Dos and don’ts of a successfully peer-reviewed
publication: From A–Z
O
GAJDACS
2,3p
PAYAM BEHZADI1 and MARI
European Journal of
Microbiology and
Immunology
10 (2020) 3, 125–130
1
Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad
University, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged,
Szeged, Hungary
3
DOI:
10.1556/1886.2020.00023
© 2020 The Authors
Institute of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
Received: August 12, 2020 • Accepted: August 28, 2020
Published online: October 3, 2020
ABSTRACT
REVIEW PAPER
To have a successful publication in a peer-reviewed journal, a collection of factors and items is needed.
Some of them directly and the others indirectly have important roles in scholarly publication. However,
a well-designed scientific investigation together with a powerful academic English language may
guarantee the publication of a manuscript. In other words, a standard and professional methodology
which is expressed by an influent academic English language constitutes the soul of the manuscript’s
body. Obviously, the accuracy and fluency of the English language of the manuscript is the author(s)’
responsibility and neither the reviewers’ nor the editor’s and the journal’s. As publication of a research
paper is the complementary section of a scientific study, it is recognized as an academic criterion for
academicians. Thus, this review focuses on the all of items which are necessary and vital for a successful
scholarly publication.
KEYWORDS
peer-review, medical manuscripts, microbiology publications, immunology publications, research, abstracting
and indexing
INTRODUCTION
*Corresponding author. Department of
Pharmacodynamics and Biopharmacy,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of
Szeged, E€otv€os utca 6., 6720 Szeged,
Hungary. Tel.: þ36 62 341 330.
E-mail: mariopharma92@gmail.com
As references show, the year of 1665 was the first historical reference of writing modern scientific papers in scholarly journals. Although no style or standard format requirements were
defined for scientific papers at that time, classification of formatted scientific papers was present
even in the late 17th century [1]. Between 1665 and the 1850s, the scientific letters (which were
authored by a single scientist with a polite summary of the literature regarding a variety of
scientific topics) and experimental reports were the normal forms of scientific papers; from the
1850s, the structure of scientific papers evolved via the addition of the methods section into
scientific papers. Thus, scientific papers from 1850s to 1900 were modernized by a methodology section to allow for the reader to ascertain the validity of the results and to reproduce the
published experiments. The process of standardization in scientific publishing gained momentum begun from the year 1900 and it was solidified in the 1980s, by designing IMRAD
structured original articles. Indeed, the acronym of IMRAD is the abbreviation for Introduction, Methods, Results, And Discussion [1–3]. Although many scientific fields (e.g., mathematics and theoretical physics among natural sciences or the humanities) may have their
alternative guidelines on publishing results (book-like, newspaper-like scientific articles,
Dunleavy’s structural alternatives), it is always the safest choice to use the IMRAD format in
international journals [4]. Nevertheless, in case of special article types in medicine (e.g.,
PRISMA [Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses] guidelines in
case of systematic reviews and meta-analyses) additional special criteria must also be taken into
consideration. As in many scientific fields, the quality and quantity of scientific publications by
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individual researchers is important for many reasons in
medicine and also in the narrower fields of immunology,
microbiology and infectious diseases. Young researchers
pursuing a scientific career in these fields must comply with a
set of rules by their doctorate school to be able to receive a
Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) degree, while in many clinical
centers and university hospitals, clinical immunologists, infectious diseases specialists and clinical microbiologists must
also publish scientific articles to pursue a promotion or
leadership positions [5]. In accordance with our publishing
experience and giving several workshops and lectures in this
field and getting brilliant feedback by the participants, we
decided to publish a paper discussing this topic in detail.
THE PEER-REVIEW PROCESS: IMPORTANCE
AND REASONS
As the quality and validity of scientific manuscripts are some
of the most important qualities to consider; the number of
peer-reviewed journals has significantly increased and their
methods to rigorously evaluate scientific papers have also
shown important progress in the last three centuries. Indeed,
peer-reviewed journals evaluate the quality and validity of
submitted scientific manuscripts by expert referees relating
to the field. Usually, the scientific evaluation is achieved by
determined reviewers (generally two or three referees) that
are selected by the journal’s editor(s). The editor’s final decision is predominantly made in accordance with and based
on the reviewers’ points of view; however, if discordant review reports are presented, it is the Editor’s responsibility to
either sequester additional review reports or to make a decision by reflecting on the quality of the paper him/herself.
The publication process of peer-reviewed journals is timeconsuming as the validity and quality of scientific papers are
evaluated by the professional specialists and experts who are
usually also performing research and have educational responsibilities, therefore are busy [3, 6].
The evaluations performed by the reviewers may lead to
the direct acceptance (publication in the present form),
acceptance with minor revision, reconsider after major revision, weak rejection (resubmission after principal revisions)
and direct rejection [3, 7]. Hence, the peer-review process –
whether single-blind or double-blind – may act as a scientific
filter; however there are some criticisms regarding the peerreview processes [8]. By the time and progression in publishing technology in the recent 200 years, peer-reviewed
journals have had a flourishing progress [9]. On the other
hand, after the 1990s, the introduction of online submission
systems and the creation of electronic environments accelerated the speed of communication between editors, reviewers
and authors even more, without the need of relying on paperbased communication and national/international postal systems. All these landmarks support the increase of submitted
manuscripts and the reduction of the time needed for final
decisions and revisions [10]. Hence, the publication period of
manuscripts has decreased significantly during the last years,
which is good news for the authors. However, we still hear
from the inexperienced authors and novices that the process
of a scientific publication is very hard. Why? This may be due
to the fact that the majority of first-paper scientists think that
the processes of writing a paper and performing scientific
research are distinct professions, however, this is not the case.
Scientific writing is a package of skills which an author should
be trained for. In other words, writing a scientific paper is
recognized as a blend of art and knowledge [3, 11].
In addition, authors must also have the ability to screen
existing literature to find the appropriate place for their
article, or to find the “gaps” of knowledge, which they may
fill [12]. Therefore, the science behind scientific writing
should be taught to beginners throughout training programs
and workshops by experienced mentors, or as a part of
graduate and postgraduate education. While in Western
countries, this is usually already incorporated into the general (undergraduate) curricula, students in other countries
first get acquainted with these competencies during PhD
training [13, 14]. The publication of a bona fide scientific
paper needs practice, experience, serenity, patience and an
ability to accept failures and feedbacks, which are all integral
parts of the peer-review process. As the mainstream scholarly peer-reviewed journals are predominantly in English,
the language can be a serious problem for those authors that
have English as their second language. Of course, the authors speaking English as their second language have lesser
confidence in scientific writing than native English speakers
[6, 15, 16]. The linguistic fluency and clarity is necessary in
scholarly journals, because only an error-free text in academic English could be easily understood by the global
readership [17, 18].
PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALS AND THE
RELATED METRICS
Scientific peer-reviewed journals are suitable and important
means of spreading the results and outcomes obtained from
scientific investigations [15, 19]. In addition to peer-review
process, indexing and abstracting by scientific databases like
EMBASE [1, 3], Clarivate Analytics (https://www.clarivate.
com/) (Web of Science (WoS) [20]), MEDLINE [3, 7],
Scopus [1, 3] and Science Citation Index [15] are important
destinations for academic staff, graduate students and researchers to get their scientific works published with [7, 21].
Many universities only reward papers published in journals
indexed in the abovementioned databases. Moreover, it is
recommended to choose indexed journals with impact factor
(IF) (or journal scientific impact), which indicates the level
of citations of published articles by the journal in the last 2
years [8, 13]. However, the IF is not an all-round or
exceptional indicator, but it is still used as a metric tool for
increasing the quality of publications [7]. The IF for each
journal is calculated as below [13]:
IF 5 the number of cited articles (all types) published by
the journal in the last 2 years at present/the number of
published articles (all types) by the journal in the last two
years.
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For example, the calculation of IF for a journal in 2018
gets back to the years of 2017 and 2016.
The IF of a journal from Journal Citation Reports (JCR)
may be found on the website of the database (https://
clarivate.com/products/journal-citation-reports/). It is recommended to check the JCR for your interested journal if
there is any suspicious regarding the journal’s IF [22].
Rather than the IF, other indicators including CiteScore
(https://www.elsevier.com/editors-update/story/journal-metri
cs/citescore-a-new-metric-to-help-you-choose-the-right-jour
nal), the Eigenfactor Score (ES) (http://www.eigenfactor.org/
projects/journalRank/journalsearch.php), Article Influence
Score (AIS), SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) (https://www.
scimagojr.com/) [21, 23], Immediacy index [21], IF2-index
(the Impact Factor squared) [24] and Hirsch index (H-index)
[21] are also important items to measure the validity and influence of the journals. The CiteScore metrics belongs to Scopus
journal metrics (https://www.scopus.com/sources) and is
calculated just like the IF but for three previous years ago. For
instance, the CiteScore of a journal in 2018 goes back to the years
of 2015, 2016 and 2017 (https://www.elsevier.com/editorsupdate/story/journal-metrics/citescore-a-new-metric-to-helpyou-choose-the-right-journal).
The ES is supported by Institute for Scientific Information
(ISI) while the SJR is covered by Scopus [23]. Another important indicator of the scientific quality of a journal is their
quartile (Q) ranking, which corresponds to a categorization of
each journal in each of its subject categories (which was previously set by the journals, based on their scope), according to
which quartile of the IF distribution the journal occupies for
that particular subject category. In many cases, academic institutions in Microbiology and Immunology favor scientists to
publish in Q1 journals in the subject areas of “Immunology and
Microbiology”, or in a more specific subject category, based on
the scope of the scientists’/physicians’ activities. In these fields,
the following narrower subject categories are available: i.
applied microbiology and biotechnology, ii. immunology, iii.
immunology and allergy, iv. immunology and microbiology
(miscellaneous), v. microbiology, vi. microbiology (medical),
vii. infectious diseases, viii. parasitology and ix. virology [23].
For scientists working in the subject areas of immunology and
microbiology, it is desirable to check the quartile ranking of
journals to see, whether they are indexed in some of the
abovementioned subject categories. Nevertheless, it should be
noted that many journals are indexed in multiple subject areas
and categories, and they may hold significantly different places
in quartile rankings (e.g., Q1 in “Public Health, Occupational
and Environmental Health”, Q2 in Medicine, but Q3 in
“Microbiology”), which is due to the different journal
composition in each individual category and the corresponding impact factor values. Generally, IF values of microbiology
and immunology journals (especially if the scope includes
clinical aspects) are among the highest in the list of specialized
journals [23–25]. The evaluation process of papers published in
these “mixed” category journals by university bodies is usually
on a case-by-case basis. However, none of these indicators can
be considered as an independent gold standard quantitative
metrics.
According to some estimation, there are up to 10,000 journal
publishers worldwide that cover different numbers of journals.
Among a wide range of journal publishers, some largest journal
publishers, Springer (with 3,591 journals) [8] (https://rd.spr
inger.com/search?facet-content-type5%22Journal%22), Wiley
(with 2,565 journals) (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/
showPublications?PubType5journal&startPage50&pageSize
520), Elsevier (with 2,536 journals) (https://www.elsevier.com/
catalog?producttype5journals&cat05&q5&search51&impri
ntname5&categoryrestriction5&sort5datedesc), Taylor and
Francis (with over 2,200 journals) (https://www.scelc.org/offers/
taylor-and-francis-journal-packages), Oxford University Press
(OUP) (with 453 journals) (https://academic.oup.com/journals/
pages/journals_a_to_z) are known as the largest publishers of
important and well-known academic journals. Prior to starting a
journal’s draft, an author should raise the following pivotal
questions from yourself: “What is the importance of my work?”
and “What is novelty of my work?”. If you have considerable
answers to these questions, design your manuscript’s blueprint
and be ready to write your paper to publish it [3, 6, 15]; otherwise
forget it and begin another proposal with a strong roadmap.
DOS AND DON'TS OF A SUCCESSFUL
PUBLICATION
In order to successfully publish a scholarly paper, there are
some items which should be considered. The authors should
be aware of the importance of peer-reviewed publications;
indeed, publication of scientific papers in scholarly journals
is known as an academic credit and career promotion [1, 16,
24]. A strong scientific paper is like a healthy and strong
human. A suitable and favorite mold and format of the
paper is similar to the body and the well-designed study of
the paper resembles the soul of a healthy and strong human.
While there are some stylistic and formatting concerns that
are universal (e.g., adhering to conventions regarding the
writing of bacterial names or geographical locations [26]),
many instructions vary from journal to journal therefore, it
is the authors’ responsibility to adhere to these guidelines;
non-adherence will usually lead to immediate rejection.
Furthermore, the improper reporting style (including the use
of Jargons and unfavorable terminology) and poor academic
English are also considered as common reasons for direct
rejection. English language polishing is a must to publish a
scientific paper in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal [1, 2, 6,
13, 15]. Obviously, the accuracy and fluency of the English
language of the manuscript is the author(s)’ responsibility
and reviewers’ nor the editor’s and the journal’s. Hence, it is
recommended that the non-native English speakers to have
a through proof-reading by a native English speaker.
Using short and simple sentences are the best means for
transferring a paper’s data and information to the readers.
Repetition, unclear, weak and poorly understandable sentences
arehiddenmeansfordirectrejection[7,22, 27, 28].Inadditionto
these aforementioned items, to have a successful scholarly
publication there are other important considerations which
should be taken into account as well. The authors should select
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theirjournal(s) ofinterest and check itifthe journalhas anIFand
is indexed by some known international and important databases including MEDLINE [1, 3], WoS [20] and Scopus [1, 3].
For many years, the authors had to look for and select a target
journal by themselves; and as we know, this process is timeconsuming and may be overwhelming. Fortunately in recent
years, large scholarly publishers including Elsevier (https://
journalfinder.elsevier.com/), Springer (https://journalsuggest
er.springer.com/) and Wiley (https://journalfinder.wiley.com/
search?type5match) have prepared journal finder systems
which can be used for choosing proper journal(s). These systems
are very helpful because Scopus, Springer and Wiley indexed
Journals involve a huge number of peer-reviewed journals
including 38,380 journals (active and inactive) [29], 3,596
journals (https://rd.springer.com/search?facet-content-type5
%22Journal%22) and 1,493 journals (https://libopac.josai.ac.
jp/search/journal/WileyOnlineLibrary.pdf), respectively. Besides, these journal finder systems –depending on the related
publishers-represent important information about the introduced journals including IF, ISI ranking, CiteScore, publication
type, journal’s ISSN, average time for the journal’s first decision,
average time for the publication, acceptance rate, relevance and
direct access to the journal’s website. This facility is a great opportunity for the authors to decide which journal is suitable to
submit their manuscripts. After finding suitable journal(s), the
authors should read the “Aims and Scope” of the journal to avoid
immediate rejection. We believe that the authors should be
aware from the scientific level of their manuscript and the
selected journal. We, as professional reviewers have observed
several manuscripts with well-designed methodology and fluent
academic English which were submitted to the wrong journal.
This status will lead to direct rejection. The authors should take
into account that a prestigious peer-reviewed journal employs
expert referees.
When you receive the referees’ comments, read them
word by word and answer them in polite and scientific
manner. Then, consider the requested materials within the
text one by one; and finally, highlight the addenda. A professional author never debates with the referee(s); because
the losers are the authors of the manuscript. The reviewers
try to improve the quality of your manuscript; therefore it is
important to just consider the reviewers’ comments carefully
and be thankful for their helpful recommendations [1, 28,
30]. Sometimes, the reviewer’s decision is direct rejection;
however, don’t give up! Consider the related improvements
and choose another journal [1, 28, 30].
CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE JOURNAL
As the publication process of a paper in a peer-reviewed
journal is hard and time-consuming, novices try with those
journals that publish their work in a short period of time (for
a limited amount of money). Many of these types of journals
are known as predatory journals. Jeffrey Beal, an associate
professor at Denver University, Colorado, and the Scholarly
Communications Librarian coined the term of “Predatory”
journals. In 2008, when the number of these doubtful
journals was considerably increasing, he actively investigated
regarding these predatory journals (other names: dark
journals, deceptive journals, illegitimate journals, journals
operating in bad faith) [31, 32]. Predatory journals bombard
authors from different regions and countries (their targets
are mostly the authors from countries with low and middle
incomes) by sending a huge number of e-mails (called as
“fishing” e-mails) with low publication fees. In other words,
the predatory journals are discounted open-access journals
which publish low quality papers during a short time [31–
35]. In accordance with previous studies [9, 32] the average
period of publication in predatory journals is 2.7 (from
submission to publication) while this period for peerreviewed journals may be >12 months. This comparison
reveals the lack or the weakness of peer-review process in
predatory journals [9, 32].
There are different resources for detecting predatory
journals including Beall’s list (down on January 15, 2017),
Cabell’s
International
(http://www2.cabells.com/aboutblacklist), Think. Check. Submit. (https://thinkchecksubmit.
org/) and Queen’s University Library (https://guides.library.
queensu.ca/deceptive-pubs-conf/checklist) websites [32, 33,
36, 37]. In accordance with Predatory Publishers Checklist
represented by Queen’s University Library, there are several
items for recognition of predatory journals. Among them, not
being a member of the following recognized scholarly organization including DOAJ (Directory of Open Access Journals)
(https://doaj.org/), ICMJE (International Committee of
Medical Journal Editors) (http://www.icmje.org/), COPE
(Committee on Publication Ethics) (https://publicationethics.
org/), INASP (for journals published in Bangladesh, Nepal,
Sri Lanka, Central America and Mongolia) (https://www.
inasp.info/project/journals-online-project), OASPA (Open
Access Scholarly Publishers Association) (https://oaspa.org/),
AJOL (African Journals Online) (https://www.ajol.info/) and
WAME (World Association of Medical Editors) (http://www.
wame.org/) can be used as a suitable criterion for detecting
predatory journals (https://guides.library.queensu.ca/decepti
ve-pubs-conf/checklist) [32, 34, 35, 38].
Avoiding self-plagiarism, “salami publication” (i.e.
wasteful publication), pure plagiarism (copy-and-paste),
paraphrasing, falsification, fabrication, duplication,
sending a manuscript to two peer-reviewed journals at the
same time and so on are the red-lines for the authors for
not being blacklisted by the academic journals [1–3, 28,
39–42]. The authors are recommended to go to COPE
website (https://publicationethics.org/) for ethical issues in
details. The COPE’s core practices include allegations of
misconduct, authorship and contributorship, complaints
and appeals, conflicts of interest, data and reproducibility,
ethical oversight, intellectual property, journal management, peer-review processes, and post-publication discussions (https://publicationethics.org/). The ICMJE
guidelines include recommendations (relating to conduct,
edition, publication and reporting of scientific investigations and studies), conflicts of interest, journals,
news and editorials regarding medical journals (http://
www.icmje.org/).
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European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 10 (2020) 3, 125–130
CONCLUSIONS
Due to the technical progression of journals’ submission
systems, each journal receives a huge number of manuscripts
around the world. Due to this facility, the peer-reviewed and
quality journals try to select the best articles for publication.
Thus, to have a successful publication in a peer-reviewed
and indexed scholarly journal with an IF, a well-designed
study, strong methodology and skillful author is needed,
with high ability to write scientific paper in effective and
fluent academic English language. These types of authors are
able to satisfy Editors-in-Chief and reviewers of high quality
journals, resulting in a subsequent publication of a paper. To
be a skillful author needs practice, practice, practice and
patience!
Funding: This study was not funded.
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no conflict of
interest, monetary or otherwise. The authors alone are
responsible for the content and writing of this article.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
M.G. was supported by the Janos Bolyai Research Scholarship (BO/00144/20/5) of the Hungarian Academy of Sci
ences and the New National Excellence Programme (UNKP)
of the Hungarian Ministry for Innovation and Technology
(UNKP-20-5-SZTE-330).
M.G. would also like to acknowledge the support of the ESCMID’s “30 under 30” Award.
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