6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 1 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 2         HISTORY………………………………………… 04 ORIGIN OF MOONS………………………06 INTRODUCTION TO JUPITER……10 MAJOR MOONS………………………………11 INTRODUCTION TO SATURN……52 MAJOR MOONS………………………………54 REFERENCES………………………………………88 CONCLUSION……………………………………91 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 3  Jupiter has 4 major moons  These 4 (IO,EUROPA,GANYMEDE & CALLISTO) large Jovian moons were discovered by GALILEO in 1610  Saturn has 6 major moons  ENCELADUS in 1789 by WILLIAM HERSCHEL 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 4  TETHYS & DIONE: In 1684 by GIOVANNI  TITAN: In 1655 by CHRISTIAN HUYGENS  RHEA: In 1672 by CASSINI 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 5   Many of the moons of the planets formed through accretion but on a small scale Once the nebular gas began to accrete onto the large Jovian protoplanets, condition similar to the miniature solar nebula 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 6    ………with condensation & accretion continuing to occur Some of the smaller moons may have been chipped off their parent planets during collision with asteroids Or may be they captured asteroids themselves 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 7 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 8 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 9     5th planet in the solar system The massive & largest one Name originated from GREEK word „JOVE‟-name after their god Uniquely it represent the model of our own solar system with the moons symboling the planets 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 10 Q: HOW MANY MOONS DOES JUPITER HAVE? ANS A LARGE NUMBER …………………………… : 63! Divided into 4 groups i. Galilean moons : largest groups of planet-Jupiter : moons ii. iii. 6/7/2013 Inner most moons: mostly small in size, with elliptical orbits 3rd group: orbit with retrograded sense MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 11 iv. 6/7/2013 Outer most moons: just very small in size MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 12  They are four in number named as: GANYMEDE ii. CALLISTO iii. IO iv. EUROPA i. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 13 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 14 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 15  Largest of the JOVIANS moons 5260km in the diameter  Density of 1.93g/cm3 shows that it is at least 50% water ice composition 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 16    Average reflectivity of 50% A silicate rich core with mantle of liquid water No existence of atmosphere 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 17  i. ii.   6/7/2013 There are two distinctly different types of TERRAIN Dark terrain Bright terrain Water ice is the dominant component of the crust No large scale mountains landforms MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 18 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 19 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 20   DARK TERRAIN Polygonal in shape & separated each other by brighter terrain 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 21   May have a reasonable amount of DUST and ROCKY debris Highly cratered surface – suggested that this part is relatively OLD must be dated back to METEORIC bombardment age that ended up 4biillion years ago 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 22  BRIGHTER   TERRAIN May be made up of PURE water They are mostly LOW cratered area – suggested its age up to just 3.5 billion years 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 23 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 24     It has no atmosphere to speak of Diameter of 4900km Highest noonday temperature is of 110C – highest of the GALILEAN moons Has a very darkest surface due to low reflectivity of just 20% 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 25 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 26    Never volcanically active Has the lowest density of all the other GALILEAN moons – 1.79g/cm3 Relatively small amount of heavier radioactive elements 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 27 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 28  Bright-orange colored sphere with, white irregular splotches  Polar regions are relatively darker 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 29  Absolutely no impact craters UNIQUNESS: nothing similar had been found in the solar system………THAT IS……a large number of odd-looking sinkholes like depression scattered over the surface 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 30  They are the vents of the volcanoes  At least 8 are currently active  Eruptions take place on continual basis  Last for few months to years  Named after GREEK gods of FIRE  IO is the only world in the universe besides Earth known to have active volcanoes 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 31 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 32  Umbrella-shaped plume  Gigantic fan – shaped in the vacuum  Produced by the eruption of gases and materials from the volcanoes 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 33  Mostly colored patterns includes yellow, red, orange and brown  Its surface is mostly covered with this volcanic material  Emitted gases are the SO2 And H2S(hydrogen sulfide)- by the help of REFLECTANCE SPECTRUM 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 34   There exist mountain ranges INTERESTINGLY up to 10km in height HERE QUESTION ARISES FROM WHERE THEY ORIGINATED? The ‟TECTONIC FRUCTURING FORCES‟ as similar in case of Earth 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 35    Average day time temperature is -145C Although as hot as 300C near volcanoes Average night time temperature is -190C 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 36 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 37  Not founded water any where in surface, interior and not even on the atmosphere  It has a thin layer of atmosphere   Most probably the active volcanoes that releases the SO2 forms the atmosphere And pressure is quiet small just about 1*10^-7 atmospheric pressure 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 38  Light brown surface with white patches  Move in the circular orbit of 670,900km in radius No impact craters  6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 39  Absolutely no atmosphere  Max. day time temperature is-180C  Reflectivity of 70% as it a bright world 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 40  Slightly smaller density of about 3.03g/cm3  No signs of volcanism either current or in the past - different from the IO  Mostly the surface is smooth 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 41    UNIQUENESS: the only world in the solar system besides Earth that has …………WATER! Density of Europa is consistent with up to 20% of water Exist as ICE in the interior mostly  And the rest of it is made up of metals & silicate 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 42 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 43  There are only few signs of craters (only 3 probable craters of 18-25km apart)  It means that the present icy structure formed long after the era of METEORIC bombardment came to an end 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 44 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 45  Water exposed to the space rapidly evaporates forming a thin layer of atmosphere of WATER VAPOUR 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 46  Exceedingly cold temperature outside condenses the it into solid – ICE  This falls back to the surface ,covering the entire EUROPA landscape with a layer of fine FROST 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 47 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 48  Theoretical calculations of the current thermal state of EUROPA have an interesting possibility………………… LIFE 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 49  Result suggested that some LUIQUID WATER may be still present in the interior - hidden deep underneath the icy crust  Its mantel actually warm enough to support the……… LIFE …………We r go„in to start our INVASION of SATURN… !!!!!!!!!!! 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 50 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 51 Saturn was the outermost planet known to ancient astronomy It is the 6th planet of solar system  Its mass is 5.6*10^29g  Its density is 0.7g/cm3 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 52  The atmosphere of Saturn consists of molecular Hydrogen ,Helium ,Methane and Ammonia. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 53  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Saturn has 67! moons out of which 5 largest are: Titan Rhea Dione Tethys Enceladus 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 54  Titan is the 2nd largest moon of solar system and 1st of Saturn  We call it as a hazy titan A thick uniform haze layer similar to photochemical smog seen above our cities found here 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 55 Titan probably contains a rocky core surrounded by a thick mantle of water ice. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 56 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 57  Titan is very glowing  Throughout its day-to-day; its color is changes from Blue to Green and Green to Red  As a result; a beautiful glowing orange color is appears. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 58 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 59  Titan‟s atmosphere is thick and denser  It is made up of mostly N2, Ar, a few percent of CH4 in addition to ethane and propane, CO and other compounds  Its atmosphere undergoing a series of chemical reactions powered by sun light 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 60 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 61  It also have liquid lakes, clouds and mountains…………………lakes of METHANE and ETHANE………Not of water!!! 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 62  If a person wants to fly then…………………………………………………………… Titan‟s atmosphere is best !  A person can fly just with……………… man made wings…………………………………… WOW! 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 63  It is the 9th largest moon of solar system and 2nd of Saturn.  Its surface consists of 25% rocks and 75% water ice  It is known as WISPY RHEA  Due 6/7/2013 to the tectonic activity MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 64 It has craters but these are flatter than our moon. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 65  It is the only moon who have rings around it  Its faint rings contain dust particles and debris. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 66 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 67  It is the 4th moon of the Saturn  It has huge fractures on hemisphere which made Forward and Trailing side  These are quiet different from each other. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 68 It has craters. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 69  Forwarded hemisphere is dark  It is covered with dens population of craters  It has large craters having diameter of 62miles or 99km. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 70  Consists of a complex network of bright; wispy marking superimposed over a darker surface  With numerous craters  It has small craters as compare to forward hemisphere with diameter of 19miles or 30km. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 71 TRAILING HEMISPHERE 6/7/2013 FORWARD HEMISPHERE MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 72  Scientists believed that in earlier it is tidally locked  Meteoric impact took place preferably on the forward facing side  A large impact could change its current orientation 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 73 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 74  It is the 5th important moon of Saturn  It is 248km in diameter  A huge impact of crater that covers 2/5 of the surface of it has been found 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 75 It has heavy and light craters in shape of belt across the moon. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 76  It is highly reflective object in the solar system known due to its VISUAL WAVELENGTH  It has an average density of just 1.2g/cm3  Probably have rocky material mixed with the ice 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 77  It has a large Canyon (Ithaca Chasma) which runs about 1242 miles long  That means Canyon runs across 2/3 of the moon  These cracks are due to the shrinking and cooling of the surface layers 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 78 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 79  It is the 6th important moon of Saturn  It has a plum of liquid water and chemicals  Its temperature is -210 degree Celsius 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 80 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 81 As it reflects 100% sunlight that it receives. 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 82  Near south pole there are “V” and “Y” shaped ridges and valleys which are called “TIGER STRIPES”  There are two theories about these stripes 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 83 1.  6/7/2013 It is migrating towards Saturn which increasing its rotation due to which rotation axis is flatten This flattering causes near the surface of poles to push outward and buckle forming ridges MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 84 2.  Warm material rose from the interior of the surface leading to a polar terrain from its current area to a new region It would then adjust to match the new polar orientation which causes surface tension and ridges formed 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 85 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 86 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 87  Astronomy today,McMillan,5th edition,2005,pp-358  The space-age solar system, Joseph F. Baugher, Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois: John Wiley & Sons, pp-221-251  Satellites of Jupiter, Saturn & Uranus, International Astronomical Union Circulates, 2nd week of May 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 88  Solar system bodies JPL/NASA, 2nd week of May  Origin of Europa & Galilean satellites, University of Arizona,2nd week of May  Jupiter’s known satellites Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at Carniege Institute of Science, 2nd week of May 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 89  Article by Institute of Astronomy University of Hawaii, Scott Steppard & David Jewitt, 2nd week of May  Moons and Planets, William K. Hartmann,5th edition – THOMSON BROOKS/COLE 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 90 Despite of the modern technology, still man is unable to know the UNIVERSE – as these MOONS! This shows the limitation of the MANKIND! Even though he considered HIMSELF “SUPERIOR” Although „HE‟…… Is NOT!!!! 91 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 6/7/2013 MAJOR MOONS OF JUPITER & SATURN 92