BhL|c U)U*it @?_ UL?ih}i?Ui ? N5 hi}L?@* |4i
tihit
V@tUL @h@*L @?_ ?_hi O@hi)
6@U*|) Lu ,UL?L4Ut @?_ L*|Utc @4Mh_}i N?iht|)
}t| 2Sc 2ff2
Devwudfw
Wklv duwlfoh uhsruwv wkh uhvxowv ri wwlqj xqrevhuyhg frpsrqhqwv +vwuxf0
wxudo, wlph vhulhv prghov wr gdwd rq uhdo lqfrph shu fdslwd lq hljkw uhjlrqv
ri wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv1 Wkh dlp lv wr hvwdeolvk vw|olvhg idfwv derxw f|fohv dqg
frqyhujhqfh1 D qhz prgho lv ghyhorshg lq zklfk frqyhujhqfh frpsrqhqwv duh
frpelqhg zlwk d frpprq wuhqg dqg f|fohv1 Wkhvh frqyhujhqfh frpsrqhqwv
duh irupxodwhg dv d vhfrqg0rughu huuru fruuhfwlrq phfkdqlvp zklfk doorzv whp0
srudu| glyhujhqfh zkloh lpsrvlqj hyhqwxdo frqyhujhqfh1 Wklv prgho lv deoh
wr fkdudfwhulvh wkh frqyhujhqfh sdwwhuqv ri doo exw wkh wzr ulfkhvw XV uhjlrqv>
wkhvh dsshdu wr kdyh ehhq glyhujlqj iurp wkh rwkhuv lq uhfhqw |hduv1 Wkh xvh ri
xqlw urrw whvwv iru whvwlqj frqyhujhqfh lv fulwlfdoo| dvvhvvhg lq wkh oljkw ri wkhvh
uhvxowv1
NH\ZRUGV= Edodqfhg jurzwk/ huuru fruuhfwlrq phfkdqlvp/ Ndopdq owhu/
vljqdo h{wudfwlrq/ xqrevhuyhg frpsrqhqwv1
MHO fodvvlfdwlrq= F65/ R731
W?|hL_U|L?
Ai hi@* Lu }hL| |iLh) ? |i 4_i}|it @t *i_ |L @ tMt|@?|@* i4ThU@*
hiti@hU igLh| Ai @?@*)tt Lu hi}L?@* }hL| _)?@4Ut @t ThLi_ |L Mi @? T@h
|U*@h*) uih|*i }hL?_ uLh |t *|ih@|hiG |L |i i |i?| |@| UL44L? 4i4MihtT
Lu @ ?@|L? |i?_t |L @tthi u@U|Lh 4LM*|) @?_ |L i*4?@|i |iU?L*L}U@*c Thiuihi?Ui
@?_ ?t|||L?@* _gihi?Uitc |i M@tU @tt4T|L?t Lu |i ?iLU*@ttU@* }hL| 4L_i*
@hi *!i*) |L Mi 4i|c |t hi?_ih?} hi}L?@* _@|@ ti|t |i _i@* |it|Mi_ uLh @ttitt?}
|i @MtL*|i UL?ih}i?Ui 4T*U@|L?t Lu |i |iLh) ?_ )i|c 4U _t@}hii4i?|
hi4@?t Ai T*i|Lh@ Lu UL?|h@_U|?} hit*|t t|i4t 4@?*) uhL4 |i ti Lu _gihi?|
iUL?L4i|hU 4i|L_tc _ii*LTi_ Lh @TT*i_ Lih |i *@t| |L _iU@_it Ai hit*| t @
}hL?} _tt@|tu@U|L? | |i Uhhi?| t|@|i Lu }hL| iUL?L4i|hUtc @t ti| L| M)
hLU! @?_ #h*@u E2fff @?_ #h*@u E2ff
W? i Lu |i @MLi _tt@|tu@U|L?c #h*@u E2ffc TSH U@**t uLh iUL?L4i|hUt
|L U*@hu) L i4ThU@* Lh!iht tL*_ i*U_@|i _@|@ T@||ih?t @?_ _h@ ?uihi?Uit
UL?Uih??} }hL|< At @h|U*i t @ hitTL?ti |L |t U@**i?}i `i ht| tL L
||?} 4*|@h@|i ?LMtihi_ UL4TL?i?|t Et|hU|h@* |4i tihit 4L_i*t |L _@|@
L? hi@* ?UL4i Tih U@T|@ U@? i*T |L it|@M*t t|)*ti_ u@U|t @ML| U)U*it @?_ UL?
ih}i?Ui +@|ih |@? t4T*) t?} ?| hLL| |it|t |L _iU_i i|ih UL?ih}i?Ui
t |@!?} T*@Uic i i T*Lhi _gihi?| tUi?@hLt UL?Uih??} |i i |i?| |L U UL?
ih}i?Ui t |@!?} T*@Ui @?_ U hi}L?t u @?) @hi UL?ih}?} ?i 4L_i*
t |i? _ii*LTi_ W|t Th?UT@* ui@|hi t |i ?|hL_U|L? Lu @| i U@** UL?ih
}i?Ui UL4TL?i?|t Aiti @hi UL4M?i_ | @ UL44L? |hi?_ @?_ |i? ?ULhTLh@|i_
?|L @ 4L_i* | U)U*it @?_ hhi}*@h UL4TL?i?|t Ai UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?|t
@hi uLh4*@|i_ @t @ tiUL?_Lh_ih ihhLh ULhhiU|L? 4iU@?t4 U @**Lt |i4TLh@h)
_ih}i?Ui *i 4TLt?} ii?|@* UL?ih}i?Ui 6||?} |i 4L_i* ThL_it @ _i
tUhT|L? Lu |i 4Li4i?|t Lu |i tihit ? |i T@t| @?_ i?@M*it ULihi?| uLhiU@t|t |L
Mi 4@_i uLh |i u|hi
W? |i *}| Lu @| i ?_c | t @TT@hi?| |@| |it|t ii? i? @TT*i_ ULhhiU|*)
@hi @| Mit| Lu *4|i_ @*ic *i @| Lht| |i) @hi UL4T*i|i*) 4t*i@_?} W?
@?) U@ti i Mi*ii @ t|@|t|U@* _itUhT|L? Lu @| t @TTi??} ULT*i_ | @
uLhiU@t|?} 4iU@?t4 t Lu 4Lhi @*i At t |i U@ti ? 4@?) @hi@t Lu iUL?L4Ut
6Lh i @4T*i ? |i UL?|i | Lu ?| hLL| |it|?} @?_ ThU@t?} TLih T@h|) Ec
@__@*@ @?_ k4 EbbHc T H t|@|iG 4Lhi 4TLh|@?| tti t ?L| @ |it| Lu |i
@*_|) Lu M| @? it|4@|i Lu |i |4i | |@!it uLh _i@|L?t uhL4 |i |L
ULhhiU| |i4ti*it<
2
L?|h@_U|Lh) i_i?Ui L? N5 hi}L?@* UL?ih}i?Ui
Mhiu hii Lu @TT*i_ Lh! L? N5 hi}L?@* }hL| tihit ?L| L?*) |L ti| |i
tUi?i uLh Lh L? i4ThU@* Lh! M| @*tL |L }*}| |i ?Uih|@?|) ? |i *|ih
@|hi wLL!?} @| |i hit*|t @UU4*@|i_ Lih |i *@t| |L _iU@_itc L?i U@? ?_
UL4Ti|?} t|_it UL?U*_?} ? u@Lh Lu @MtL*|i UL?ih}i?Uic hi*@|i EUL?_|L?@*
UL?ih}i?Ui @?_ _ih}i?Uic _iTi?_?} L? |i @TThL@U |@!i?
Nt?} UhLtttiU|L?@* _@|@c @hhL @?_ 5@*@@h|? Ebb2 tLi_ |@| @ ?i}@|i
ULhhi*@|L? Mi|ii? ?|@* ?UL4i Tih U@T|@ @?_ }hL| @t |i ?Lh4 uLh N5 hi}L?t
t ? UhLttUL?|h) UL4T@htL?tc |i) uL?_ @ t*L tTii_ Lu UL?ih}i?Ui( tii 5@*@
@h|? EbbSc T 2S N?*!i ? UhLttUL?|h) t|_it |t UL?ih}i?Ui @t |@!i? |L
Mi @MtL*|iG _iUhi@t?} hi|h?t |L tU@*i tL*_ Mh?} @ML| @ |i?_i?U) uLh i^@*t@|L?
Lu ?UL4i Tih U@T|@ @UhLtt hi}L?t tL |@| ? |i *L?} h? hi}L?t L?*) _tT*@) tLh|
h? U|@|L?t @hL?_ @ UL44L? |hi?_
Ai @*_|) Lu ?uihi?Uit _h@? uhL4 |i UhLtttiU|L?@* @TThL@U @t ^it|L?i_
"@ Ebb L tLi_ |@| |i Mi|@ UL?ih}i?Ui< Lu |i UhLtttiU|L?@* t|_it
hit*|i_ uhL4 @ i}|i_ @ih@}i @?_ @ ?i}@|i @*i ULhhi*@|L? Mi|ii? ?|@*
?UL4i Tih U@T|@ @?_ }hL| 4i@?| L?*) |@| |i L|T| _gihi?Uit Mi|ii? tL4i
T@ht Lu UL?|hit @_ _iU*?i_ Lih |i t@4T*i W| ti_ ?L *}| L? i|ihL}i?i|it
Lh UL?ih}i?Ui U*Mt 6h|ih4Lhic ,@?t @?_ k@hh@t EbbS @h}i_ |@| |i t@*
UhLtttiU|L?@* @TThL@U @t L?*) @*_ ?_ih ?Uhi_M*i UL?_|L?t #h*@u @?_
"@ Ebbb ThL_i @ hiUi?| hii Lu |iti ttit
Aiti _iM@|it @i *i_ |L @? ?Uhi@t?} ?|ihit| ? T@?i* _@|@ 4i|L_t uLh |it|?}
i|ih UL?ih}i?Ui t |@!?} T*@Ui @?_ 4i@th?} |i tTii_ Lu UL?ih}i?Ui **L
?} uLh ?LMtih@M*i hi}L?tTiUU i|ihL}i?i|) E?__@* igiU|t |t *|ih@|hi
@t ThL_Ui_ @ ih) _gihi?| TU|hi Lu |i hi}L?@* UL?ih}i?Ui ThLUitt ? |i N5c
U@h@U|ih3i_ M) h@T_ UL?ih}i?Ui |L _gihi?| t|i@_) t|@|itc |@| t hi*@|i UL?
ih}i?Ui( tii ,@?t @?_ k@hh@t EbbS@c bbSM @?_ ,@?t E2fff OLiih |iti
?_?}t @hi ThLM*i4@|U 5U } tTii_ Lu UL?ih}i?Ui @hi _U*| |L h@|L?@*tic
ii? ? |h@_|L?@* ?iLU*@ttU@* }hL| 4L_i*t | @ ?@hhL i Lu U@T|@* ,UL?L
4i|hU@**)c |i |)TU@* _)?@4U T@?i* uLh4*@|L? ti_ t !?L? |L Mi tMiU| |L
t|hL?} T@h_ M@t ? tLh| t@4T*itc @t @ hit*| Lu ULhhi*@|L? Mi|ii? *@}}i_ _iTi?
_i?| @h@M*it @?_ ?LMtihi_ hit_@*t( tii #h*@u @?_ "@ Ebbb LhiLihc ?
|iti tLh| T@?i*tc U|@|L?t @| |i Mt?itt U)U*i Lh3L? @?_ L|ih } uhi^i?U)
4Li4i?|t ?|hL_Ui uh|ih M@tc |t UL?|hM|?} |L @ t)t|i4@|U Lihit|4@|L?
Lu |i h@|i Lu UL?ih}i?Ui( @}@? tii #h*@u @?_ "@ Ebbb
6?@**)c |it|?} uLh ?| hLL|t ? @ Thi |4i tihit 4L_i* ?_t ?L UL?ih}i?Ui @t
@ h*i ih?@h_ @?_ #h*@u EbbS T . @h}i |@| |4i tihit |it|t 4@) @i
TLLh TLih ThLTih|it i? @TT*i_ |L _@|@ uhL4 iUL?L4it ? |h@?t|L?< hL?c
L*tL? @?_ ,?}*i Ebbf @?_ @h*?L @?_ **t Ebb ?_ ?L UL?ih}i?Ui ? |4i
tihit Lu N5 hi}L?@* Tih U@T|@ ?UL4i @h*?L @?_ **t Ebb c wLi) @?_ @Ti**
EbbS @?_ AL4*@?LU @?_ VL}i*t@?} E2ff |h) |L hiUL?U*i |iti hit*|t | |i
@uLhi4i?|L?i_ i_i?Ui uLh UL?ih}i?Ui M) @**L?} uLh |hi?_ Mhi@!t
2
|*?i
W? tiU|L? 2c i hii t|hU|h@* |4i tihit 4L_i*t E5Atc @t 4T*i4i?|i_ ?
|i 5A T@U!@}i Lu kLLT4@? i| @* E2fffc @?_ tL L |i) @TT*) |L tihit
i M|?} M@*@?Ui_ }hL| 5iU|L? |i? i4T*L)t |iti 4L_i*t |L U@T|hi |i
t|)*ti_ u@U|t thhL?_?} |i 4Li4i?|t ? ?UL4i Tih i@_ ? N5 hi}L?t Ai
t*L*) U@?}?} |hi?_t tL |i *L?}h? 4Li4i?|t uhL4 U i U@? ?uih @?)
|i?_i?Uit |L@h_t UL?ih}i?Ui `i _gih uhL4 hiti@hUiht tU @t ih?@h_ @?_
#h*@u EbbS ? _i??} UL?ih}i?Ui ? |ih4t Lu |i ?_ih*)?} |hi?_ h@|ih |@?
|i LMtih@|L?t
#t|?}t?} |hi?_t uhL4 U)U*U@* 4Li4i?|t t itti?|@* |L @? igiU|i t|_) Lu
UL?ih}i?Ui OLiihc |i ?uLh4@|L? L? U)U*it t Lu UL?t_ih@M*i ?|ihit| ? |ti*u
Ai hiUi?| T@Tih M) @h*?L @?_ 5** E2ff tit |i 4i|L_L*L}) Lu V@_ @?_
,?}*i Ebb |L _iUL4TLti |i tihit L? N5 hi}L?t ?|L UL44L? |hi?_t @?_ UL44L?
U)U*it `i _L ?L| ?_ |i hit*|?} U)U*it T@h|U*@h*) T*@tM*i uLh i @4T*i |i)
@hi h@hi*) Mi*L 3ihL ) UL?|h@t| Lh U)U*itc U @hi M@ti_ L? @? N 4L_i* @?_
U@*U*@|i_ M) @ t|@|i tT@Ui t4LL|?} @*}Lh|4c @hi igiU|i*) M@ti_ L? |L t_i_
*|iht h@|ih |@? L?it_i_ *|ihtc @?_ |ih 4Li4i?|t @hi 4U U*Ltih |L ,+
_@|?} Lu i T@?tL?t @?_ hiUittL?t
4*|@h@|i 4L_i* Lu }hL| @?_ UL?ih}i?Ui t _ii*LTi_ ? 5iU|L? e @?_
@TT*i_ ? 5iU|L? D Ai UL?ih}i?Ui 4iU@?t4 t M@ti_ L? @? ihhLh ULhhiU|L?
4L_i* At U@? Mi ?ULhTLh@|i_ ?|L @? ?LMtihi_ UL4TL?i?|t EN 4L_i* |@|
igiU|i*) _iUL4TLtit |hi?_t ?|L @ UL44L? M@*@?Ui_ }hL| T@| UL4TL?i?| @?_ @
ti| Lu UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?|t !i) ui@|hi Lu |i 4L_i* t |@| |i ihhLh ULhhiU|L?
4iU@?t4 t i |i?_i_ tL @t |L ThL_Ui t4LL| UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?|t |@| U@?
e
_tT*@) |i4TLh@h) _ih}i?Uic |ihiM) hi?_ih?} |i ?L|L? Lu @ t4T*i 4i@thi Lu
|i tTii_ Lu UL?ih}i?Ui LTi? |L ^it|L? OLiihc _i?|L? 2 Lu ih?@h_ @?_
#h*@u EbbS t t@|ti_ ? |@| uLhiU@t| u?U|L? uLh |i _gihi?Ui Mi|ii? @?)
T@h Lu hi}L?t UL?ih}it |L @ UL?t|@?| 6h|ih4Lhic MiU@ti |i UhLtttiU|L? t
hi*@|i*) t4@**c ThLTih @UUL?| t |@!?} Lu |i UhLttULhhi*@|L?t @UhLtt hi}L?t
5iU|L? S ?it|}@|it ?| hLL| |it|t uLh UL?ih}i?Ui W? _L?} tL i _t|?}t
U@hiu**) Mi|ii? |i ?L|L? Lu iUL?L4it U @i UL?ih}i_ @?_ |Lti U @hi
? |i ThLUitt Lu UL?ih}?} `i Thiti?| |i hit*|t Lu T@hti ?| hLL| |it|t @?_
_tUtt |i i |i?| |L U |i) @hi i*Tu* ? _i|ih4??} U hi}L?t U@? Mi
}hLTi_ |L}i|ih ? @ UL?ih}i?Ui 4L_i*
Ai UL?U*tL?t @hi ti| L| ? tiU|L? .
2
2
5|hU|h@* A4i 5ihit L_i*t @?_ @*@?Ui_ BhL|
N?@h@|i 4L_i*t
Ai *LU@* *?i@h |hi?_ 4L_i* uLh @ ti| Lu LMtih@|L?tc +| c | ' c c Ac UL?tt|t Lu
t|LU@t|U |hi?_ @?_ hhi}*@h UL4TL?i?|tc |@| t
+| ' >| n 0| c
| ' c c Ac
E
Ai |hi?_c >| c hiUiit tLU!t |L ML| |t *ii* @?_ t*LTi tL
>| ' >|3 n q |3 n # |c
q | ' q |3 n l | c
# | U(Efc j2# c
l | U(Efc j2l c
E2
ihi |i hhi}*@hc *ii* @?_ t*LTi _t|hM@?Uitc 0|c#| @?_ l | c hitTiU|i*)c @hi 4|
@**) ?_iTi?_i?| @?_ |i ?L|@|L? U( Efc j2 _i?L|it ?Lh4@**) @?_ ?_iTi?_i?|*)
_t|hM|i_ | 4i@? 3ihL @?_ @h@?Ui j2 Wu ML| @h@?Uit j2# @?_ j2l @hi 3ihLc |i
|hi?_ t _i|ih4?t|U `i? L?*) j2l t 3ihLc |i t*LTi t i_ @?_ |i |hi?_ hi_Uit
|L @ h@?_L4 @*! | _hu|c q **L?} j2l |L Mi TLt|ic M| ti||?} j2# |L 3ihL
}it @? ?|i}h@|i_ h@?_L4 @*! |hi?_c U i? it|4@|i_ |i?_t |L Mi hi*@|i*)
t4LL| Ai 4L_i* t Lu|i? hiuihhi_ |L @t |i t4LL| |hi?_< 4L_i*
Ai t|@|t|U@* |hi@|4i?| Lu ?LMtihi_ UL4TL?i?| 4L_i*tc @t ? |i 5A
T@U!@}i Lu kLLT4@? i| @* E2fffc t M@ti_ L? |i t|@|i tT@Ui uLh4 E556 ?Ui @
4L_i* @t Mii? T| ? 556c |i k@*4@? *|ih )i*_t it|4@|Lht Lu |i UL4TL?i?|t
D
M@ti_ L? Uhhi?| @?_ T@t| LMtih@|L?t 5}?@* i |h@U|L? hiuiht |L it|4@|L? Lu
UL4TL?i?|t M@ti_ L? @** |i ?uLh4@|L? ? |i t@4T*i 5}?@* i |h@U|L? t M@ti_
L? t4LL|?} hiUhtL?t U h? M@U!@h_t uhL4 |i *@t| LMtih@|L? hi_U|L?t
@hi 4@_i M) i |i?_?} |i k@*4@? *|ih uLh@h_ +LL| 4i@? t^@hi ihhLht E+5,t
U@? Mi UL4T|i_ uLh @** it|4@|Lht @?_ Thi_U|L? Lh UL?_i?Ui ?|ih@*t UL?t|hU|i_
Ai ?!?L? @h@?Ui T@h@4i|iht @hi it|4@|i_ M) UL?t|hU|?} @ *!i*LL_ u?U|L?
uhL4 |i L?it|iT @i@_ Thi_U|L? ihhLhtc Lh ??L@|L?tc ThL_Ui_ M) |i k@*4@?
*|ih @?_ 4@ 43?} | M) @? |ih@|i ThLUi_hi
#t|?}t?} @ *L?}|ih4 |hi?_ @?_ uhL4 tLh||ih4 4Li4i?|t t 4TLh|@?|
5Lh||ih4 4Li4i?|t 4@) Mi U@T|hi_ M) @__?} @ tih@**) ULhhi*@|i_ t|@|L?@h)
UL4TL?i?|c |c |L |i 4L_i* At
+| ' >| n | n 0| c
| ' c c A
E
? @|Lhi}hitti ThLUitt t Lu|i? ti_ uLh | ?L|ih TLttM*|) t |i t|LU@t|U
U)U*i
5
6
5
65
6 5
6
|
ULt bS t? bS
|
V|
7
8 ' 47
87
8n7
8 c | ' c c Ac
Ee
|
t? bS ULt bS
|
V|
3
W
W
W
3
ihi bS t uhi^i?U) ? h@_@?t @?_ V| @?_ V| @hi |L 4|@**) ?_iTi?_i?| |i
?Lti _t|hM@?Uit | 3ihL 4i@?t @?_ UL44L? @h@?Ui j2V Bi? |i ?|@* UL?
_|L?t |@| |i iU|Lh Efc f @t 3ihL 4i@? @?_ UL@h@?Ui 4@|h j2 Wc | U@? Mi
tL? |@| uLh f 4 c |i ThLUitt | t t|@|L?@h) @?_ ?_i|ih4?t|U | 3ihL
4i@?c @h@?Ui j2 ' j2V *E 42 @?_ @|LULhhi*@|L? u?U|L?
W
W
4E ' 4 ULt bS c
' fc c 2c
ED
6Lh f
bS
Zc |i tTiU|h4 Lu | _tT*@)t @ Ti@!c Ui?|ihi_ @hL?_ bS c U
MiUL4it t@hTih @t 4 4Lit U*Ltih |L L?i( tii O@hi) EbHbc T Sf Ai TihL_
ULhhitTL?_?} |L bS t 2Z*bS W? |i *4|?} U@tit i? bS ' f Lh Zc | UL**@Ttit |L
ht|Lh_ih @|Lhi}hitti ThLUittit | ULiUi?|t 4 @?_ 4?t 4 hitTiU|i*) Lhi
}i?ih@**) |i hi_Ui_ uLh4 t @? -E2c ThLUitt ? U |i @|Lhi}hitti
T@h| @t UL4T*i hLL|t Ai UL4T*i hLL| hit|hU|L? U@? Mi ih) i*Tu* ? ||?} @
4L_i*c T@h|U*@h*) u |ihi t hi@tL? |L ?U*_i 4Lhi |@? L?i U)U*i
W4TLt?} |i t4LL| |hi?_ hit|hU|L?c |@| t ti||?} j2# |L 3ihLc Lu|i? @**Lt @
U*i@hih tiT@h@|L? ?|L |hi?_ @?_ U)U*i
S
22
*|@h@|i 4L_i*t
5TTLti i @i |4i tihit #i?i |i iU|Lh )| ' E+| c c +| @?_ t4*@h*) uLh
|c #| @?_ %| Ai? @ 4*|@h@|i N 4L_i* 4@) Mi ti| T @t
)|' | n#| n%| c
%| U(Efc P0 c
| ' c c Ac
ES
ihi P0 t @? TLt|i ti4_i?|i 4@|h Ai |hi?_ t
| ' | n| n| c | U(Efc P#
| ' | n | c
| U(Efc Pl c
3
3
E.
3
`| P# ' fc i }i| |i t4LL| |hi?_ 4L_i* `| Pl ' fc i }i| |i h@?_L4
@*! T*t _hu|
Ai t4*@h U)U*i 4L_i*c ?|hL_Ui_ M) O@hi) @?_ kLLT4@? Ebb. t
5
7
#|
#|
W
6
5 3
8 ' 74 C
ULt bS
t? bS
t? bS ULt bS
65
4
W 8 7
D
#|
3
#|
W
3
6
5
8n7
|
|
W
6
8c
| ' c c Ac EH
ihi #| @?_ #| @hi iU|Lht @?_ | @?_ | @hi iU|Lht Lu |i _t|hM@?Uit
tU |@|
Eb
.E| | ' .E| | ' PV c .E| | ' fc
W
W
W
W
W
ihi PV t @? UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Ai 4L_i* @**Lt |i _t|hM@?Uit |L Mi
ULhhi*@|i_ @UhLtt |i tihit iU@ti |i _@4T?} u@U|Lh @?_ |i uhi^i?U)c 4 @?_
bS c @hi |i t@4i ? @** tihitc |i U)U*it ? |i _gihi?| tihit @i t4*@h ThLTih|it(
? T@h|U*@h |ih 4Li4i?|t @hi Ui?|hi_ @hL?_ |i t@4i TihL_ At tii4t i4
?i?|*) hi@tL?@M*i u |i U)U*U@* 4Li4i?|t @** @hti uhL4 @ t4*@h tLhUi tU @t @?
?_ih*)?} Mt?itt U)U*i 6h|ih4Lhic |i hit|hU|L? 4i@?t |@| | t Lu|i? i@tih
|L tiT@h@|i L| |hi?_ @?_ U)U*i 4Li4i?|t i? tiih@* tihit @hi L?|*) it|4@|i_
2
5|@M*|) @?_ M@*@?Ui_ }hL|
Ai M@*@?Ui_ }hL| N 4L_i* t @ tTiU@* U@ti Lu ESG
)| ' >| n n #| n%| c c
.
| ' c c Ac
Ef
ihi >| t @ ?@h@|i *LU@* *?i@h |hi?_ @t ? E2c t @ iU|Lh Lu L?itc @?_ t @?
iU|Lh Lu UL?t|@?|t Wu >| t ?|@*ti_ | @ _gti ThLhc |i? 4t| Mi
tMiU| |L @ UL?t|h@?| tL | UL?|@?t L?*) uhii T@h@4i|ihtc uLh i @4T*i |ihi
4@) Mi L?i 3ihL i?|h) *|ih?@|i*)c >f 4@) Mi ti| |L 3ihL L|i |@| @*|L} |i
*ii*t 4@) Mi _gihi?|c |i t*LTit @hi |i t@4ic hhitTiU|i Lu i|ih |i) @hi i_
Lh t|LU@t|U
M@*@?Ui_ }hL| 4L_i* 4T*it |@| |i tihit @i @ t|@M*i hi*@|L?tT Lih
|4i At 4i@?t |@| |ihi t @ u** h@?! E 4@|h c #c | ?L ?** UL*4?t
@?_ |i ThLTih|) |@| # ' fc |ihiM) hi?_ih?} #)| L?|*) t|@|L?@h) Ai hLt
Lu # 4@) Mi |ih4i_ M@*@?Ui_ }hL| UL?|i}h@|?} iU|Lht A)TU@**) i@U hL **
UL?|@? @ L?ic @ 4?t L?i @?_ 3ihLit i*tiihi 6Lh i @4T*ic L?i UL?|h) 4@) Mi
ti_ @t @ Mi?U4@h! Lh ?4ih@hi Ai 4*|@h@|i t|@|L?@h|) |it| _itUhMi_ ?
)M*L4 @?_ O@hi) E2fff @?_ OLM? @?_ 6h@?tit E2fff 4@) Mi ti_ |L |it| |i
?** )TL|itt Lu M@*@?Ui_ }hL|( |i |it| t|@|t|U t ?@h@?| |L |i ULUi Lu #
Wu |i tihit @hi t|@|L?@h) ? ht| _gihi?Uitc M@*@?Ui_ }hL| 4@) Mi ?ULhTL
h@|i_ ? @ iU|Lh ihhLh ULhhiU|L? 4L_i* EV, M) h|?}
{)| ' n K#)| n
3
R
[
o
'
W
xo {)|
3o
n | c
T @oE| ' P1
E
ihi |i xo r @hi 4@|hUitc # t @t _i?i_ ? |i ThiLt T@h@}h@T @?_ |i
4@|h K t E Ai t)t|i4 @t @ t?}*i ?| hLL|c }@h@?|ii_ M) |i u@U| |@|
# ' f Ai UL?t|@?|t ? UL?|@? ?uLh4@|L? L? |i UL44L? t*LTic qc @?_ L? |i
_gihi?Uit ? |i *ii*t Lu |i tihitc @t UL?|@?i_ ? |i iU|Lh Aiti _gihi?Uit
4}| Mi T@h@4i|ihti_ | hitTiU| |L |i UL?|h@t|t ? #)| 6Lh i @4T*i u #)| @t
i*i4i?|t +| +nc| c ' c c c |i? k c |i | i*i4i?| Lu |i E iU|Lh
S
c t |i }@T Mi|ii? + @?_ +n W? @?) U@tic 'qEW R' x K ,t|4@|L?
M) w5 @TT*i_ |L i@U i^@|L? ? |h? t u**) iUi?| t?Ui i@U i^@|L? UL?|@?t
|i t@4i i T*@?@|Lh) @h@M*it
N M@*@?Ui_ }hL| 4L_i* ? U |i UL44L? |hi?_ t @ h@?_L4 @*! T*t
_hu| 4@) Mi @TThL 4@|i_ M) E At U@? Mi tiu* @t @ M@ti*?i uLh uLhiU@t|?}
@?_ uLh }?} ?|@* it|4@|it Lu tL4i T@h@4i|iht OLiihc |i V, _Lit ?L|
W
3
W
4
Krelmq dqg Iudqvhv +5333, dfwxdoo| vd| wkdw wkh| duh whvwlqj zkhwkhu wkh frxqwulhv _duh frq0
yhujlqj%1
Lq idfw vwdwlrqdulw| whvwv duh qrw xvhixo lq wklv frqwh{w vlqfh lqlwldo ydoxhv vrph zd| iurp
wkh htxloleulxp zloo fdxvh wkhp wr uhmhfw1
H
ThL_i |i _itUhT|L? |@| U@? Mi LM|@?i_ M) i |h@U|?} ?LMtihi_ UL4TL?i?|t
2e
54*@h @?_ UL44L? U)U*it
W? |i t4*@h U)U*i 4L_i* |i i |i?| |L U |i U)U*it 4Li |L}i|ih _iTi?_t L?
|i ULhhi*@|L?t Mi|ii? |i _t|hM@?Uit _h?} |i4 t?Ui
P ' E 42 PV
3
Nt?} Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?|t @?@*)tt i U@? _iUL4TLti PV @t ,#, ihi # t @
_@}L?@* 4@|h Lu i}i?@*it @?_ , t |i ULhhitTL?_?} 4@|h Lu i}i?iU|Lht
Ai Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?|t |i4ti*it @hi UL?|@?i_ ? |i tihit ? |i iU|Lh
#| ' , #| c *i |i @h@?Uit Lu |i _t|hM@?Uit _h?} |i | Th?UT@*
UL4TL?i?| t _ c |i | _@}L?@* i*i4i?| Lu # Aiti Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| U)U*it
U@? Mi i?|ihi_ ?|L |i 4L_i* ES M) h|?}
_
_
+| ' | n ,#| n 0|
E2
Ai ThLTLh|L? Lu |i @h@?Ui Lu |i | U)U*i @UUL?|i_ uLh M) |i | Th?UT@*
UL4TL?i?| t e2 _ *j2 ( ?L|i |@| j2 ' P e2 _
`i U@? Uhi@|i @ ti| Lu t|@?_@h_ti_ Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| U)U*it @t #| '
*2
#
, #| | PVW ' W Ai u@U|Lh *L@_?}t @hi |i? X ' ,#*2 @?_ E2 MiUL4it
W
3
W
)| ' | n X#| n %| c
At uLh4*@|L? t tiu* @t @ t|@h|?} TL?| uLh u@U|Lh hL|@|L?t
Wu P t *itt |@? u** h@?!c |ihi @hi UL44L? U)U*it 4L_i* U@? Mi it|4@|i_
| @ }i? h@?! @t _itUhMi_ ? kLLT4@? i| @* E2fff Wu |i h@?! Lu P t L?ic
|ihi t @ t?}*i UL44L? U)U*i @?_ |i 4L_i* U@? Mi h||i?
_
+| ' >| n w | n 0| c
_
' c c
E
ihi | t @ tU@*@h U)U*i @?_ L?i Lu |i w r t ti| i^@* |L ?|)( ?L|i |@| |ihi
t ?L ?ii_ uLh @ UL?t|@?| @t ? Ef t?}*i UL44L? U)U*i t @ UL44L? ui@|hi
? |i ti?ti Lu ,?}*i @?_ kL3U! Ebb ? |@| | 4@) Mi hi4Li_ M) @ *?i@h
UL4M?@|L?c c Lu |i LMtih@|L?t | |i ThLTih|) |@| 'fc ihi |i
iU|Lh ' Ew c c w
b
Ait|?} |i ?** )TL|itt Lu @ t?}*i UL44L? U)U*i t ?L| t|h@}|uLh@h_ OL
iihc uLh |i U@ti Lu ' 2c |i _t|hM|L? Lu |i w+ t|@|t|U t @? ii? 4 |hi Lu
2f @?_ 2( tii O@hi) EbHbc T2 S At |i DI Uh|U@* @*i t 2.
Ai i}|t ? E @**L |i UL44L? U)U*i |L @TTi@h ? i@U tihit | @
_gihi?| @4T*|_i Wu w ' c ' c c c|i? |i U)U*it ? i@U i^@|L? @hi t@_ |L
Mi _i?|U@*
5|)*ti_ u@U|tG |hi?_t @?_ U)U*it
W? |t tiU|L? i @?@*)ti |hi?_ @?_ U)U*U@* _)?@4Ut ? |i *L}@h|4t Lu hi@* Tih
U@T|@ ?UL4it ? N5 Ui?tt hi}L?tG i ,?}*@?_ E,c _ ,@t| E,c Bhi@|
w@!it EBwc *@?t Ewc 5L| ,@t| E5,c 5L| `it| E5`c +LU!) L?|@?t
E+ @?_ 6@h `it| E6` Ai _@|@ ihi LM|@?i_ uhL4 |i hi@ Lu ,UL?L4U
?@*)tt @?_ _i@|i_ M) |i N5 4T*U| ThUi _i@|Lh EbbS'ff 6}hi tLt
@??@* LMtih@|L?t uLh |i i}| N5 Ui?tt hi}L?t uhL4 bDf |L bbb @h*?L @?_
**t Ebb ti @??@* _@|@ uhL4 b2b E|L bbf OLiihc MiU@ti |i U|@|L?t
? |i b ft @?_ beft @hi tL 4U M}}ih |@? |i U)U*it @u|ih bDf | t _U*| |L
4L_i* |i L*i tihit t@|tu@U|Lh*) Ai ?|hL_U|L? Lu @ |hi?_ Mhi@!c @t ? @h*?L
@?_ **t Ebb @?_ wLi) @?_ @Ti** EbbSc _Lit ?L| hi@**) @__hitt |t ThLM*i4
6}hi 2 tLt ^@h|ih*) ti@tL?@**) @_t|i_ LMtih@|L?t uLh |i t@4i hi}L?t
uhL4 bSbG |L bbbGe
f
LNew_England
LGreat_Lakes
LSoutheast
LRocky_Mount
0.25
LMideast
LPlains
LSouthwest_[
LFar_West
10
9.75
9.5
9.25
9
8.75
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
6}hi G H N5 Ui?tt hi}L?t ??@* _@|@
10.4
LNew_Engl
LGreat_La
LSoutheas
LRocky_Mo
LMideast_
LPlains_[
LSouthwes
LFar_West
10.2
10
9.8
9.6
9.4
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
6}hi 2G H N5 Ui?tt hi}L?t "@h|ih*) _@|@
2000
`i hiTLh| |i hit*|t Lu ||?} ?hit|hU|i_ 4*|@h@|i t|hU|h@* |4i tihit
4L_i*t Lu |i uLh4 ES | t4LL| |hi?_t ? Lh_ih |L LM|@? tL4i _i@ Lu t|)*ti_
u@U|t ,t|4@|L? Lu |t @?_ @** L|ih 4L_i*t Mi*L @t _L?i t?} ThL}h@4 hL|?it2
h||i? ? |i g d *@?}@}i E#LLh?!c bbb | ti Mi?} 4@_i Lu |i 5tu@U!
T@U!@}i uLh t|@|i tT@Ui @*}Lh|4t Lu kLLT4@?c 5iT@h_ @?_ #LLh?! Ebbb hL
}h@4t @hi @@*@M*i L? hi^it|
** T@h@4i|iht ihi it|4@|i_ M) 4@ 44 *!i*LL_ @t _itUhMi_ ? 5iU|L?
@?_ @h@?Uit hiTLh|i_ @hi 4*|T*i_ M) f. Ai it|4@|i_ UL@h@?Ui 4@|hUit
@hi hiTLh|i_ M) tL?} |i @h@?Uit L? |i 4@? _@}L?@* *i |i i?|hit @MLi
UL?|@? |i UhLttULhhi*@|L?t ** }h@Tt tL |i it|4@|i_ UL4TL?i?|t @t i |h@U|i_
M) |i t|@|itT@Ui t4LL|?} @*}Lh|4
Ai hit*|t Thiti?|i_ ihi @hi Th4@h*) uLh |i @??@* tihit W| L*_ Mi |i_Lt
|L hiTi@| |i ULhhitTL?_?} hit*|t uLh |i ^@h|ih*) tihit @?_ |i) @i Mii? T| ?
|i @TTi?_
)U*it
h |A c uLh |i i}| @??@* hi}L?@* tihit @hi
Ai t4LL|i_ U)U*U@* UL4TL?i?|tc
tL? ? 6}hi Ai) |h@U! |i ?@|L?_i ,+ hiuihi?Ui U)U*it ^|i @UUh@|i*)G
|i bDec bSc b.fc b.Dc bHfc bH2 @?_ |i bb hiUittL?t @** tL T | @
} _i}hii Lu ULihi?Ui @UhLtt hi}L?tc ?*!i ? @h*?L @?_ 5** E2ff Ai TihL_
Lu |i U)U*i t D )i@ht | @ _@4T?} u@U|Lhc4c Lu fHf( |i M@ti*?i @ih@}i U)U*U@*
_h@|L? hiuihi?Ui_ M) ,+ uLh |i beDb TihL_ t D )i@ht L?} |L ^@h|ih*)
uhi^i?U) |i 4@? hit*|t UL?|?i |L L*_ @?_ @hi hiThL_Ui_ ? |i @TTi?_ **
hiUittL?t uhL4 bSb L?@h_t @hi i_i?| |L} |i bb hiUittL? t *itt 4@h!i_
Ai TihL_ uLh |i ^@h|ih*) tihit t e2D )i@ht | @ _@4T?} u@U|Lh Lu fHD
5
Wkh fxuuhqw yhuvlrq ri VWDPS kdv glfxow| frslqj zlwk d furvv0vhfwlrq ri vl}h hljkw1
2
Cycle_NE
Cycle_GL
Cycle_SE
Cycle_RM
.05
.04
Cycle_ME
Cycle_PL
Cycle_SW
Cycle_FW
.03
.02
.01
0
-.01
-.02
-.03
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
6}hi G )U*U@* UL4TL?i?|t uLh @??@* _@|@
Ai it|4@|i Lu |i U)U*i _t|hM@?Ui UL@h@?Ui 4@|h c PVc _tT*@)t UL?t_ih@M*i
_gihi?Uit ? |i L*@|*|) Lu hi}L?@* U)U*U@* _t|hM@?Uitc | |i @h@?Ui Lu
U)U*U@* _t|hM@?Ui ? |i 4Lt| L*@|*i hi}L? Ew Mi?} @*4Lt| t |4it @t }hi@| @t
|@| Lu |i *i@t| L*@|*i hi}L? E, At i|ihL}i?i|) L*_t @*tL uLh |i ^@h|ih*)
_@|@ Aiti hit*|t hi}@h_?} _gihi?Uit ? U)U*U@* L*@|*|) @hi t4*@h |L |Lti
hiTLh|i_ ? @h*?L @?_ 5** E2ffc eD2 M@ti_ L? iih_}ii*tL? |hi?_t OLiihc
Lh Lh_ih?} Lu |i hi}L?t ? |ih4t Lu L*@|*|) _giht uhL4 |iht 6h|ih4Lhic i
?_c ML| uLh @??@* @?_ ^@h|ih*) _@|@c |@| |i hUit| hi}L?t E,c , @?_ 6`
@hi |Lti | |i *i@t| L*@|*i U)U*U@* UL4TL?i?|t
5
6
.Sb fHS fb
fHH2 fb 2 f. D fbS2 fHD
.
9
:
.22 fb.D fbSS fbeH fb2. fHH fHeH : .
9
9
:
9
SeSH fbH. fbbe fHSD fHb fb2 : Cu
9
:
9
: u
fe
fb.S
fHS
fH
.
fHSe
hV G 9
:
P
9
DfHH fH22 fb2e fbe2 :
9
: 7.
9
e2fH f.2f f.bf :
9
: 7`
9
:
H.Se fb 2 8 -
7
2.
8`
Aihi @hi }c TLt|i ULhhi*@|L?t Mi|ii? |i U)U*U@* _t|hM@?Uit ? @** hi
}L?t At hiiU|t |i _L4?@?Ui Lu |i ?@|L?@* U)U*ic @? tti ?it|}@|i_ ? 4Lhi
_i|@* i? i *LL! @| Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?|t Ai ULhhi*@|L?t u@** tL4i@| i? i
4Li |L |i 4Lhi L*@|*i ^@h|ih*) tihit At |i *@?t @?_ Bhi@| w@!it hi}L?tc
|L Lu |i 4Lt| L*@|*i hi}L?tc @i |i *Lit| ULhhi*@|L?t ) UL?|h@t|c |i U)U*it
? |i |L hUit| hi}L?tc i ,?}*@?_ @?_ _i@t|c @hi @*4Lt| TihuiU|*) ULhhi*@|i_
Ai *Lih ULhhi*@|L?t ? |i ^@h|ih*) _@|@ @hi @*tL hiiU|i_ ? Th?UT@* UL4TL
h V @UUL?|t
?i?|t @?@*)tt At uLh |i @??@* _@|@ |i ht| Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| Lu P
uLh bI Lu |i |L|@* @h@?Ui *i |i tiUL?_ @UUL?|t uLh @ uh|ih DI Ai ULh
hitTL?_?} }hit uLh ^@h|ih*) _@|@ @hi .DI @?_ SI hitTiU|i*) A@M*i tLt
|i i}|t @TT*i_ |L i@U Lu |i ht| |L Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| U)U*it |L LM|@? |i
hi}L?@* U)U*i @?_ |i TihUi?|@}i @h@?Ui ? i@U hi}L?@* U)U*i UL?|hM|i_ M) |i
ht| |L UL4TL?i?|t( tii E2 @?_ |i |i | Mi*L | | |i @??@* uhi^i?U) |i
ThLTLh|L? Lu |i ht| EtiUL?_ U)U*U@* UL4TL?i?| ? i@U hi}L? t *@h}ih Et4@**ih
|@? @| |i ^@h|ih*) uhi^i?U) Ai tiUL?_ UL4TL?i?| ? |i @??@* tihit @*tL @t
4Lhi ?i}@|i i}|t
A@M*i @ `i}|t @tt}?i_ |L |i ht| |L Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?|t ?
U)U*it uLh i@U tihitG @??@* _@|@
+i}L? `i}|c e
.
315<
.
3153
Cu
3173
u
317<
7.
3169
7`
315;
-
3177
8`
315:
`i}|c e2
hLTLh|L?c hLTLh|L?c 2
315<
31;<
3138
03156
31<5
313:
0314;
31<<
3134
0316;
31<7
3136
03134
31<<
313336
03178
31:6
3143
319;
31;;
3144
314:
31;;
3135
A@M*i M `i}|t @tt}?i_ |L |i ht| |L Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?|t ? U)U*it
uLh i@U tihitG ^@h|ih*) _@|@
e
+i}L? `i}|c e
.
315:
.
3158
Cu
316;
u
3183
7.
316;
7`
3169
-
3169
8`
3159
`i}|c e2
hLTLh|L?c hLTLh|L?c 2
3158
31;5
3148
3156
31;5
3148
3139
31:<
31337
031;7
3195
316;
314<
31<6
3138
3154
31:9
3138
314;
31;6
3138
3157
319<
3146
Ai e r ?L| L?*) tL |i i}| }i? |L i@U Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| ? uLh4?}
|i U)U*i uLh i@U hi}L?c M| |i) @hi @*tL |i i}|t }i? |L |i hi}L?@* U)U*it ?
UL?t|hU|?} |i Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?|t L| @| |i @??@* @?_ ^@h|ih*) uhi^i?Uitc
|i ht| Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| t @ UL4TLt|i Lu |i hi}L?@* U)U*it ? U |i i}|t
@hi @** TLt|i @?_ Lu @ t4*@h Lh_ih Lu 4@}?|_i Ai tiUL?_ Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?|
UL?|h@t|t |i hi}L?@* U)U*it 6Lh i @4T*ic uLh ^@h|ih*) _@|@c | |@!it @UUL?| Lu |i
}ih L*@|*|) ? |i *@?t hi}L? *t| uLh |i @??@* _@|@ | _Lit |i t@4i uLh
|i }L*@|*|) +LU!) L?|@?t
) t|@?_@h_t?} |i i}|tc e c uLh |i ht| Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| tL |@| |i)
t4 |L L?ic | t TLttM*i |L UL?t|hU| @ ht| Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| U)U*i uhL4 |i
?__@* hi}L?@* U)U*it 6Lh @??@* _@|@ |t Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| t tL? ? }hi
ec ihi | t UL?|h@t|i_ | |i t4LL|i_ U)U*U@* UL4TL?i?| tihit i |h@U|i_ uhL4
|i ?@h@|i N5 @??@* tihit Ai |L U)U*it @hi ih) U*Lti @?_ |i t@4i t |hi
uLh ^@h|ih*) _@|@ At @}@? **t|h@|it |i TL?| |@| |i 4@? tLhUi Lu hi}L?@*
U)U*U@* L*@|*|) t @ UL4TL?i?| U*Lti*) hi*@|i_ |L |i ?@|L?@* Mt?itt U)U*i
h wmW dqg vr wkh +xqvwdqgduglvhg, zhljkwv duh dv lq wkh
wklv lv wkh uvw hohphqw ri H3 #
uvw froxpq ri H dqg lw lv wklv wkdw lv uhsurgxfhg xqghu wkh khdglqj hl4 =
6 Vshflfdoo|/
D
Cyc1_LUS
FirstPrincipalComponentCycle
.03
.02
.01
0
-.01
-.02
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
6}hi eG )U*i }i? M) ht| Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| @?_ N5 @}}hi}@|i U)U*i
5?Ui |i ht| Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| t tL _L4?@?| i _iU_i_ |L tii @| @TTi?t
i? |i 4L_i* t it|4@|i_ | @ t?}*i UL44L? U)U*i( |t t @? LT|L? ? 5A
Ai hit*|t ihi ?L| T@h|U*@h*) tiu*c ? |@| |i U)U*i LM|@?i_ MLhi ?L hi*@|L?
|L |i U)U*it tL? ? }hi e At t Tih@Tt @? ?_U@|L? |@| |i UL44L? U)U*i
hit|hU|L? t |LL t|hL?}
Ai L|ih t|@|L?@h) UL4TL?i?| t |i hhi}*@hc |i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu U
t }i? Mi*L W| t _L4?@|i_ M) |i U)U*i Ehi4i4Mih |@| |i _t|hM@?Ui @h@?Ui
?ii_t |L Mi __i_ M) 42 |L }i |i U)U*i @h@?Uic M| ?iih|i*itt T*@)t @ tiu*
hL*i Aihi @hi ?L }i?ih@* UL?U*tL?t |L Mi _h@? uhL4 |i T@||ih? Lu ULhhi*@|L?t
S
5
6
.
2HS2 fbb fH.. fDH fH2e
fS2
fe2D
fbe
9
:
eD2 fHH fe.. f..D
fDHS
feS
fb2b : .
9
9
:
9
bHfb f S2 f.SH
fee2
f2fD
f. . : Cu
9
:
9
Heb
fD S f . f ef fD. :
h
: u
9
P0 G 9
SD f. H
ffH
fHfS :
: 7.
9
9
bSH f2Sb fH2S :
: 7`
9
:
9
e
f2Db 8 -
7
8`
ef2e
2
Ahi?_t
Ai t4LL| |hi?_tc >
h|A c i |h@U|i_ uhL4 |i @??@* tihit M) |i t|@|i tT@Ui t4LL|
?} @*}Lh|4 @hi tL? ? }hi D ht| }*@?Ui tii4t |L ?_U@|i |@| UhLtt
tiU|L?@* _tTihtL? @t _iU*?i_c |t ?_U@|?} UL?ih}i?Ui OLiihc U*Ltih ?
tTiU|L? hii@*t L|ihti W? T@h|U*@hc ?L|i L |i |hi?_ _)?@4Ut Lu , @?_
,c |i |L i@*|it| hi}L?t @| |i i?_ Lu |i t@4T*ic _gih uhL4 |i hi4@??}
t hi}L?t Atc *i L|ih hi*@|i*) hU hi}L?t ? |i bDf<t tU @t |i 6@h
`it| @?_ Bhi@| w@!it tii4 |L Mi UL?ih}?} |L |i *ii*t Lu *Lih ?UL4i hi}L?tc
i ,?}*@?_ @?_ _,@t|c T@h|U*@h*) uhL4 |i *@|i b.f<t L?@h_tc tL ?L U*i@h
|i?_i?U) |L UL?ih}i |L tL4i !?_ Lu UL44L? ?@|L?@* |hi?_ At t ii? 4Lhi
4@h!i_ uLh |i t4LL| |hi?_t i |h@U|i_ uhL4 |i ^@h|ih*) _@|@
.
NE_Trend
GL_Trend
SE_Trend
RM_Trend
0.25
ME_Trend
PL_Trend
SW_Trend
FW_Trend
10
9.75
9.5
9.25
9
8.75
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
6}hi DG 54LL| |hi?_t uLh @??@* _@|@
.2
Cross_Sectional_Std._Deviation
Cross_Sectional_Std._Deviation_(Bottom_6)
.175
.15
.125
.1
.075
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
6}hi SG hLtttiU|L?@* t|@?_@h_ _i@|L?
H
1995
2000
Ai @MLi UL?U*tL?t @hi UL?h4i_ M) |i T*L| Lu |i UhLtttiU|L?@* t|@?_@h_
_i@|L? Lu |i t4LL|i_ |hi?_ UL4TL?i?|c 7(E >
h|A c ? }hi S ih@** UhLtt
tiU|L?@* _tTihtL?c U @t U*i@h*) _iU*??} ?|* |i i@h*) i}|itc @t t?Ui
hiihti_ |t |i?_i?U) tL |@|c M) |i i?_ Lu |i t@4T*ic |i t|@|L? t 4U |i
t@4i @t ? |i *@|i t |it W? L|ih Lh_tc @UhLtt @** hi}L?tc _ih}i?Ui h@|ih |@?
UL?ih}i?Ui tii4t |L @i Mii? |i h*i t?Ui |i i@h*) i}|it , U*_?} |i |L
hUit| hi}L?t @*|iht |t UL?U*tL? 6Lh |i hi4@??} t hi}L?t E|i TLLhit| @t
_i?i_ @| |i i?_ Lu |i t@4T*i |i u@** ? |hi?_ _tTihtL? tii4t |L @i Mii?
UL?|??} |hL}L| |i *@t| |L _iU@_it Oi?Uic |ihi @TTi@ht |L Mi UL?ih}i?Ui
Lu @** hi}L?t @T@h| uhL4 |i |L hUit| U @hi _ih}?} uhL4 |i L|ih t hi}L?t
@t i** @t uhL4 i@U L|ih
Ai it|4@|i_ t*LTi _t|hM@?Ui UL@h@?Ui 4@|hUit uLh |i @??@* |hi?_ UL4
TL?i?| @hi hiThL_Ui_ Mi*Lc ihi |i _@}L?@* i*i4i?|t @hi |i @h@?Uit Lu |i
t*LTi _t|hM@?Uit @?_ |i TTih |h@?}*i UL?|@?t |i UhLttULhhi*@|L?t t ? |i
U)U*U@* UL4TL?i?|c UL?t_ih@M*i hi}L?@* _gihi?Uit @hi i_i?| ? |hi?_ L*@|*|)c
ML| @| @??@* @?_ ^@h|ih*) uhi^i?Uit At ? |i @??@* _@|@c i? UL4T@hi_
|L 5`c |i @h@?Ui Lu |i |hi?_ UL4TL?i?| ? , t @*4Lt| |hii |4it @t }hi@|
At t hiiU|i_ ? *@h}ih U|@|L?t LMtihi_ ? |i t4LL|i_ , |hi?_
5
f fbSb f..
9
SSD2 f.S
9
9
9
H .
9
9
hl G 9
P
9
9
9
9
9
7
fSef
f..
f.2D
e2H
fHef
fHb
fH22
fHb
DeSD
6
fee fDe fHeb
.
:
fe22 fffD fHDb : .
:
f D2 fHb fHS : Cu
:
fDSb fe.
fHS :
: u
fSf
ffSH f.bb :
: 7.
D.bD fDDe fDD. :
: 7`
:
e .H fS2 8 -
b DS
8`
Ai UhLttULhhi*@|L?t Mi|ii? |i |hi?_ _t|hM@?Uit tL UL?t_ih@M*) 4Lhi
@h@|L? |@? |Lti uLh |i U)U*it `*i |i _t|hM@?Uit ? |i |L i@*|it|
@hi }*) ULhhi*@|i_c tL4i Lu |i L|ih _t|hM@?Uit @U|@**) _tT*@) @ ?i}@|i
ULhhi*@|L? Ai ^@h|ih*) tihit tL tL4i@| }ih ULhhi*@|L?tc hiiU|?} |i
u@U| |@| M) |i t|@h| Lu |i tihitc ? bSbc |i tihit @_ 4Li_ 4Lhi U*Lti*) |L}i|ih
b
e
*|@h@|i UL?ih}i?Ui 4L_i*t
Ai 4*|@h@|i 5A @t ThL_i_ @? _i@ Lu TLttM*i UL?ih}i?Ui T@||ih?t `i ?L
ThLUii_ |L _ii*LT @ 4L_i* |L U@T|hi |iti 4Li4i?|t `i _L tL M) }i?ih@*t?} Lu
|i M@h@|i 4L_i* ThLTLti_ ? O@hi) @?_ @h@*L E2ff2
Ai M@tU 4*|@h@|i UL?ih}i?Ui 4L_i*c @**L?} uLh hi*@|i UL?ih}i?Ui @?_
@ UL44L? |4i |hi?_c t
+| ' k n q| n >| c
|
>| '
S
[
'
>c|3 n # |c
' c c
' c c
Ee
|
' c c At hit|hU|L? U@? Mi UL?i?i?|*) 4TLti_
' ' uLh
S
M) ti||?} ' ' t ** Mi tL? tLh|*)c | i?thit |@| |i t)t|i4
UL?|@?t @ ?| hLL| t |i 4L_i* t|@?_t |ihi @hi E T@h@4i|iht }Lih??}
UL?ih}i?Ui +iuLh4*@|?} | @t
[
{>| '
E>c|3 >c|3 n #| c ' c c c
ED
'
tLt L |i UL?ih}i?Ui Lu |i | iUL?L4) _iTi?_t L? |i }@T Mi|ii? |
@?_ i@U Lu |i L|ih iUL?L4it W? |i M@h@|i U@tic O@hi) @?_ @h@*L
E2ff2 tL |@| |i 4L_i* 4T*it |@| |i _gihi?Ui Mi|ii? |i |L iUL?L4itc
+| ' +| +2| c t@|tit
{+| ' E E+|3 k n #| ' B n E +|3 n # |c
| ' 2c c Ac
ES
ihi # | ' # | # 2| c k ' k k2 c ' 2 2 @?_ B ' kE At U@?
Mi ?|ihThi|i_ @t t@)?} |@|c uLh _@|@ ? *L}@h|4tc |i i TiU|i_ }hL| h@|i ?
|i Uhhi?| TihL_ t @ ?i}@|i uh@U|L? Lu |i }@T Mi|ii? |i |L iUL?L4it @u|ih
@**L?} uLh |i Tih4@?i?| _gihi?Uic k `h|?} |i 4L_i* ? |t uLh4 @UULh_t |
|i ?L|L? Lu UL?ih}i?Ui ? |i UhLtttiU|L?@* *|ih@|hic @t i TL?_i_ M) @hhL @?_
5@*@@h|? Ebb2 @?_ L|ihtc i UiT| |@| |ihi |i }hL| h@|i t |@!i? |L Mi @
*?i@h u?U|L? Lu |i ?|@* @*ic }?} @ 4L_i* U t ?|ih?@**) ?UL?tt|i?| Lih
|4i( tii ,@?t @?_ k@hh@t EbbSc T 2D
2f
W? 4@|h uLh4
)| ' nq| n | c
|
| ' x|
3
n | c
T @oE| ' P#
EH
Lhc ? ihhLh ULhhiU|L? uLh4c
{| ' Ex W|
3
n | c
T @oE | ' P#
Eb
5?Ui i@U hL Lu x t4t |L ?|)c x ' At ti||?} b |L L?i ? Ex bW ' fc
tLt |@| x @t @? i}i?@*i Lu L?i | @ ULhhitTL?_?} i}i?iU|Lh UL?tt|?} Lu
L?it Ai L|ih hLL|t Lu x @hi LM|@?i_ M) tL*?} mx bWm ' f ( |i) tL*_ @i
4L_*t *itt |@? L?i uLh UL?ih}i?Ui
Wu i h|i
! {| ' ! Ex W| n ! |
E2f
3
| t U*i@h |@| |i iU|Lh Lu i}|tc !c U }it @ h@?_L4 @*! 4t| Mi
tU |@| ! Ex W ' f 5?Ui |i hLL|t Lu x @hi |i t@4i @t |Lti Lu xc | uL**Lt
uhL4 h|?} Ex W! ' f |@| ! t |i i}i?iU|Lh Lu x ULhhitTL?_?} |L |t ?|
hLL| At h@?_L4 @*!c >| ' ! | c t @ UL44L? |hi?_ ? |i ti?ti |@| | )i*_t
|i UL44L? }hL| T@| |L U @** |i iUL?L4it UL?ih}ie Ai ?U*tL? Lu @
|4i |hi?_ ? |i 4L_i*c Eqqc 4i@?t |@| |i Lih@** UL44L? |hi?_ t @ h@?_L4 @*!
| _hu|c qc @?_ u t _i?i_ tU |@| ! ' fc i@U i*i4i?| Lu t @ _i@|L?
uhL4 |i UL44L? |hi?_
N?LMtihi_ UL4TL?i?|t 4L_i*t Ai 4L_i* ? Ee 4@) Mi i |i?_i_ tL @t
|L ?U*_i U)U*i @?_ hhi}*@h UL4TL?i?|t At
+| ' k n q| n >| n | n 0|c
' c c
E2
W? 4@|h |ih4tc t?} |i ?L|@|L? Lu ESc
)| ' nq| n |n# |n%|c
7 Wklv lv ehfdxvh olp
m
$4
m
@
l!3> wkh surri
E22
iroorzv dorqj wkh vdph olqhv dv wkdw iru d zhoo0nqrzq
uhvxow rq hujrglf Pdunry fkdlqv dv jlyhq/ iru h{dpsoh/ lq Kdplowrq +4<<7/ s9;4,1
2
| | @t ? EH Ai 4L_i* | @ t4LL| UL?ih}i?Ui 4iU@?t4 t h||i? @tG
)| ' n | n#| n%| c
| ' x|3 n |3
| ' x|3 n |c
tL |@| | t _hi? M) @? iU|Lh Lu t*LTitc | c |@| iL*i Lih |4i MiU@ti
Lu @ _t|hM@?Ui iU|Lhc | c | UL@h@?Ui 4@|h c Pl `i? x ' Wc |i | iU|Lh
hi_Uit |L @ ti| Lu t4LL| |hi?_ UL4TL?i?|tc @t ? |i 4L_i* @TT*i_ ? |i ThiLt
tiU|L? O@hi) @?_ @h@*L E2ff2 _tUtt |i h@|L?@*i Mi?_ |t t4LL|c Lh
tiUL?_Lh_ihc UL?ih}i?Ui 4L_i* @?_ ?it|}@|i |t _)?@4U ThLTih|it t ? |i
ht|Lh_ih 4L_i*c EHc |i uLhiU@t|t UL?ih}i |L T@|t T@h@**i* |L |@| Lu |i UL44L?
|hi?_c >| At |i uLhiU@t| UL?ih}i?Ui UL?_|L? Lu ih?@h_ @?_ #h*@u EbbSc
_i?|L? 2 t t@|ti_
V, L?ih}i?Ui 4@) Mi U@T|hi_ M) |i UL44L? |hi?_ V, Lu E Ai
4@|h K UL?|@?t E uhii T@h@4i|iht @?_ |iti 4@) Mi it|4@|i_ M) w5
@TT*i_ |L i@U i^@|L? ? |h? Ai x 4@|h Lu Ee 4@) |i? Mi it|4@|i_D @t
| t }i? M) K# n W OLiihc |ihi t ?L }@h@?|ii |@| |i it|4@|i Lu K ** Mi
tU Lu |i hLL|t Lu x @i 4L_*t *itt |@? L?i Wu |i iU|Lh Lu }@Ttc c t
S
T@h@4i|ihti_ | hitTiU| |L |i UL?|h@t|t ? #)|3c|i? 'qEW R' xW K
e
#i@|L? @?_ Mi?U4@h! hit|hU|L?t
t | t|@?_t |i N 4L_i* t _U*| |L it|4@|i MiU@ti x UL?|@?t E
T@h@4i|iht ?i @) |L 4TLti hit|hU|L?t t |L tTiUu) @ 4L_i* ? |ih4t Lu _i@|L?t
uhL4 @ i}|i_ @ih@}i At @TTi?t ?@|h@**) u _i@|L?t ELu Tih U@T|@ ?UL4i
? hi}L?t uhL4 @ ?@|L?@* @ih@}i @hi |L Mi UL?t_ihi_ A)TU@**) tL4i hi}L?t **
Mi M}}ih |@? L|iht @?_ tL ** hiUii 4Lhi i}| ? UL?t|hU|?} |i @ih@}i
OLiihc ? @ 4Lhi }i?ih@* t|@|L? i 4}| UL?t_ih |i i}|t @t }?} tL4i
?_U@|L? Lu ?i?Ui wi|
>| '
8 Zh
[
'
>| c
[
'
'
fdq dovr gluhfwo| dgrsw wkh sdudphwhulvdwlrq lpsolflw lq wkh pdwul{1 Dowkrxjk wklv lpsolhv
d glhuhqw vhw ri h{sodqdwru| yduldeohv lq hdfk htxdwlrq/ doo vdwlvi| wkh fr0lqwhjudwlqj frqvwudlqwv
dqg vr ROV lv hflhqw iru hdfk htxdwlrq lq wxuq1
22
@?_ ti|
' Z n Z ' Z E n
@?_
' Z c
9'
E2
5Mt|||?} ? ED )i*_t
{>| ' Z
[
'
E>c| >c| n #|
3
3
' Z E>c| >c| n # | c
3
' c c
3
E2e
At {>| _iTi?_t L? |i }@T Mi|ii? |t L? *ii* @?_ |@| Lu |i i}|i_ @ih@}i
Wu Z ' fc |i? >| t @ h@?_L4 @*!
Wu >c| t |L Mi @ h@?_L4 @*!c |i? |i i}|t 4t| Mi tU |@| x ' c
S
|@| t ' c ' c c Ai i}|t ** L?*) t@|tu) |t UL?_|L? uc uLh
' c c c Z ' Z uLh 9' f At Mi?} |i U@ti i @i '!
W? |i L4L}i?iLt 4L_i*c i? @** i}|t @hi ?L?3ihL @?_ Z ' Z uLh '
c c c i @hi @M*i |L i Thitt |i 4L_i* ? _i@|L? uLh4c
{E>| >c| ' ZE>c| >c| n #| # | c
3
' c c c
3
E2D
@?_ @?) Lu |iti i^@|L?t 4@) Mi UL4M?i_ | |i i^@|L? uLh >c| |L }i
@ UL4T*i|i t)t|i4 Ai t|@M*|) UL?_|L?S t 2 Z f
Aihi @hi @ ?4Mih Lu @)t |L ThLUii_ Wu ML| Z r @?_ r @hi |hi@|i_ @t
T@h@4i|ihtc |i 4L_i* @t 2 T@h@4i|iht uLh : 2 6Lh 4L_ih@|i t3i |t
T@h@4i|iht@|L? t hi*@|i*) T@ht4L?Lt OLiihc | t 4Lhi @TTi@*?} |L uLUt
@||i?|L? L? i|ih |i Z r Lh |i r Wu i *i| |i Z r Mi |i t@4ic i U@? it|4@|i
|i r @t r W?U*_?} Zc |t 4@!it uhii T@h@4i|iht ? @** Ai UL?ih}i?Ui
ThLUitt t |ihiuLhi T@h@4i|ihti_ @t ' Z c 9' c @?_ ' Z n Z
*|ih?@|i*)c i 4@) _iU_i |L Thi@tt}? @*it |L |i r @?_ it|4@|i |i Z r
6Lh |i U@ti ' 2c |iti |L LT|L?t @hi i^@*i?| `i? |i Z r @hi _gihi?|c i
U@? @*@)t U@*U*@|i |i 4T*i_ i}|tc c uLh |i UL44L? |hi?_
Ai |L @TThL@Uit @hi 4 i_ u i ti| ' f uLh tL4i rc @?_ *i| |i ULhhi
tTL?_?} Z r Mi uhii Wu ? @hi ti| |L 3ihLc i |i?c uLh ? c @i ? uhii
9 Wkh pdwul{
lz
3
lv lghpsrwhqw +wkrxjk qrw v|pphwulf, dv lwv urzv duh lghqwlfdo dqg vxp wr rqh1
Vlqfh lwv wudfh lv rqh/ lw kdv rqh urrw ri xqlw|/ zkloh wkh uhvw duh }hur1 Wkh pdwul{
dovr kdv d vlqjoh xqlw urrw zkloh wkh uhvw duh 4 . =
2
4
Llz
@ + . ,
3
r |L it|4@|ic |L}i|ih | ? Z r @?_ L?i Z `i? ? ' c |i Mi?U4@h!
4L_i* t LM|@?i_ W? |iti U@titc ' @?_ |i >|r 4@) Mi T| ? _i@|L? uLh4
#i@|L?t uhL4 |i 4i@? Wu i ti| ' *c |i? +c| t |i t4T*i 4i@?
Ai 4T*i_ i}|t 4@) Mi uL?_ uhL4 |i Z r t?Uic ThL_i_ Z
f uLh @** c
S
.
' E*Z * E*Z @t t i@t*) tii? uhL4 E2e Wu i hi}@h_ | hi@tL?@M*i |L @i
f c |i? |i Z r 4t| Mi *itt |@? Lh i^@* |L 3ihL Wu @ Z ' fc |i? i }i|
@ Mi?U4@h! 4L_i*c @t $ @t Z $ f `|? |i UL?|i | Lu E2e @ |it| Lu Z ' f
U@? Mi M@ti_ L? t|@?_@h_ _t|hM|L? |iLh) @t Z ' f _Lit ?L|c ? |ti*uc 4T*) @
?| hLL|
i?U4@h! 4L_i* A@!i E|L| *Ltt Lu }i?ih@*|) |i | UL?|h) @t |i
Mi?U4@h! |L U @** |i UL?|hit UL?ih}i Ai?
{>| ' Z E>c|
3
>c| n #|c
3
' c c c
{>| ' #| c
ihi |i hLL|t Lu |i |h@?t|L? 4@|h @hi L?i @?_ Z n c ' c c tL 2
Z
fc ' c c uLh UL?ih}i?Ui L|i |@| |t 4L_i* t @ tTiU@* U@ti Lu
E2e LM|@?i_ M) ti||?} @** |i i}|t @T@h| uhL4 i^@* |L 3ihL 5?Ui >| t @
h@?_L4 @*!c i @i
{E>| >c| ' Z E>c|
3
>c| n # | #| c
3
' c c
E2S
uh|ih UL4T*U@|L? | |i _i@|L? 4L_i* t |@| u *L}@h|4t @i Mii?
|@!i? |L }i| |i +| rc |i? +c| ** ?L| Mi |i t@4i @t |i |i *L}@h|4 Lu |i
i}|i_ t4 Lu |i Lh}?@* LMtih@|L?t `Lh!?} ? *L}@h|4t @t ?L 4T*U@|L?t
uLh |i Mi?U4@h! 4L_i*
Lq pdwul{ whupv/ @ L . G l
zkhuh G lv d gldjrqdo pdwul{ zlwk wkh hohphqwv ri rq
lwv gldjrqdo1 Zh zdqw wr qg ! vxfk wkdw 3 !@ + . G 3 ,! @ != Wklv fdq eh grqh e| pdnlqj
wkh l wk hohphqw ri ! sursruwlrqdo wr wkh lqyhuvh ri wkh l wk hohphqw ri = Zh qhhg wr vwdqgduglvh
vr wkdw wkh hohphqwv vxp wr rqh1
:
3
>
L l
2e
e2
|Lhi}hitti 4L_i*t;
Ai _i@|L? @?_ Mi?U4@h! UL?t|h@?|t L? Eqq U@? Mi ?ULhTLh@|i_ ?|L @? @
|Lhi}hitti 4L_i* MiU@ti +c| + c| c ' c c @hi @** UL?|i}h@|?} iU|Lht Wu
L?i t _hLTTi_ | U@? Mi hiUL?t|hU|i_ @t @ *?i@h UL4M?@|L? Lu |i L|iht At
|i K @?_ # 4@|hUit ? E U@? Mi uLh4i_ | t|@M*i UL?t|h@?|t OLiihc | t
4Lhi UL?i?i?| |L ti| T |i 4L_i* @t
3
3
{+| ' B n Z E+c| +c| n
3
3
R
[
[
' o'
o {+c| o n # |c
W
3
' c c c
E2.
Ai T@h@4i|iht 4@) Mi iUi?|*)b it|4@|i_ M) 5N+,c @*|L} *||*i t *!i*) |L
Mi *Lt| uhL4 t4T*) _L?} w5 @?_ |t 4@) Mi Thiuih@M*i u t *@h}i 6hL4 |i
it|4@|it Lu |i B r i U@? tL*i |L }i| q @?_ @ ti| Lu k r uLh hi*@|i UL?ih}i?Ui
t?Ui
%
&
R
[
[
B 'q
Z k c
' c c
E2H
W
' o'
W? @ Mi?U4@h! 4L_i* | Z ' fc |ihi @hi }@Tt hiThiti?|i_ M) k c '
c c Lhi }i?ih@**) u i @?| |i4 |L Mi ? |ih4t Lu _i@|L?t uhL4 |i *ii*
S
Lu |i UL44L? |hi?_c |i) 4t| t@|tu) k ' f +iU@** |@| | @ t4T*i 4i@?c
S
t ThLTLh|L?@* |L *Z c u @** Z r @hi ?i}@|ic tL |@| |i i^@|L? k *Z ' f
U@? Mi @__i_ |L |Lti ? E2H
t MiUL4it *@h}ic |i @MLi + 4L_i* h?t ?|L _U*|it MiU@ti Lu |i
TL|i?|@**) *@h}i ?4Mih Lu o T@h@4i|ihtc 2 R ? @** W| 4@) i** Mi |i U@ti |@|
*||*i i T*@?@|Lh) TLih t *Lt| M) L?*) ?U*_?} *@}}i_ _gihi?Uit Lu +|
W
e
N?LMtihi_ UL4TL?i?|t 4L_i*
W? |i @|Lhi}hitti uh@4iLh!c |i ?@|h@* @) |L ThLUii_ i? |i hit|hU|L?t ?
E2 @hi 4TLti_ t |L it|4@|i Z r uLh @ }i? ti| Lu Thi@tt}?i_ r ? ?LMtihi_
; Wkh pdlq wkuxvw ri wkh duwlfoh frqfhuqv wkh XF prgho ri wkh qh{w vxe0vhfwlrq1 Wklv vhfwlrq lv
lqfoxghg iru frpsohwhqhvv dqg iru wkh olqn zlwk xqlw urrw whvwv1 Lw fdq eh rplwwhg zlwkrxw d orvv ri
frqwlqxlw|1
< Li wkh jhqhudo prgho/ +44,/ fdq eh hvwlpdwhg/ d OU whvw ri wkh frqvwudlqwv lpsolhg e| +5:, fdq
eh fduulhg rxw1
2D
UL4TL?i?|t uLh4*@|L?c Liihc hi^hit ?L?*?i@h LT|4t@|L? | hitTiU| |L |i
i*i4i?|t Lu x E@t i** @t |i L|ih T@h@4i|ihtc tU @t @h@?Uit Lu _t|hM@?Uit
5?Ui | t ?U*i@h @| UL?t|h@?|t tL*_ Mi 4TLti_ L? |i Z rc | t hi*@|i*) 4Lhi
@||h@U|i |L @tt4i |@| Z ' Z @?_ |L it|4@|i |i T@h@4i|ihtc UL?t|h@??} |i4
|L *i Mi|ii? 3ihL @?_ L?i @?_ |L t4 |L L?i At t @Uii_ M) 4@ 4t?} |i
*L}*!i*LL_ | hitTiU| |L ?UL?t|h@?i_ T@h@4i|ihtc @ c U @hi *?!i_ |L
S
|i r M) |i i^@|L?t ' @2 * @2 c ' c c Ai t|@|t|U@* |hi@|4i?| Lu |i
4L_i* t M@ti_ L? |i t|@|i tT@Ui uLh4c | |i |hi?_ UL4TL?i?|t Mi?} ?|@*ti_
| @ _gti ThLh( tii O@hi) @?_ @h@*L E2ff2 uLh uh|ih _tUttL?
Ai 4L_i* U@? Mi hih||i? tL @t |L UL?tt| Lu UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?|tc >_|c '
c c c U @hi _i@|L?t uhL4 |i UL44L? |hi?_c >c| Ai?
+| ' k n >c| n >_| n | n 0|c
' c c c
E2b
ihi >_| ' >| >c|c |
>_| ' >_c|3 n # _|c
' c c c
mm
E f
ihi ' n Zc |i ?|@* UL?_|L?t @hi >_f c ' c c c @hi i_c @?_
>| ' >|3 n q n # |
Wu |i 4L_i* t |L Mi it|4@|i_ ? |t uLh4 |i? L?i Lu |i UL?ih}i?Ui i^@|L?t ?
E f 4t| Mi _hLTTi_ @?_ |i ULhhitTL?_?} UL4TL?i?| UL?t|hU|i_ uhL4 |i L|iht
6Lh i @4T*i u | iUL?L4) t L4||i_c |i?
3
3 [
>_| '
'
>_|
| '
[
3
'
3 S 3
54*@h*) k '
' k Aiti i ThittL?t U@? Mi tMt|||i_ _hiU|*) ?|L
|i 4i@thi4i?| i^@|L? uLh +| ? E2b @MLi
Ai i |i?tL? |L |i t4LL| UL?ih}i?Ui ThLUittit t t|h@}|uLh@h_G |i i^@
|L?t ? E f @hi hiT*@Ui_ M)
>_| ' >_c|3 n q _c|3 c
q _c| ' q _c|3 n l _|
' c c c
2S
mm
E
+it*|t ** Mi hiTLh|i_ ? |ih4t Lu Z ' @t ? |i ht|Lh_ih U@ti
Wuc t@)c ' c |i? |i | tihit t @ Mi?U4@h! @?_ >| t hiT*@Ui_ M) >| (
? |t U@ti i U@? @i _gihi?| r ? E f @?_ E
D
L?ih}i?Ui @?_ _ih}i?Ui ? N5 hi}L?t
Ai Thi*4?@h) ?it|}@|L? Lu t|)*ti_ u@U|t hiTLh|i_ ? tiU|L? ec ?_U@|it |@|
|i |L hUit| hi}L?tc , @?_ ,c uL**L }hL| T@|t Uc itTiU@**) uLh |i
*@t| |L _iU@_itc tii4 |L Mi _ih}?} uhL4 |i }hL| T@|t Lu |i L|ih hi}L?t
Oi?Ui i L?*) @||i4T| |L | @ UL?ih}i?Ui 4L_i* |L |i t TLLhih hi}L?t Ai
hit*|t hiTLh|i_ @hi uLh |i L4L}i?iLt 4L_i*c E2bc | t4LL| UL?ih}i?Ui @t ?
E @?_ @MtL*|i UL?ih}i?Uic |@| t k ' fc ' c c
6Lh |i @??@* _@|@c |i t4*@h U)U*i T@h@4i|iht @hi it|4@|i_ |L Mi 4 ' f.b
@?_ 2Z*b5 ' Hf )i@ht Ai _t|M@?Ui UL@h@?Ui 4@|h t6
Cu
.bD
fHS. fb.S fH.. fDD
fbe
:
9
. . fb H f.S
fHDe fHe2 : u
9
:
9
S e fbe f.2f fbDS : 7.
9
PV G 9
:
9
SSD fSS2 fbbf : 7`
:
9
7
2bSD f.2 8 -
8`
H.2H
*i |i hhi}*@h t
6
5
Cu
H eD f D. f.S
fD e
fHf
fS.D
:
9
..e. f.fS fDH fe
fDD : u
9
9
2D
f..
f.H.
fH2 :
: 7.
9
P0 G 9
:
9
fD
fbH
fbHe : 7`
:
9
7
Hb
fb.2 8 -
8`
fH
Ai UL44L? |hi?_ i}|tc c @?_ UL?ih}i?Ui T@h@4i|ih ihi it|4@|i_
@t
Cu
u
7.
7`
-
8`
Z
fSef f2bH fffS ffffe ffDS fffff ffS
| |i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu |i _t|hM@?Uit Mi?}
2.
5
6
Cu
Deb fbeS fD. feS
ff.e
fHfb
9
:
2fD2 fSbS f.f f2Sb
f.Db : u
9
9
2eS ffD2 ff. f bb :
: 7.
9
Pl G 9
:
9
2 .D
fDD2 f2.f : 7`
9
:
7
b2b fb 8 -
D.S
8`
+iU@** |@| |t tTiUU@|L? ?L| L?*) @**Lt t |L tiT@h@|i |hi?_t @?_ U)U*it M|
@*tL tiT@h@|it L| |i *L?}h? M@*@?Ui_ }hL| T@| uhL4 |i |h@?t|L?@* EUL?ih}
?} hi}L?@* _)?@4Utc |t Tih4||?} @ U@h@U|iht@|L? Lu UL?ih}i?Ui t|)*ti_
u@U|t `i ** uLUt L? |t ui@|hi Lu |i 4L_i*c t?Ui |i U)U*i t Lu tiUL?_@h)
?|ihit| ihi @?_ |ihi t *||*i ?uLh4@|L? Mi)L?_ @| @t Thiti?|i_ ? tiU|L? e
Atc }hi . tLt |i t4LL|i_ it|4@|it Lu |i UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?|tc >_c| c uLh
|i t hi}L?tc *i }hi H _tT*@)t it|4@|i_ UL44L? |hi?_c >c|c |L}i|ih |
|i it|4@|i_ |hi?_t uLh i@U hi}L?
.1
0
-.1
-.2
-.3
Convergence_SW
Convergence_FW
Convergence_GL
Convergence_RM
Convergence_SE
Convergence_PL
-.4
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
6}hi .G L?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?| uLh t TLLhit| hi}L?t
2H
2000
0.25
Trend_SW
Trend_FW
Trend_GL
Common_Trend
10
Trend_RM
Trend_SE
Trend_PL
9.75
9.5
9.25
9
8.75
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
6}hi HG L44L? |hi?_ @?_ }hL| T@|t uLh t hi}L?t }hLT
Ai ?i}@|i t}? L? |i it|4@|i Lu Z t UL?tt|i?| | |i UL?ih}i?Ui UL?
iU|hi uLh |t }hLT Lu hi}L?t @_@?Ui_ i@h*ih 6}hit . @?_ H ThL_i t@*
tTTLh|c | @** t hi}L?t t}?U@?|*) ?@hhL?} |ih }@T |L@h_t |i UL44L?
M@*@?Ui_ }hL| T@| Ai T*L| Lu |i UhLtttiU|L?@* t|@?_@h_ _i@|L? UL4T|i_
uhL4 |i t4LL|i_ |hi?_t t t4*@h |L |@| tL? ? }hi S
,t|4@|L? Lu |i ^@h|ih*) _@|@ ti| @*tL UL?h4t |iti hit*|t( tii |i TTi?_
6Lh ML| @??@* @?_ ^@h|ih*) _@|@ |i UL?ih}i?Ui ThLUitt t tU |@| |i hUih
@?_ TLLhih hi}L?t @TThL@U @ UL44L? |hi?_ U t tL4iihi ? |i 4__*i W?
u@U| | t M@tU@**) UL?t|hU|i_ M) i}|?} Bhi@| w@!it |L|h_t @?_ *@?t L?i
|h_ At t}}it|t |@| i UL*_ ThLUii_ uh|ih M) UL?t|hU|?} @ Mi?U4@h!
uhL4 |i Bhi@| w@!it @?_ *@?tc |ihiM) @**L?} |i @tt4T|L? Lu @ t?}*i h@|i Lu
UL?ih}i?Ui |L Mi hi*@ i_f( tii |i _tUttL? ? |i 4__*i Lu tMtiU|L? e
L|i Liih |@| |@| Mi?i@| |t UL?ih}i?Ui ?_?}c tMt|@?|@* i|ihL}i?i
|) t i_i?| Ai UL?ih}i?Ui ThLUittit _iTU|i_ E>_| c @hi ?i|ih 4L?L|L?U @UhLtt
|4i |ihi t ?L UL?t|@?| |i?_i?U) uLh hi}L?@* ?UL4it _tT@h|it |L _iUhi@ti
eh pruh vshflf zh frxog vhw !l wr }hur iru doo uhjlrqv 0dsduw iurp JO dqg SO0 dqg ohw wkh
fruuhvsrqglqj !l eh vshflf wr hdfk uhjlrq1 JO dqg SO kdyh wkh vdph !l =
43 Wr
2b
|hL}L| |i t@4T*i ?Lh L4L}i?iLt @UhLtt hi}L?t At *i Bhi@| w@!it
@?_ *@?t _tT*@) t4LL| _)?@4Ut | 4Lt| Lu |i UL?ih}i?Ui |L@h_t |i UL4
4L? |hi?_ |@!?} T*@Ui uhL4 bDf |L bHfc +LU!) L?|@?t @?_ 5L| `it| _tT*@)
t|hL?}ih UL?ih}i?Ui _)?@4Ut M| L?*) uhL4 |i 4_ t |it L?@h_t LhiLihc
uLh |i *@||ih }hLTc |i bHf<t @hi @U|@**) @ TihL_ Lu t|hL?} _ih}i?Ui U t
L?*) hiihti_ ? |i *@t| _iU@_i Lu |i t@4T*i At |)Ti Lu ThLUitt t @*tL i_i?|
? |i 6@h `it| hi}L? ihic uL**L?} @ TihL_ Lu Et*L UL?ih}i?Ui T ?|* |i
i@h*) tii?|itc _ih}?} _)?@4Ut _L4?@|i uhL4 |i 4_ tii?|it T ?|* |i *@|i
i}|it i? UL?ih}i?Ui E?L t|hL?}ih hit4it 6?@**)c |i } @ih@}i h@|i Lu
}hL| Lu |i 5L| ,@t| hi}L? E2H I Lih |i u** TihL_ |h@?t*@|it ?|L |i t|hL?}
U@|U?}T ThLUitt _tT*@)i_ T ?|* |i *@|i i}|it OLiihc _h?} |i ??i|it
|t ThLUitt @TTi@ht |L @i t*Li_ _L?c Lh ii? hiihti_
Ai it|4@|L? Lu |i UL?ih}i?Ui 4L_i* *i@_t |L t*}| U@?}it ? |i @?@*)tt
Lu |hi?_ @h@M*|) @?_ UhLtthi}L?@* ULhhi*@|L?t Ai |hi?_ L*@|*|) ?_U@|i_ M)
h l t ?L *Lih uLh @** hi}L?t i? UL4T@hi_ |L |i Et@4i hi}L?t Lu |i M@ti*?i
P
t4LL| |hi?_ 4L_i*c *i |ihi @hi 4Lhi ?i}@|i UhLttULhhi*@|L?t
*|t|iT uLhiU@t|t i?@M*i t |L @?@*)ti uh|ih |i UL?ih}i?Ui _)?@4Ut 4T*i_
M) |i it|4@|it 6}hi b tLt |i uLhiU@t|t Lu |i UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?|t uLh |i
t hi}L?@* tihit Lih @ |i?|) )i@h Lh3L? E2fff2fbc *i }hi f UL?|h@t|t
|i _gihi?| T@|t
f
.1
0
-.1
-.2
-.3
-.4
Convergence_SW
Convergence_FW
Convergence_GL
-.5
1950
1960
1970
Convergence_RM
Convergence_SE
Convergence_PL
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
6}hi bG 6LhiU@t|t uLh UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?|
Path_SW
Path_FW
Path_GL
1
Path_RM
Path_SE
Path_PL
.8
.6
.4
.2
2000
2005
2010
2015
6}hi fG 6LhiU@t| T@| Ebbb'
2020
Ai t|h!?} ui@|hi Lu }hit b @?_ f t ?L| |i ii?|@* UL?ih}i?Uic M| h@|ih
|i Thi_U|L? Lu _ih}i?Ui ? |i tLh| h? Atc @*|L} *@?t @?_ Bhi@| w@!it
UL?ih}i h@T_*) |L |i }hL| T@| Lu |i UL44L? |hi?_c U t @h_*) thTht?}
}i? |i UL4TLt|L? Lu |i UL44L? |hi?_c |i 6@h `it|c +LU!) L?|@?tc 5L|
,@t| @?_ 5L| `it| @hi @** i TiU|i_ |L _i? |ih ?UL4i }@Tc hi*@|i |L |i
UL44L? |hi?_c _h?} |i ht| i )i@ht Lu |i uLhiU@t| TihL_ ?*) |i? _L |i)
hit4i |ih UL?ih}i?Ui |L@h_t |i UL44L? |hi?_ @?_ ii? |i? | ?L|Ui@M*i
_gihi?Uit ? _)?@4Ut Atc M) 2fb E2ffbc *i |i Bhi@| w@!it @hi i TiU|i_ |L
@i hi4Li_ bDI EDfI Lu |i bbb }@Tc |i hi4@??} t hi}L?t ** @i hi4Li_
L?*) Mi|ii? DI E.I uLh |i 5` @?_ SfI E2HI uLh + Lu |ih hitTiU|i
}@Tt
At |i4TLh@h) _ih}i?Ui t @ ui@|hi Lu |i t4LL| UL?ih}i?Ui 4L_i* t
O@hi) @?_ @h@*L E2ff2 tLc |i tiUL?_Lh_ih ihhLh ULhhiU|L? tTiUU@|L? ?L|
L?*) @_4|t t*Lih U@?}it M| @*tLc i? |i UL?ih}i?Ui ThLUitt t|@**tc @**Lt uLh
_ih}i?Ui ? |i tLh| h? At t MiU@ti |i i TiU|i_ UL?ih}i?Ui T@| uLh |iti
|)Ti Lu 4L_i*t _iTi?_t ?L| L?*) L? |i UL?ih}i?Ui T@h@4i|ihc Zc M| @*tL L? |i
_hiU|L? Lu |i UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?| @| |i i?_ Lu |i t@4T*i
Lhi }i?ih@**)c ML| |i }i?ih@* ThLTih|it Lu |i 4L_i* @?_ |i hit*|t Thiti?|i_
ihic T*@Ui |i tTii_ Lu UL?ih}i?Ui _iM@|i<c Thi@*i?| ? 4Lt| i4ThU@* t|_it Lu
UL?ih}i?Uic ? @ _gihi?| TihtTiU|i Wu tiUL?_Lh_ih UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?|t Mit|
U@h@U|ihti |i tihitc ?L t?}*i T@h@4i|ih U@T|hit |i tTii_ Lu UL?ih}i?Ui @?_ @
t4T*i ?L|L? Lu @ @*u*ui t ?@TThLTh@|i
6?@**) i UL?|h@t| |i Mi@Lh Lu |i |L hUit| hi}L?t | |@| Lu |i
t TLLhit| AL |t i?_ i ||i_ @ M@h@|i 4L_i*c ESc |L| @ UL?ih}i?Ui
UL4TL?i?|c |L , @?_ , @?_ i |h@U|i_ |i |hi?_t 6}hi tLt |i _gihi?Uit
Mi|ii? i@U Lu |iti |hi?_t @?_ |i UL44L? |hi?_ uLh |i t hi4@??} hi}L?t
Ai _ih}i?Ui t U*i@h
Wklv srlqw lv lq sduw uhodwhg wr wkh fdoo e| Gxuodxi +5334=9;, iru cwkh ghyhorsphqw ri ydu|lqj
frhflhqw phwkrgv wkdw doorz wkh jurzwk surfhvv wr ghshqg rq d frxqwu|*v vwdwh ri ghyhorsphqw*1
44
2
.225
Contrast_NE
Contrast_ME
.2
.175
.15
.125
.1
.075
.05
.025
0
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
6}hi G L?|h@t| Lu |L i@*|it| hi}L?t< |hi?_t | UL44L? |hi?_ Lu |i t
TLLhit| hi}L?t
6}hi @MLi _iTU|t |i _gihi?Ui Mi|ii? |i t4LL| |hi?_t Lu |i |L
i@*|it| hi}L?t @?_ |i it|4@|i_ M@*@?Ui_ }hL| T@| Lu |i hi4@??} hi}L?t
L4T@h?} |L 6}hi fc t|@h| M) ?L|U?} |@| ? |i i@h*) u|it |i , @?_ ,
UL?|h@t|t ihi @U|@**) Lu @ t4@**ih 4@}?|_i |@? |@| Lu 6` @?_ ?L| ih) _gih
i?| uhL4 |@| Lu Bw OLiihc @t 6}hi 2 4@!it U*i@hc ?t|i@_ Lu |i UL?ih}?}
_)?@4Ut Lu |i *@||ih |L hi}L?tc , @?_ , @U|@**) _i? |ih }@T |L@h_t
L|ih hi}L?tc itTiU@**) uhL4 |i 4_ tii?|it L?@h_t Atc | t ?L| |i ?|@*
t|@|i M| @U|@**) |i _t|?U| }hL| _)?@4Ut Lu , @?_ , _h?} |i *@t| @*u
Ui?|h) |@| i T*@? |i _ih}i?Ui @*hi@_) ?|i_ @| ? 5iU|L? e
S
Ait|?} L?ih}i?Ui
Ai @4 Lu UL?ih}i?Ui |it|t t |L _i|ih4?i i|ih hi}L?t @hi ? |i ThLUitt Lu
UL?ih}?} 5L4i ?| hLL| |it|t @hi ti?t|i |L ?|@* UL?_|L?tc hi?_ih?} |i4 Lu
*4|i_ @*i uLh |t ThTLti O@hi) @?_ @|it E2ff2 i @4?i @ ?4Mih Lu |it|t
@?_ UL?U*_i |@| |i #6 ||it| t |i 4Lt| t@|tu@U|Lh) L?i @t | t hLMt| |L ?|@*
@*it _gihi?| uhL4 3ihL W?_ii_c i? |ihi t ?L UL?t|@?|c |t TLih ?Uhi@tit
|i uh|ih |i ?|@* UL?_|L?t @hi uhL4 i^*Mh4 L|i |@| 4@?) hiti@hUiht
tii4 |L Mi UL?Uih?i_ | |it|?} i|ih UL?ih}i?Ui @t @U|@**) |@!i? T*@Ui
6Lh i @4T*ic ih?@h_ @?_ #h*@u EbbS T . h|i |@| W? |4i tihit |it|tc L?i
@tt4it |@| |i _@|@ @hi }i?ih@|i_ M) iUL?L4it ?i@h |ih *4|?} _t|hM|L?t
@?_ UL?ih}i?Ui t ?|ihThi|i_ |L 4i@? |@| ?|@* UL?_|L?t @i ?L Et|@|t|U@**)
t}?U@?| igiU| L? |i i TiU|i_ @*i Lu L|T| _gihi?Uit< Wu |t hi@**) ihi |i
U@ti |i? t|@M*|) |it|tc h@|ih |@? ?| hLL| |it|tc L*_ Mi @TThLTh@|i
Ai L?|i @h*L i Tih4i?|t ? O@hi) @?_ @|it E2ff2 @*tL }*}| |i UL?
t_ih@M*i @_@?|@}it Lu |it|t |L| |i UL?t|@?| i? @MtL*|i UL?ih}i?Ui t |i
)TL|itt Lu ?|ihit| @?) t|_itc uLh i @4T*i @h*?L @?_ **t Ebb c U@hh) L|
#6 ||it|t | @ |4i |hi?_ @t i** @t @ UL?t|@?| OLiihc |i ?U*tL? Lu @
|4i |hi?_ t ?L| L?*) ?UL?tt|i?| | @ UL?ih}i?Ui 4L_i* M| | @*tL igiU|i*)
i?thit |@| |i |it|t @i h|@**) ?L TLih
Ai t@* @TThL@U |L |it|?} UL?ih}i?Ui t M@ti_ L? ||?} 4L_i*t Lu |i uLh42
{E+c| +c| ' B n Z E+c|3 +c|3 n
R
[
o '
o {E+c|3 +c|3 n # | c
' c c c
E 2
@?_ U@hh)?} L| #6 ?| hLL| |it|t W? |i Thiti?| @TT*U@|L?c U@ti + c| L*_
t@**) Mi |i N5 }hic h@|ih |@? @ t4T*i i}|i_ Lu |i ?__@* }hit ?
*L}@h|4t
? Lih@** |it| Lu UL?ih}i?Ui t Lu|i? U@hhi_ L| M) UL4M??} |i ?uLh4@|L?
? |i ?__@* #6 t|@|t|Ut @t ? ,@?t @?_ k@hh@t EbbS@ Lh wi?c w?
@?_ w E2ff2 OLiihc |iti |it|t _L ?L| |@!i @UUL?| Lu |i UhLttULhhi*@|L?
Mi|ii? |i tihitc |ihiM) hi?_ih?} |i4 ?@*_ ? |i Thiti?| @TT*U@|L?( tii |i
t4*@|L? i_i?Ui ? <L??i** EbbH Lhi }i?ih@**) |ihi t |i tti Lu L
tiu* @? Lih@** |it| t ? |i ht| T*@Ui t i @i tii? uLh |i N5c tL4i hi}L?t
4@) UL?ih}i *i L|iht _L ?L| At ?__@* |it|t 4@) Mi 4Lhi ?uLh4@|i
N?uLh|?@|i*) M@t?} tU |it|t L? |i i^@|L?t ? E 2 ? @? @||i4T| |L _i|ih4?i
45 Wklv
doo wkh
htxdwlrq grhv qrw iroorz iurp wkh prgho ri vhfwlrq 8 h{fhsw lq wkh krprjhqrxv fdvh zkhq
l v duh wkh vdph> vhh vxevhfwlrq 8151
46 Wkh
3
idfw wkdw wkh lqirupdwlrq lq rqh ri wkh htxdwlrqv lv uhgxqgdqw lv uduho| phqwlrqhg1
e
U hi}L?t UL?ih}i |L |i Lih@** 4i@? t LMLt*) ?@*_ t?Ui u L?i hi}L?
_Lit ?L| UL?ih}i M| @** |i L|iht _Lc |i? +c| +c| ** Mi ?L?t|@|L?@h) uLh @**
@?_ |i |it|t |i** t ?L|?}e h Thiuihi?Ui t |ihiuLhi |L ti T@hti #6
|it|tD |L |h) |L _i|ih4?i U hi}L?t @hi UL?ih}?} |L i@U L|ih
A@M*it 2 @?_ tL |i hit*|t Lu |i #6 |it|tc | R ti| |L uLhc @TT*i_ |L
|i _gihi?Uit Mi|ii? @** |i E*L}}i_ @??@* tihit Ai hit*|t uLh |i |it| | ?L
UL?t|@?| tL tL4i tTTLh| uLh UL?ih}i?Ui |? |i t TLLhit| hi}L?tc |L}
L?*) t L| Lu u|ii? Lu |i |it| t|@|t|Ut @hi t|@|t|U@**) t}?U@?| @| |i DI *ii*
t i TiU|i_c |ihi t ?L i_i?Ui uLh UL?ih}i?Ui Lu . @?_ . | @?) Lu |i
L|ih hi}L?t Lh | i@U L|ih
Wu @ UL?t|@?| t ?U*_i_c L?*) L?i |t|@|t|U t t|@|t|U@**) t}?U@?| @| |i fI
*ii* @?_ |t t Mi|ii? . @?_ -- A@M*i M tLt it|4@|it Lu |i UL?t|@?| @?_
@ttLU@|i_ ||it|tc |L} }i? |i UL4T*i|i ?igiU|i?itt Lu |i ?| hLL| |it|tc
|t 4@) ?L| UL?|@? 4U ?uLh4@|L? Lu @*i
ih@** |i |it|t @hi ?L| ?UL?tt|i?| | |i UL?U*tL?t LM|@?i_ M) |i Thiti?
|@|L? Lu t|)*ti_ u@U|t uhL4 Lh 4L_i*t OLiihc hi*)?} tL*i*) L? |i |it|t L*_
U*i@h*) ?L| Mi @ ti?tM*i t|h@|i})
47 Qhyhuwkhohvv d ydvw qxpehu ri sdshuv uhsruw wkh uhvxowv ri wklv iuxlwohvv h{huflvh1
48 Krelmq dqg Iudqvhv +5333, sursrvh xvlqj sdluzlvh vwdwlrqdulw| whvwv/ exw dv douhdg| dujxhg
vwdwlrqdulw| whvwv duh ri olwwoh ydoxh li wkh uhjlrqv duh lq wkh surfhvv ri frqyhujlqj1
D
A@M*i 2 ??@* #@|@ #6
|it| | e *@}t @?_ ?L UL?t|@?|
.
.
Cu
u
7.
7`
-
6
.
fb
:
Cu 9
:
9 ffS ffbb
:
W
u 9
ffeS
fe2
H
:
9
:
9
7. 9 fH H D 2D2SWW 2eS2WW
:
:
9
WW
:
7` 9 f 2 feHb ee
e 2 H
:
9
WW
8
- 7 fS. fSH. ff
bH bS.
fb2e
WW
.S D2S f.eH
eDe 2e.
fSb H
8`
6hL4 #6 |@M*itG
W 4i@?t t}?U@?| @| fI *ii* EDf LMtih@|L?tc Uh|U@* @*i 'S
WW 4i@?t t}?U@?| @| DI *ii* EDf LMtih@|L?tc Uh|U@* @*i 'bD
5
A@M*i @ ??@* #@|@ #6
.
Cu
u
7.
7`
-
8`
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
7
.
.
f H
f.D. e
SH .b2
.bS .HD
2Sb 2 DS
SHb 2.D W
fSHD 2bb
|it| | e *@}t @?_ UL?t|@?|
Cu
S
H.S
2DH
HDf
2f
u
7.
7`
Hb
2e b 22SD
SD eeS bD
feS 2 fbDe 2
6hL4 #6 |@M*itG
W 4i@?t t}?U@?| @| fI EDf LMtih@|L?tc Uh|U@* @*i '2Sf
WW 4i@?t t}?U@?| @| DI EDf LMtih@|L?tc Uh|U@* @*i '2b
-
6
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8
A@M*i M ??@* #@|@ it|4@|i Lu UL?t|@?| @?_ @ttLU@|i_ ||it|
.
.
Cu
S
u
7.
7`
-
.
Cu
u
7.
7`
-
8`
.
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
7
fff2
fff b
fff.2
W
ff2S
ff2beW
fff 2
ff2
fff..
ffffb
fff 2
WW
WW
ff2b
ff22H
fffDb
ffDSWW fff2b
ffHW ff2SHWW
ff22
fff2H ffffD fff2.
WW
ffffe ffffD fffDb ff2
fff
ffffe ff.
6
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8
L?U*tL?t
6||?} @ 4*|@h@|i t|hU|h@* |4i tihit 4L_i* |L |i i}| N5 hi}L?t ThL_it
UL?t_ih@M*i ?t}| ?|L UL?ih}i?Uic Lh *@U! Lu |c M) uLUtt?} @||i?|L? L? |i
i |h@U|L? Lu t4LL| |hi?_t @ti_ L? |iti |hi?_tc @ T*@tM*i Lh!?} )TL|itt t
|@| @** M| |i |L hUit| hi}L?tc , @?_ ,c @i _tT*@)i_ @MtL*|i UL?ih}i?Ui
Lih |i *@t| u|) )i@ht UL?ih}i?Ui 4L_i* t _ii*LTi_ @?_ ||i_ |L |i t TLLhit|
hi}L?t !i) ui@|hi Lu |i 4L_i* t |@| | i4ML_it UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?|t |@|
@hi @M*i |L _tT*@) |i4TLh@h) _ih}i?Ui MiuLhi UL?ih}?} |L @ UL44L? |hi?_ At
|i4TLh@h) _ih}i?Ui tii4t |L Mi @ ui@|hi Lu |i N5 hi}L?t Ai 4L_i* ?L| L?*)
U@h@U|ihtit | Lih |i TihL_ ? ^it|L?c M| @*tL _tT*@)t | i? Thi_U|L?t @hi
4@_i
N?| hLL| |it|t @hi @TT*i_ |L @** T@ht Lu hi}L?tc | @?} Mii? ?L|i_ |@| 4L_
i*t M@ti_ L? _i@|L?t uhL4 @? Lih@** 4i@? @hi ?@TThLTh@|i i? @| *i@t| tL4i
hi}L?t _ih}i Ai hit*|t Lu |iti |it|t @hi ?L| ?UL?tt|i?| | |i UL?U*tL?t
hi@Ui_ M) Lh Thiti?|@|L? Lu t|)*ti_ u@U|t OLiihc ? |i4ti*it |i) @hi ?UL?
U*ti 6h|ih4Lhic |i) @hi M@ti_ L? @ ht|Lh_ih 4L_i* Lu UL?ih}i?Uic *i Lh
Thiuihi?Ui t uLh i*U|?} t|)*ti_ u@U|t t @ tiUL?_Lh_ih 4L_i* h i t |@| | t
?ti |L @||i4T| |L _h@ _i?|i UL?U*tL?t L? |i M@tt Lu tU |it|t
tiUL?_@h) @4 Lu |i t|_) t |L U@h@U|ihti |i U)U*U@* 4Li4i?|t ? N5
hi}L?t `i _L |t M) ||?} @ t4*@h U)U*i UL4TL?i?| @?_ |i hit*| t ?__@*
hi}L?@* U)U*it |@| @TTi@h i?|hi*) T*@tM*i ? |i *}| Lu |i ?@|L?@* U)U*i @t _@|i_
M) |i ,+ Ai ht| Th?UT@* UL4TL?i?| Lu |i it|4@|i_ UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu |i
U)U*it @UUL?|t uLh |i M*! Lu |i hi}L?@* 4Li4i?|t @?_ |h@U!t |i ?@|L?@* U)U*i
^|i U*Lti*) OLiihc @||i4T|t |L 4TLti @ t?}*i UL44L? U)U*i L? |i hi}L?@*
tihit ?_U@|i_ |@| |t t |LL t|hL?} @? @tt4T|L?
.
+i|h??} |L UL?ih}i?Uic |ihi @hi tL?_ iUL?L4U hi@tL?t ) hi}L?@* Tih
U@T|@ ?UL4it tL*_ |i?_ |L i^@*ti 6Lh i @4T*ic ? |i U@ti Lu |i N5c |i
hiUi?| T@Tih M) @ti** @?_ L*i4@? E2ff }*}|t |i _iU*??} hL*i Lu @}hU*|hi
? Mh?}?} @ML| UL?ih}i?Ui , T*@??} |i ?_ih*)?} hi@tL?t uLh |i hiUi?|*)
LMtihi_ _ih}i?Ui Lu |i , @?_ , Thiti?|t @? ii? 4Lhi ?|ihit|?} U@**i?}i
k`w,#B,,A5
Ai Lh! @t tTTLh|i_ M) |i ,UL?L4U @?_ 5LU@* +iti@hU L?U* E,5+
@t T@h| Lu @ ThLiU| L? #)?@4U 6@U|Lh ?@*)ttc }h@?| ?4Mih w H 2D ffH ?
i@h*ih ihtL? Lu |i T@Tih @t Thiti?|i_ @| |i UL?uihi?Ui L? Mt?itt U)U*it @| |i
N?iht|) Lu @?Uit|ih ? a?i 2ff2
+iuihi?Uit
do @hhLc +a @?_ j 5@*@@h|? Ebb2 L?ih}i?Ui aLh?@* Lu L*|U@* ,UL?
L4)c ffc 22 2D
d2o @hhLc +a @?_ j 5@*@@h|? EbbD ,UL?L4U BhL| UBh@O**c
Lt|L?c
d o ih?@h_c @?_ 5 #h*@u EbbD L?ih}i?Ui ? ?|ih?@|L?@* L|T| aLh?@*
Lu TT*i_ ,UL?L4i|hUtc fc b.fH
deo ih?@h_c @?_ 5 #h*@u EbbS W?|ihThi|?} |it|t Lu |i UL?ih}i?Ui )TL|
itt aLh?@* Lu ,UL?L4i|hUtc .c S.
dDo hLU!c ` @?_ 5 #h*@u E2fff BhL| iUL?L4Ut @?_ hi@*|) ,+ `Lh!?}
@Tihc ? Hfe
dSo hL?cc 5ac , L*tL? @?_ +6 ,?}*i Ebbf L?UL?|i}h@|L? @?_ iUL?L
4i|hU i@*@|L? Lu 4L_i*t Lu hi}L?@* tu| @?_ t@hi ,+ `Lh!?} @Tihc
? 2b
d.o @h*?Lc B @?_ w **t Ebb hi N5 hi}L?@* ?UL4it UL?ih}?}q |4i
tihit @?@*)tt aLh?@* Lu L?i|@h) ,UL?L4Utc 2c D eS
H
dHo @h*?Lc B @?_ k 5** E2ff +i}L?@* W?UL4i 6*U|@|L?tG L44L? Ahi?_t
@?_ L44L? )U*it +ii Lu ,UL?L4Ut @?_ 5|@|t|Utc H
dbo @ti**c 6 @?_ `aL*i4@? E2ff Ai N5 t|hU|h@* |h@?tuLh4@|L? @?_
hi}L?@* UL?ih}i?UiG @ hi?|ihThi|@|L? aLh?@* Lu L*|U@* ,UL?L4)c fbc
DHeSS
dfo #LLh?!c a Ebbb G ? MiU|hi?|i_ @|h w@?}@}i h_ i_|L?
A4Mih*@!i L?t*|@?|t hittG wL?_L?
do #h*@uc 5 E2ff @?uit|L uLh @ }hL| iUL?L4i|hUt aLh?@* Lu ,UL?L4i|
hUtc ffc SDSb
d2o #h*@uc 5 @?_ # "@ Ebbb Ai ?i i4ThUt Lu iUL?L4U }hL| W? a
A@)*Lh @?_ `LL_uLh_ Ei_t O@?_MLL! Lu @UhLiUL?L4Ut VL*4i c @T
|ih e ,*tiih 5Ui?Ui
d o ,@?tc @?_ B k@hh@t EbbS@ L?ih}i?Ui hit|i_ aLh?@* Lu L?i|@h)
,UL?L4Utc .c 2eb2SD
deo ,@?tc @?_ B k@hh@t EbbSM #L iUL?L4it UL?ih}iq ,_i?Ui uhL4 @ T@?i*
Lu N5 t|@|it +ii Lu ,UL?L4Ut @?_ 5|@|t|Utc .Hc He HH
dDo ,@?tc E2fff W?UL4i _)?@4Ut ? hi}L?t @?_ UL?|hit W? B Oitt @?_
, @? `?ULLT Ei_t W?|h@?@|L?@* @UhLiUL?L4Utc @T|ih . @4Mh_}i
N?iht|) hittG @4Mh_}i
dSo ,?}*ic +6 @?_ 5 kL3U! Ebb c Ait|?} uLh UL44L? ui@|hitc aLh?@* Lu
t?itt : ,UL?L4Ut 5|@|t|Utc c Sb Hf
d.o O@4*|L?c a# Ebbec A4i tihit @?@*)ttc h?Ui|L?c h?Ui|L? N?iht|)
hitt
dHo O@hi)c EbHbc 6LhiU@t|?}c 5|hU|h@* A4i 5ihit L_i*t @?_ |i k@*4@?
6*|ih @4Mh_}iG @4Mh_}i N?iht|) hitt
dbo O@hi)c @?_ # @|it E2ff2c Ait|?} uLh L?ih}i?Ui 4iLc @4Mh_}i
N?iht|)
b
d2fo O@hi)c @?_ V @h@*L E2ff2c L_i*t uLh UL?ih}?} iUL?L4it
44iL #, `Lh!?} T@Tih f2Sc N?iht|) Lu @4Mh_}i
d2o O@hi)c @?_ 5a kLLT4@? Ebb. *|@h@|i t|hU|h@* |4i tihit 4L_
i*t W?G Oi i| @* Ei_t 5)t|i4 _)?@4Ut ? iUL?L4U @?_ ?@?U@* 4L_i*t
2Sb2bH `*i) @?_ 5L?tG Uit|ih
d22o OLM?c @?_ O 6h@?tit E2fff t)4T|L|U@**) TihuiU| @?_ hi*@|i UL?ih
}i?Ui Lu ThL_U||) aLh?@* Lu TT*i_ ,UL?L4i|hUtc Dc DbH
d2 o kLLT4@?c 5ac 5iT@h_ @?_ a #LLh?! Ebbb 5|@|t|U@* @*}Lh|4t uLh
4L_i*t ? t|@|i tT@Ui uLh4 t?} 5tu@U! 22 E| _tUttL?c ,UL?L4i|hUt
aLh?@*c 2c f.Sf
d2eo wi?c w?c 6 @?_ 5 w E2ff2 N?| hLL| |it|t ? T@?i* _@|@G @t)4T|L|U
@?_ ?|i t@4T*i ThLTih|it aLh?@* Lu ,UL?L4i|hUtc fHc 2e
d2Do wLi)c @?_ # O @Ti** EbbS hi N5hi}L?@* ?UL4it UL?ih}?}q
5L4i uh|ih i_i?Ui aLh?@* Lu L?i|@h) ,UL?L4Utc Hc DH.DbH
d2So @__@*@c B5 @?_ W k4 EbbH N?| hLL|tc UL?|i}h@|L?c @?_ t|hU|h@*
U@?}i @4Mh_}iG @4Mh_}i N?iht|) hitt
d2.o )M*L4c a @?_ O@hi) E2fff Ait|t Lu UL44L? t|LU@t|U |hi?_t ,UL?L
4i|hU AiLh)c Sc .Sbb
d2Ho <L??i**c EbbHc Ai Lih@*@|L? Lu ThU@t?} TLih T@h|)c aLh?@* Lu
W?|ih?@|L?@* ,UL?L4Utc eec b
d2bo "@c # Ebb B@*|L?<t u@**@U) @?_ |i UL?ih}i?Ui )TL|itt 5U@?_?@@?
aLh?@* Lu ,UL?L4Utc bDc e2.ee
d fo 5@*@@h|?c j EbbS +i}L?@* ULitL?G i_i?Ui @?_ |iLhit Lu hi}L?@*
}hL| @?_ UL?ih}i?Ui ,hLTi@? ,UL?L4U +iic efc 2DD2
d o AL4*@?LUc @?_ AaVL}i*t@?} E2ff hi N5 hi}L?t UL?ih}?}q Nt?}
?i iUL?L4i|hU 4i|L_t |L i @4?i L*_ ttit ,4ThU@* ,UL?L4Utc 2.c ebS2
d 2o V@_c 6 @?_ + 6 ,?}*i Ebb L44L? |hi?_t @?_ UL44L? U)U*it aLh?@*
Lu TT*i_ ,UL?L4i|hUtc Hc e Sf
ef
TTi?_
"@h|ih*) hit*|t uLh 4*|@h@|i t4LL| |hi?_ 4L_i*
Ai TihL_ uLh |i t4*@h U)U*i UL4TL?i?| t . ^@h|iht | @ _@4T?} u@U|Lh Lu
fHD wL}w!i*LL_'2S.SeD Ai U)U*ic |hi?_ Et*LTi @?_ hhi}*@h _t|hM@?Ui
UL@h@?Ui
5 4@|hUitc @hi hitTiU|i*)
6
.
b2
fHe fe.e fb. fHH fbD fbf
9
:
DS. fHe fe.D fb. fHH fbS fbf : .
9
9
:
9
Hb2 fSe fHbH f.f. f.2f f.f2 : Cu
9
:
9
: u
HDeb
fSe
fDee
fDbf
feeb
:
hV G 9
P
9
2D2 fHef fbeH fHe2 :
9
: 7.
9
D.b fH . fH2 :
9
: 7`
9
:
2S f.b. 8 -
7
2f.2
8`
@?_
5
eHe fbfe f.D fHe
9
DH f. H fHf.
9
9
9
.. fHbb
9
9
fH
hl G 9
P
9
9
9
9
9
7
fH.D f22D
fHb2 f ff
fHHH f2H
fbH2 feee
S. f See2
HSS
f 2f
febe
feHS
f.
fSe2
fH2
H
f.e
fHDH
fHS
fH e
fHD2
fDbf
fSSS
fb
@?_
5
Db fHfb f.f f2HH
9
2Df fH2b fDe
9
9
9
.DS fHee
9
9
Hb.
h0 G 9
P
9
9
9
9
9
7
feDH
feH
fe2
feHH
SSe
e
f 2.
fe.
fef
fDDD
f.f
.S
fee
f2S
fDS
fHf
fe2
f.2D
22
fS2
fSbS
fDbD
fee2
fSS
fe.b
feS2
SD
6
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8
6
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8
.
.
Cu
u
7.
7`
-
8`
.
.
Cu
u
7.
7`
-
8`
Ai U)U*U@* @?_ |hi?_ UL4TL?i?|t uLh |i i}| hi}L?@* ^@h|ih*) tihit @hi _i
TU|i_ ? }hit Mi*L
.08
Cycle_NE
Cycle_GL
Cycle_SE
Cycle_RM
Cycle_ME
Cycle_PL
Cycle_SW
Cycle_FW
.06
.04
.02
0
-.02
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
6}hi G 54LL|i_ U)U*it uLh ^@h|ih*) _@|@
10.4
NE_Trend
GL_Trend
SE_Trend
RM_Trend
ME_Trend
PL_Trend
SW_Trend
FW_Trend
10.2
10
9.8
9.6
9.4
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
6}hi G 54LL|i_ |hi?_t uLh ^@h|ih*) _@|@
e2
2000
2
L?ih}i?Ui 4L_i* uLh ^@h|ih*) _@|@ EbSbG |L bbbGe
uhL4 N5 t Ui?tt hi}L?t
wL}w!i*LL_'2S.SeD )U*i T@h@4i|ihtG 4 ' f.bD( 2Z*b ' 2f ^@h|iht |
UL@h@?Ui 4@|h E@** @h@?Uit Thi4*|T*i_ M) f .
5
. fDD2 fH e
9
HD.2 fDS
9
9
2Hb
9
PV G 9
9
9
7
f. .
fDDS
fHH2
e f
fD.e
fDe
fb2.
fH H
DS
fS S
f DD
fHfH
fHff
f.D
H.
6
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8
Cu
u
7.
7`
-
8`
@?_
5 uLh |i hhi}*@h
6
feb fbDH fS.S feD fSbe fSeS
Cu
9
:
bfe fD.2 fDeH fHeH fDD. : u
9
9
HbH fS.e fe . fS.. :
9
: 7.
P0 G 9
:
9
eDb f.be fS2 : 7`
9
:
7
22f fDf 8 -
2e
8`
Ai UL44L? |hi?_ i}|t @?_ UL?ih}i?Ui T@h@4i|ih @hiG
Cu
u
7.
7` - 8`
Z
fD.2 ffD f2fD ff e ffbe ffHf ff DD
*i5|i UL@h@?Ui 4@|h Lu _t|hM@?Uit tG 6
Cu
HS fb.2 fbD2 fDHf fH H fH.H
:
9
.b2 fbH. fS.S fb. fHDS : u
9
9
eDH fDHe fHSD fH2S :
: 7.
9
Pl G 9
:
9
S. fH.2 fSHH : 7`
:
9
7
b f.b 8 -
8`
D2b
Ai }h@Tt @hiG
e
10.3
10.2
Trend_SW
Trend_FW
Trend_GL
Common_Trend_6_Regions
Trend_RM
Trend_SE
Trend_PL
10.1
10
9.9
9.8
9.7
9.6
9.5
9.4
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
6}hiG 54LL|i_ Ahi?_ @?_ L44L? Ahi?_ uLh S ^@h|ih*) tihit
Convergence_SW
Convergence_FW
Convergence_GL
.15
Convergence_RM
Convergence_SE
Convergence_PL
.1
.05
0
-.05
-.1
-.15
-.2
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
6}hi G54LL|i_ UL?ih}i?Ui UL4TL?i?| uLh S ^@h|ih*) tihit
ee
TTi?_
N?| hLL| |it|t
"@h|ih*) _@|@c e *@}tc ?L UL?t|@?|c
|it|
.
.
Cu
u
7.
7`
6
.
fS
:
Cu 9
9 f2 e ff
:
9
:
u 9 f
fDf2 .bW
:
9
:
W
WW
W
7. 9 f D SDf 2e b
S f
:
9
:
9
:
7`
9 f2fe fDeS fb2 e.H
:
8
- 7 f22f fSfH .S ee. 2e2 fHe.
8`
f..
f.ee fbb ef2 bHfWW HH 2He
6hL4 #6 |@M*itG
W 4i@?t t}?U@?| @| fI Eff LMtih@|L?t
WW
4i@?t t}?U@?| @| DI Eff LMtih@|L?t
5
e *@}tc | UL?t|@?|c
.
Cu
u
7.
7`
-
8`
|it| @?_ UL?t|@?|
|it|
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
7
.
.
f 2
fS2D H
fH
De 2.DW
bSf DfWW b.
eeD DD 2f
ff e 2e
f.SS fbf D
Cu
u
7.
7`
6
ee
H D2
be 2 ef
b D 22f S
6hL4 #6 |@M*itG
W 4i@?t t}?U@?| @| fI Eff LMtih@|L?t
WW 4i@?t t}?U@?| @| DI Eff LMtih@|L?t
V@*i Lu L?t|@?|
eD
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8
-
-
.
Cu
u
7.
7`
-
8`
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
7
.
.
Cu
u
7.
7`
ffffD
ffffb fff2
fff
fff. fffDWW
fff.WW ff2WW fffH
fff2f
W
fff
fffe fff D
fff2H ffffe
W
fff
fffe fffe
fffH ffff. ffff
ffffD ffffD fff2e fffe. fffH fffSeWW fff .
eS
6
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
8
-