Number
of article
8
32
32
32
104
Air
related
article
2
2
4
5
13
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S.A. Sajjadi, et al. A content analysis of articles ...
180
way. It is obvious that in a similar process over
the past decade, the total number of articles as
well as articles related to air pollution have been
increased.
Comparing the proportion of articles focused on
the subject of air pollution with all published articles showed that over the past decade, an average of 11.66 % of papers (6.75 % -17.98 %) were
related to air issues, and the issue of air pollution
had a growing trend compared to other issues in
the field of environmental health (Fig. 2).
A review of the publication history showed that
two journals of JRHE and JEHSE have a history
of more than 10 years of publication, and other
journals have a history of 3 to 5 years (Table 1).
In terms of the number of published articles, the
lowest number was reported in 2008 with 57 articles and the largest number was observed in 2014
with 240 articles. In total, among 1276 articles
reviewed, 148 articles (11.6 %) related to the air
pollution, and the highest frequency of these articles was 25 articles within 2015-2017. Fig. 1
shows the publication trend of all articles and
articles related to air pollution in a comparative
Total Articles
Type of pollutant and environment
Air Related Article
Linear (Total Articles)
Linear (Air Related Article)
300
250
FREQUENCY
200
150
100
50
0
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Total Articles
57
74
89
93
85
95
240
230
163
150
Air Related Article
7
5
9
7
17
24
8
25
21
25
Publication year & number of article
Fig. 1. Comparison of the publication trend of all articles and articles related to air pollution in Iranian
environmental health journals (2008-2017)
Percent
Percante of Air Pollution Article
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Percante of Air Pollution Article
2008
4.7
2009
3.4
Linear (Percante of Air Pollution Article)
2010
6.1
2011
4.7
2012
11.5
2013
16.2
2014
5.3
2015
17
2016
14.1
2017
17
Publication year
Fig. 2. Relative trend of air related articles in comparison with all articles published in environmental health
journals (2007-2017)
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181
Journal of Air Pollution and Health (Autumn 2018); 3(4): 177-186.
Studying the articles related to air pollution in
terms of the type of pollutants showed that relatively large amounts of pollutants have been
analyzed in recent years, but articles related to
measurement of organic matter (45.3 %) had the
highest share (Table 2) also, in terms of the studied environments, 76 articles (51.3%) were related to open environments such as cities, open-pit
mines and open industries (Table 2).
Number, type and scientific rank of researchers
Studying the number of authors or the status of
researchers’ participation in air pollution studies showed that the number of collaborating researchers in each article was average of 4.38 ±
4.79, and more than three researchers were participated in research process in 85.1 % of the
cases (126 articles). In terms of scientific rank,
about a quarter of the authors (178 - 27.7 %) were
a faculty member of the universities at the time of
the publication or had one of the scientific rankings of the instructor, assistant professor, associate professor and professor (Table 3). The study
of the professional major of first and corresponding authors in the articles related to air pollution
showed that the professional major of 45.2 % of
the first authors (67 articles) and 41.9 % of the
corresponding authors (62 articles) was Sanitary
engineering. Besides, in less than 13 % of the
cases, the professional major and names of the
first authors and corresponding authors were not
mentioned.
The level of cooperation between Iranian re-
Table 2. Frequency of type of pollutant and environment studied in the articles of air pollution in specialized
magazines of the health of the Iranian environment during 10 years (2008-2017)
Variables
Type of pollutant
Environments
Level
Organic matter
Particles
Bio-aerosols
Heavy metals
Minerals (nitrates, sulfates and coal from mining
activities)
Several types of pollutants
Other
City boundary
Outdoors
Open-pit mines
Transportation vehicles
Packed environment within mines
and industries
Indoors
Hospitals and health centers
Homes, schools and restaurants
Common
Open and closed environments
Other
Number
67
25
11
8
Percentage
45.3
16.9
7.4
5.4
6
4
11
20
64
4
8
7.5
13.5
42.6
2.8
5.5
23
15.6
12
9
2
26
8.3
6.1
1.5
17.6
* The type of pollutant or type of environment was not clear in some articles, for example, articles were entitled as: bio indicators in the air, software design for AQHI, the effect of air pollution on hemoglobin, the effect of air pollution on economic
indicators of residential areas, etc. These articles were considered as “others”.
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S.A. Sajjadi, et al. A content analysis of articles ...
182
Table 3. Frequency of number, type and scientific rank of researchers and key words in the articles of air
pullotion in specialized magazines of the health of the Iranian environment during 10 years (2008-2017)
Variables
Number of authors
Teachers
Scientific rank
students
Graduated
Level
1-2
3-5
6-10
11-18
Instructor
Assistant professor
Associate professor
Professor
Undergraduate
Postgraduate
PhD
Undergraduate
Postgraduate
PhD
searchers and other countries
In 148 articles published in the five environmental
health journals, international collaboration was
observed in 23 articles, all of which belonged to
two English-language publications (EHEMJ and
JEHSE). The higher number of articles with international collaboration was belonged to JEHSE
(19 articles, 82.6 %). The classification of 81
researchers participating in 23 mutual papers in
terms of continents showed that 25 researchers
with 11 articles were from five Asian countries.
The classification of researchers by country also
showed that the largest number of researchers (9
authors) was related to universities in India. According to obtained results, there was no mutual
article with researchers from the Oceania.
The relationships between the writers of different
countries and continents with Iranian writers in
writing scientific articles and their collaboration
network were drawn using VOSviewer software
(Fig. 3). The findings indicated that there were 18
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Number
22
96
28
2
11
80
61
26
2
29
30
8
57
11
Percentage
14.8
64.9
18.9
1.4
1.7
12.5
9.5
4
0.3
4.5
4.6
1.2
8.8
1.7
nodes, and in fact 81 authors from 14 countries
with different geographic locations collaborated
in the compilation of these articles.
In this network, the size of each node represents
the mutual articles of each country and continent
with Iran, and the diameter of the bond between
the two nodes is also proportional to the number
of compilations. Since the scientific cooperation
of other countries with Iran was considered in this
study, Iran was placed in the center of the nodes
with 23 articles. In this map, countries most involved with Iranian writers are closer to Iran, and
in contrast, countries with less participation are
shown farther. Based on the number of articles
from different continents, Asia and Europe each
had 11 and 8 mutual articles, respectively. The
number of articles from different countries also
indicated that India (3 articles and 9 authors),
Turkey (3 articles and 5 authors) had more research partnerships with Iran (Fig. 3).
The findings of this study showed that among
Journal of Air Pollution and Health (Autumn 2018); 3(4): 177-186.
183
Fig. 3. Collaborative network of authors of mutual articles on air pollution divided by continents and countries
(2008-2017)
1,200 articles published over the past decade in
environmental health journals, 11 % were related
to air pollution issue. It not only indicates that research on air pollution is one of the important areas in environmental health, but it also indicates
the importance of the air pollution issue along
with other environmental problems in the country. According to recent reports, air pollution in
many cities of Iran, including Tehran, Mashhad,
Isfahan, Tabriz, Shiraz, Karaj, Arak, and Ahwaz
has been reported to be dangerous to the vulnerable population, such as children, the elderly and
pregnant women [18]. In Tehran in 1999, the pollutant index was above the standard level in 90 %
of the days and in 50 % of the days the situation
was very unsafe and in 4% in a dangerous situation. In Isfahan, in 9 % of the days of a year, the
index of pollutants was above the standard level,
which was very unsafe in 4 % of the days [19].
Obviously, such problems are warnings to health-
care professionals in order to conduct extensive
studies and researches in addition to examining
the status quo, and try to identify the causes and
its consequences and also to find effective and
continuous solutions for air pollution.
As shown in Table 1, the total number of Persian
and English articles has undergone a growing
trend over the last decade. This suggests an increase in the contribution of research papers on
air pollution, in line with the scientific progress
in other fields in Iran. With regard to increasing
scientific production, it is clear that in the past
years, Iran has gained the first place in the region
with a significant growth in scientific production
[20]. Besides, the growing trend and increasing
the contribution of articles related to the air pollution issue can be influenced by the increasing
attention of people in the context of air pollution
and the exacerbation of some health problems
in recent years [21]. Considering the principles
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184
S.A. Sajjadi, et al. A content analysis of articles ...
governing third-generation universities, one of
the most prominent features of such universities
is to address the present problems of society and
to meet the needs of the population [22].
Regarding the type of pollutants, organic matters had the highest share (45.3 %) in the related
articles. Since organic compounds after particles
are in the second place in the frequency and distribution of airborne pollutants [23], this situation
is somehow normal; but regarding the changes in
air pollution priorities in Iran and the region, it
is expected to change the number of researches
and articles in the coming years in order to meet
the needs of the society. As mentioned earlier, it
is expected that activities in the third-generation
universities will take place in a scientific approach and in accordance with the needs of the
society and people [24].
The findings showed that 9.3 % of the authors
were undergraduate, postgraduate and PhD students. Given the characteristics of this age group
like challenges, succession, pragmatism, entrepreneurship [25] and their need to gain new experience, it is expected to increase their contribution
in scientific researches, especially environmental
health and air pollution. However, the students’
low participation in writing articles has several
reasons that should be resolved. In a study conducted by some researchers, entitled “The obstacles for doing research from the viewpoint of the
Iranian students of medical sciences university”,
they found that the motivation factors of students
for doing research include: some personal barriers
(including lack of familiarity with the principles
and statistical methods, the inability to analyze
data, inability to interpret data, and lack of time
and concentration), lack of connection with those
who are active in research area, and the complicated bureaucratic regulations [26].
The classification of 23 articles with the participation of 81 researchers from 14 countries (inhttp://japh.tums.ac.ir
cluding Iran) showed that the highest number of
articles with the frequency of 11 (47.8 %) was
from 5 Asian countries. One of the reasons can
be the close proximity of Asian countries. Other
researchers also reviewed the level of scientific
collaboration in more than 35,000 articles of Chinese researchers in the Elsevier journal in 2004,
and concluded that the geographical proximity is
an effective factor in increased scientific cooperation [27].
Also, many Asian countries have close relationship and they have relatively closer and broader
political link, which can be another reasons for
the high level of participation among Asian scholars. Of course, the limited participation of Iranian
scholars with European and American countries
can also be due to the political or even economic
issues. As some researchers in the field of herbal
medicine publications showed that during 1997
to 2014, the process of collaborative articles was
growing, but since 2014 and after political sanctions against Iran, the scientific cooperation was
declined in this regard [28].
The strength of this study is to analyze the relatively extensive time frame (10 years), and review the articles in five specialized environmental health journals in both Persian and English
languages. This study limitation includes lack of
reviewing air pollution articles published in other
journals, because part of environmental health
studies are published in public health journals,
occupational health journals or medical sciences
university’s journals.
Conclusion
Given the issue of air pollution and its consequences in various cities, especially metropolises and southern regions of Iran, the number of
published articles on the subject of air pollution
in closed environments was less than expected.
Journal of Air Pollution and Health (Autumn 2018); 3(4): 177-186.
Hence, it would be worthwhile for health policy
makers to specify national research priorities in
terms of air pollutions, and also provide useful
solutions in order to encourage Iranian environmental health researchers to perform more studies in this regard.
Financial supports
This study was supported by the Gonabad University of Medical Sciences (grant number 95/4/T).
Competing interests
The authors declare that there are no competing
interests.
Acknowledgements
Hereby, the cooperation of all the professors, students and researchers whose articles published
in journals as a source for this research, as well
as the Deputy of Research and Technology of
the Gonabad University of Medical Sciences
is highly appreciated. This study was approved
and registered by the Code of Ethics (IR.GMU.
REC.1396.110).
Ethical considerations
This study was approved and registered by the
Code of Ethics (IR.GMU.REC.1396.110).
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