Transport and Communications, 2015; Vol. I.
ISSN: 1339-5130
DOI: 10.26552/tac.C.2015.1.1
1
Low-Cost Carriers – Business Model Development
Antonín Kazda1, Mária Mrázová2
1Air
2Air
Transport Department, University of Žilina, Žilina, 010 26, Slovakia
Transport Department, University of Žilina, Žilina, 010 26, Slovakia
Abstract This paper deals with low-cost airline business model that has overwhelmingly been the favoured mode of the
airline. Fast-changing aviation industry forces low-cost carriers to transform their initial business model and therefore, author stresses further opportunities for the expansion of these models to another direction with more concentration on customer´s needs as well as company´s operational and financial benefits. One of the most important partial results is analysis
of existing low-cost carrier’s business models, describe their historical evolution and propose future modifications to stay
competitive and profitable.
Keywords Low-cost carriers, business model, unit costs, unit revenues.
JEL L93
1. Introduction
Since the introduction of Southwest Airlines’ low-cost
model in the USA in 1971 and the deregulation process of
American airline industry in 1978lead towards the entrance
of new business model – low-cost carriers – that has changed
patterns, thinking and position of legacy carriers on aviation
market. Deregulation process caused that airlines had
adopted new strategies and consumers had been experiencing a new market and it helped to financial benefits to the air
travellers could not pay high flight ticket prices due to the
legacy carrier’s monopoly position on airline market.
Despite, unpredictable and unstable airline industry is
still forcing airlines to restructure and create new, more
flexible strategies that will be able to adapt in constantly
changing environment. Since 1990, when low-cost carriers
appeared in Europe following Southwest business model we
can see their success further. According to Amadeus database low-cost carriers represent about 19%percent of the
total air traffic in Asia, 38% in Europe and more than 30%
in North America.
Moreover, measured by revenue, the industry has doubled over the past decade, from 370 billion euros in 2004 to
747 billion euros in 2014 according to IATA. Also, most of
that growth has been driven by low-cost carriers which at
the moment have a control of 25% of the worldwide market
and they also have been expanding rapidly in emerging
markets.
In spite of that fact, for instance European market is still
highly saturated in order to small opportunities for further
expansion across new routes, mainly in Western Europe [1].
In addition, many airlines have acknowledged the need to
restructure with the ultimate goal of staying alive due to the
unstable industry that forces them to think ahead. Though,
they suddenly skip one significant factor that plays important role in business plan of any air transport carrier flexibility – is the key element that ensures the success.
Also, we cannot forget at the carrier’s mission that should
reflect three basic features: who you are what do you do and
for whom and what are your uniqueness? If the company is
able to answer those questions, after that it can help them to
communicate with passengers. It is also the tool for leadership because it gives the airline a clear position to take
when working wills allies and promoting the airline with
the public.
Therefore, the author also highlights the fact another important thing that is necessary to take a look - more advanced customer analytics that will provide the overview of
the services that are needed, required and inevitable to satisfy customer’s needs and which will lead towards positive
image of the airline that cares about their people. Mentioned
features are supported by a questionnaire that the author
created in order to cover this specifications and in way to
achieve ancillary revenues, and mainly loyal customers on
other side because airlines must not cut costs in areas such
as safety, reputation, and branding or customer value.
2. The Purpose of the Paper
The purpose of this paper is based on the illustration of
historical low-cost business model development through its
evolution since 1978 until present. According to the case
studies that were analysed, author found out that all low-cost
contemporary models are mostly based on the Southwest
2
Kazda (et al.): Low-Cost Carriers – Business Model Development
airlines business model. Therefore, author feels the need to
create new concept of business model that will be different as
Southwest one and which will cover basic things that are
necessary to be successful – it should cover customer and
company values together. Rapidly changing environment has
caused that low-cost carriers cannot sustain and new features
are needed to keep airlines competitive and profitable. This
problem is related to the saturation of the market and as a
result of this many airlines have no possibility for further
expansion, such as Ryanair that was the most profitable
low-cost carrier in 2014 but also they suffer from limited
possibilities for further growth.
An achievement of the mentioned goal is possible just in
the case when analysis of existed business models will be
provided. All research is linked with the finding of the concept that will be able as nearest as possible to combine features that will lead towards getting ability to stay competitive
and profitable on one side, and also attract new customers
and also will raise the segment of the customers.
The research is executed through following methods, such
as typological analysis, historical and statistical research
method. One of the essential ways of doing research is based
on gathering information in order to gain theoretical perspective of the problem that will be supported by practical
suggestions of the possible ways where to direct the LCC’s
business model. Firstly, for the purpose of the achieving goal
related to the development of low-cost airline business
models, author uses historical method to get all information
from the entire enter of low-cost airlines on aviation market.
It is followed by their subsequent development until today’s
position on worldwide market.
The creation of new concept of business model is linked
with its economic and operational point of view. In order to
work with a big amount of statistic’s data it is necessary to
use methods that will make them more understandable.
Therefore, author uses two-dimensional symbolic data
presentation by different types of diagrams. Also, the statistical procedures are interpreted by the Product and Organisational Architecture Tool that are helpful for the classification and relation of the key elements that are typical for the
airline business models.
Author also uses typological analysis in order to divide the
features that are typical for researched low-cost models and
later they will be located in business model structure in way
that allows making comparisons and estimating whether the
data are consistent with appropriate theories.
3. Current Status of the Problem
Until 1978 when deregulation process started, air transport
was available just for rich class due to high flight ticket
prices. After that the monopoly of airline industry had to face
another different competition based on the airline that offer
cheaper flights and made the boom in airline industry. It
begun with Southwest airlines that introduced new business
model called low-cost airline business model
As can be seen in Figure 1 below, in 2004-2009 time period it is noticeable that many low-cost carriers failed – red
line (19 airlines) while in the most successful year (2003) we
could observe an entrance of 13 new low-cost carriers on
European market (blue line). Moreover, in 2008-2009 we
can observe lower low-cost carriers traffic operations in
order to financial crisis that influenced all industries [2].
Figure 1. Illustration of existing and failed low-cost carriers [authors]
In addition, we can describe content of 4 categories that
are related to low-cost carrier’s airline business model, as
can be seen in Figure 2 below.
Following mentioned Figure 2 in spite the fact that market
conditions was tough for entrance of new carriers and mainly
influenced by strong position of monopoly legacy carriers,
many low-cost carriers operations started to show their position in more industrialised and economically prosperous
countries of northwest Europe before their spread to south
and east to the Central and Eastern Europe in 2000s. European aviation market showed strong position in 2013 despite
economic crisis in many countries or due to the slow recovery from this situation. The results of the Association of
European Airlines report that in 2013 they carried about
0.2% more passengers in comparison with previous year. In
addition, members of the ELFAA reported a 6.7% passenger’s increase in the same time period (2013). Also, European airlines have remarked growth of 5.8% in international
Revenue per Kilometres (RPK), as can be seen in Figure 3
[4].
Transport and Communications, 2015; Vol. I.
ISSN: 1339-5130
DOI: 10.26552/tac.C.2015.1.1
3
Establishment of Southwest Airlines – 1971 – inspiration
for European airlines
Classifi-
Year
cation
N Founded Airlines
o
1992-1998
Pioneer
8
Ryanair,
Norwegian,
Virgin
EasyJet,Deboanair,
Express, Air Berlin, Color
Air, GoFly
1999-2002
Early
8
adopted
Basiq Air, Buzz, Bmibaby,
Goodjet,
Germanwings,
HLX,
MyTravLite,
SkyEurope
2003-2006
Mainstream
2
Air Polonia, Air Scotland,
5
dba, EU Jet, FlyGlobespan,
Figure 3. Comparison of PAX´s growth in RPKs [4]
Current status of low-cost carrier’s market share (2013
time period) is illustrated in Figure 4 below.
Flying Finn, Germania Ex-
LCCs
press, Get Jet, Iceland Express, Jet2, Snowflake, V
Bird, WindJet, FlyMe, FlyNordic,
Fly.com,
MyAir,
Thomson-
Vueling,WizzAir,
Air Turquoise, CentralWings,
Sterling,
Transavia.com,
Click Air, Zoom UK
2007-2012
Late
2
Volare Web, Star1
adopters
Figure 4. Illustration of LCC´s market share in 2013 time period [4]
Figure 2. Chronolgy of low-cost carriers pioneers [3]
Moreover, according to the Amadeus database, we can see
significant impact related to the changing LCC’s passenger
demand. Low-cost carriers represents just 19% of total air
traffic in Asia, 38% in Europe and over 30% in North
America (related to 2013 time period). In addition, market
share of low-cost carriers in Asian continent grew by 2%
(from 16.5% to 18.5%) during 2011-2012 time periods and it
was also the highest value in comparison with other regions
worldwide.
Nowadays, in Europe we can still observe the highest
concentration of low-cost airline carriers and during 2012
time period it increased about 1.5% while in Asia, Middle
East and South West Pacific we can see just small increase
(about 1%).
Moreover, departing flights in the first half of 2013 to the
same period in 2012 has shown that in Asia low-cost carriers
seats grew by 6.8% worldwide across the same period. In the
Middle East it grew at a fast rate of 17.7%. In comparison
with European and American continent, capacity grew as
well, but at a more modest rate: just 0.8% for Europe and
1.5% for North America [4].
Briefly, although low-cost carriers have found a position
of dominance and have a robust growth, it should be known
that airports are also facing increasing competition and
therefore it is necessary to be able to analyse multiple data to
ensure that opportunities will be identified and also ensure
avoiding all possible risks.
4
Kazda (et al.): Low-Cost Carriers – Business Model Development
4. The Results and Discussion
5. Future Work
Firstly, author created an overview of the case studies that
were related to the low-cost airline business.
Consequently, according to the available materials, author
divided case studies following groups such as:
According to available data we will make financial calculations that will emerge from average values of selected
economic indicators related to low-cost carriers on European
continent and consequently it will cover combination of
values related to the legacy carriers. After achievement of
this data we will combine the most convenient values to
ensure customer willingness for paying related fees and also
it will cover all economic and operational values, indeed.
Also, new concept of business model will include Frequent
Flyer Programme - FFP (despite this way of customer’s
loyalty is more typical for legacy carriers). The reason why
the author decides to suggest this programme into the concept of new business model is based on the fact that flyer
programme focuses on ancillary revenues on one side and
also this programme will be simple and understandable for
customers.
As was mentioned in previous chapters, concept of new
business model will be based on features that are illustrated
in Figure 3 below.
1. Case studies related to low-cost airlines business model
development
(They were related to the factors that encouraged the spatial and temporal spread of low-cost carriers and they also
offer an overview of the business model strategies).
2. Hybridisation process related to the low-cost carriers
(These case studies were based on hybridisation process
on European and American continent).
3. Entrance of the LCCs on European market
(These case studies illustrated the entrance of low-cost
carriers on European market and it also explained differences
between legacy and low-cost carriers).
4. Last group is related to the network structure and their
spreading through European continent
(These case studies represented differences between type
of services between legacy and low-cost carriers and it also
covered different conditions for low-cost carriers operations
on European, American and Asian continent).
Secondly, author created compendious overview of airline
business models in general with the sequent concentration on
low-cost airline business model. According to the available
classifications of the business model, one classification was
missing, therefore author created new typology related to the
level of offered services by concrete low-cost airlines.
Thirdly, analysis of the current low-cost carriers’ position
was done. Author compared the conditions on the market
during last years and nowadays. All this facts leads towards
the conclusion, that many carriers still face an extremely
hard macroeconomic environment.
Lately, author created questionnaire that represents customer’s preferences related to the customer’s profile. This
will be evaluated and consequently it will offer the requirements of the customers that should be part of the services of low-cost carrier’s business model. It is based on the
findings which factors are crucial to influence customer’s
decision to fly by low-cost airlines, such as price, seat
comfort, flight’s punctuality, etc. Also, author highlights
services that could be important for current or future customer, such as flight entertainment, interline services, Wi-Fi
on-board, etc. Moreover, last section of questionnaire is
related to the customer’s willingness to suggest the price that
they are available to pay (it is limited that the value has to be
higher than 5 euros for each service).
The results of this questionnaire will be the base for the
confrontation of an expert’s opinion to suggested services in
future concept of low-cost airline business model. Later,
author will assess the possible opportunities and will make
inevitable calculations related to economic and operations
model development.
Figure 5. Features related to the concept of new business model [authors]
In addition, the author also highlights the fact that it is
necessary to identify key indicators related to product and
organisational architecture. Therefore we have to define the
product architecture – that should be oriented on customer’s
needs and organisational architecture – how to manage the
airline to ensure financial profits and airline’s position on the
low-cost carriers market where the product architecture is
supported by Questionnaire on customer opinion on low-cost
airline product that will suggest the services that are needed
from the customer’s point of view. The Organisational architecture will be supported by indicators related to the
calculations of revenue, cost, profitability, comfort and
convenience indexes. Combination of the Product and Organisational architecture will help to define business plan of
new concept of low-cost carrier’s model.
Transport and Communications, 2015; Vol. I.
ISSN: 1339-5130
6. Conclusions
This paper offers an overview of current situation related
to the low-cost airline business model development that is
supported by its historical review since 1978 when Southwest airlines had started its business, through description of
the selected research methods and their application on the
researched problem. Moreover, this paper introduces new
typology of the low-cost carriers business model that was
never used before – typology based on the quality level of the
services – that is important mainly from the customer’s need
to respect their requirements and expectations.
Another practical contributed is based on the illustration
of possible ways through enhancements in organisational
structure that will lead towards another cost reduction that is
the main goal of the LCC’s model and also, the author
stresses the fact related to the customers – it is necessary get
to know your customers better in each way, e.g. through
loyalty programs. Another problem related to the low-cost
carriers is that many carriers try to reduce expenses in way
that is not really effective. Due to this inappropriate tactic the
author helps to find the right balance between making investments to improve the experience which they offer and
also maintaining their cost advantage. This was supported by
questionnaire that reflects customer’s willingness to pay for
DOI: 10.26552/tac.C.2015.1.1
5
extra services on-board and also it offers an overview of the
services that are missing or that are insufficient.
According to the economic results that will emerged from
mentioned questionnaire, author will create concept of possible low-cost carrier business model that will be given to the
airline experts and which will cover the ability or non-ability
to reach customer’s expectations in way that will satisfy
customers and their expected level of services on one side,
and also economic and operations’ business plan on another
side.
REFERENCES
[1]
Perovic, J. Air Passenger Market Analysis. 2015. Online
Available at:
https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/passe
nger-analysis-mar-2015.pdf
[2]
Button, K. The Impact of US-EU Open Skies Agreement on
Airline Market Structures and Airline Networks. Journal of
Air Transport Management 15, pp. 128-130, 2009.
[3]
Gudmundsson, P. New Entrant Airlines Life-cycle Analysis:
Growth, Decline and Collapse. Journal of Air Transport
Management 4, pp 217-228, 1998.
[4]
IATA Statistics. Airline Financial Monitor. Online Available
at:
https://www.iata.org/whatwedo/Documents/economics/Airli
nes-Financial-Monitor-Apr-15.pdf