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2009, Springer Series in Materials Science
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6 pages
1 file
AI-generated Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth exploration of laser materials processing, particularly focusing on laser drilling techniques. It outlines basic concepts of laser systems, diagnostics, and the physical phenomena associated with laser-matter interactions, including melt flow dynamics and recast formation. The authors provide a comprehensive analysis of various aspects of laser drilling, with discussions on initial heating, convection effects, and the challenges associated with beam propagation and impact on material properties.
An analytical model is presented which incorporates the effects of using O 2 as assist gas. The contribution of the enthalpy of oxidation used in the model was determined experimentally by capturing the ejected melt and measuring the volume percentage of oxidation. The formulation of recoil pressure used in the model takes into account hole diameter and depth, and the associated pressure variation. The model presented also considers pulse width which is shown to affect the drilling velocity. The model enables the prediction of the velocity of melt ejection, and the drilling rate, as well as the contributions of melt ejection and vapourisation to the overall drilling rate. The calculated drilling rates are in close agreement with the experimental results.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2003
In laser drilling of metals, melt ejection can be a significant mechanism of material removal. Vaporisation within the hole creates high pressure gradients, which expel molten material from the hole. Results are presented for a range of metals drilled with single pulses with durations of 0.1 and 0.5 ms, using a Nd:YAG laser. Power intensities across the focussed beam were of the order of 0.2 MW mm (2. Ejected droplets were collected and characterised, using several experimental techniques. The particle size distribution, angle of trajectory, molten layer thickness and temporal variation of melt ejection were determined. Two complementary methods, high speed photography and a particle stream interruption technique, were used to determine the ejection velocity. The experimental results obtained have been used to gain insight into the overall process of melt ejection. Melt ejection commences with the ejection of small (Â/10 mm) droplets, moving at velocities of up to 30 m s (1. This is followed towards the end of the process by the ejection of larger (Â/100 mm), slower-moving droplets, with velocities of Â/1 m s (1. Increasing the pulse intensity increases the ejection velocity and decreases the average particle size. This is attributed to the molten layers around the cavity being thinner, as a consequence of the higher thermal gradients. To a first approximation, typical particle diameters appear to be of the order of the molten layer thickness during drilling.
Journal of Laser Micro/Nanoengineering, 2007
Laser drilling is a well-established process in aerospace industry. However quality and geometry of holes do not get under control in an absolute way. Moreover, drilling understanding is complicated due to the number of parameters and physical phenomena. Laser and matter have some own parameters which are not constant with temperature, and so could not be fitted. In this paper, we describe the mechanism of laser-matter interaction for drilling with single and multi-pulse with a new method (called DODO for Direct Observation of Drilled hOle). We show the existence of a threshold between two drilling shapes called conical and round shape. With geometric optic approach, a simple model estimate the drilling depth corresponding to a drilling with round bottom shape. We show the influence of the peak power in a string of pulse on hole morphology (profile, diameter and quality). The influence of peak power fit in the string pulse to eliminate the recast layer cracking. It comes from a solidification of a melt layer on a previous recast layer. To eliminate it from the hole it is essential to melt the previous recast layer with higher peak power pulse than the previous one.
Applied Physics A, 2012
In the last years, laser beam drilling became increasingly important for many technical applications as it allows the contactless production of high quality drill holes. So far, mainly short laser pulses are of industrial relevance, as they offer a good compromise between precision and efficiency and combine high ablation efficiency with low thermal damage of the workpiece. Laser beam drilling in this pulse length range is still a highly thermal process. There are two ablation mechanisms: evaporation and melt expulsion. In order to achieve high quality processing results, a basic process understanding is absolutely necessary. Yet, process observations in laser beam drilling suffer from both the short time scales and the restricted accessibility of the interaction zone. Numerical simulations offer the possibility to acquire additional knowledge of the process as they allow a direct look into the drill hole during the ablation process. In this contribution, a numerical finite volume multi-phase simulation model for laser beam drilling with short laser pulses shall be presented. The model is applied for a basic study of the ablation process with µs and ns laser pulses. The obtained results show good qualitative correspondence with experimental data.
Optical Manufacturing and Testing VIII, 2009
We investigated the process of laser micro-drilling of copper and iron by using nanosecond laser-pulses at 532nm wavelength in atmospheric air. We analyzed the ablated volume, ablation rate, crater diameter, and craters quality as functions of laser-fluence and beam-diameter. The fluence was varied between 10 and 6000 J/cm 2 by changing the laserenergy. The results indicate that the ablated volume increases linearly with fluence, whereas the ablation rate and crater diameter increase linearly with the fluence's square root. The ablated volume, ablation rate, and crater diameter, increase with thermal diffusivity of the materials. Additionally, the ablation threshold-fluence is demonstrated to be directly related to the optical penetration depth.
1994
A model of drilling by high radiance pulsed lasers is described. The model involves a one-dimensional description of heat transport below the bottom of the hole, hydrodynamic expansion of the vapor and compressed air, and light propagation through the vapor. The pressure and energy of the vapor are taken from a separate Saha equilibrium code. The boundary conditions at the vaporization surface include the formation of a transition layer within which macroscopic fluid conditions are reached. The absorption mechanisms are photoionization and inverse bremsstrahlung. The model has been applied to the case of drilling in stainless steel with green copper laser light, for peak input intensities ranging from 108 to 4 × 1010 W/cm2. Below 3 × 108 W/cm2, there is negligible absorption in the vapor and ablation increases rapidly with intensity. After decreasing for a short interval beyond this point, the ablation rate then increases steadily with power because of a growing electron thermal con...
Physics Procedia, 2012
Electron beam drilling is an efficient method for microperforation. The technique using an electron beam for melting up and blowing out the material works in vacuum. Ablation is mainly based on the expulsion of the molten material by two competing mechanisms: evaporation of the workpiece as well as of the backing material. In this contribution a numerical finite volume OpenFOAM simulation model for beam-matter interaction in electron beam drilling is presented showing the transient dynamics of the process as well as the influence of various processing parameters.
A time-dependent thermal model of laser drilling process with nanoseconds pulsed laser is presented in this work. The model takes into account the photon-absorption processes, melt ejection and vaporization material removal mechanisms and also includes the heat conduction losses. In the model, the cavity shape is estimated by solving two coupled integral energy balance equations for different radial positions of the laser beam profile. The depth in the center of the cavity is estimated by solving the complete energy balance equation with the maximum laser intensity. The second equation does not take into account the photo-absorption processes and it is used to estimate the laser intensity which is necessary to melt the surface. The diameter of the cavity is simply estimated by calculating the radial position of the laser beam profile in which the intensity attains that value. A 60 W multimode DPSS Nd-YAG laser was used for the experimental verification of the model. The depth and diameter of the holes drilled in low carbon steel were measured for a large range of laser beam parameters showing a remarkable agreement with the cavity shape theoretical predictions.
2006
Laser percussion drilling is now a well established material processing technique for producing holes in certain aerospace components for boundary layer cooling. Percussion drilling allows a components cycle time to be reduced compared with the other laser drilling technique, laser trepanning. This is a very important factor as some components can have up to 40,000 holes. One of the major factors that concern the aerospace industry is the quality of the holes. Hole geometry such as taper, roundness and variation between holes must be within certain limits if the component is going to be used in an aero engine. Other important factors with respect to hole quality are metallurgical issues concerning recast layer and micro cracking with in the hole. This paper investigates how temporal pulse shaping and other factors such as focal position; gas pressure and gas type can improve laser-drilled holes. The study uses laser percussion drilling technique and four different pulse shapes, the square shaped pulse, the ramping up pulse, the ramping down pulse and the pulse train. A sensor designed especially to measure the drilling velocity was used to determine the drilling efficiency of each laser drilling pulse. Interactions between the different pulse shapes and other important drilling parameters were also examined and best-drilling practices is discussed.
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