ISO 2062 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD Second edition 1993-10-01 Corrected and reprinted 1995-03-1 5 TextilesVarns from packages Determination of single-end breaking force and elongation at break - - Textiles Fils sur enroulements Détermination de la force de rupture et I'allongement à la rupture du fi! individuel --- ~ - --- ~ISOJ ---- ~ --- Reference number ISO 2062:1993(E) INTERNATIONAL Textiles - 5TANDARD ISO 2062:1993(E) Varns from packages - Determination of single-end breaking force and elongation at break 1 Scope NOTE 2 A method for the testing of glass yarns is given in ISO 3341 :1984, Textile glass - Yarns- Determfnation of breaking force and breaking elongation. 1.1 This International Standard specifies methods for the determination of the breaking force and elongation at break of textile yarns taken from packages. Four methods are given: - A: manual; specimens are taken directly from conditioned packages; B: automatic; specimens are taken directly from conditioned packages; - C: manual; relaxed test skeins are used after cc.Jf)ditioning; - D: manual; specimens are used a(ter wetting. 1.2 Method C should be used in cases of dispute regarding elongation at break of the yam. NOTE1 Methods A. 8 and C are expected to give the same results for yarn strength but method C may give somewhat truer (and higher) values of elongation than A or B. Method D is likely to give results differing, for both breaking force and elongation at break, from t:-Jose obtained by method A. 8 or C. , 1.3 This International Standard specifies methods using constant rate of specimen extension (CRE) tensile testers. Testing on the now obsolete constant rate of travei (CRT)and constant rate of loading (CRl) instruments is covered, for information, in annex A, in recognition of the fact that these instruments are still popular and may be used by agreement. 1.4 Tl1is International Standard applies to ali types of yarn except glass yarns, elastomeric yarns, aramid yarns, ceramic yarns, carbon yarns and polyolefin tape yarns. 1.5 This International Standard is applicable to yarns from packages but can be applied to yarns extracted from fabrics, subject to agreement between the interested parties. 1.6 It is intended for the single-end (single-strand) testing of yarns. NOTE3 The skein method of testing is given in Textiles - Yarns from packages - Method of test for breaking strength of yarn by the skein method. ISO 6939:1988, 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisioris which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. Ali standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. ISO 139:1973, Texti/es - Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing. ISO 2060:-1), Textiles - Yarn frem packages - Determination of linear density (mass per unit /ength) by the skein method. 3 Definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following definitions apply. 1) To be published. (Revision of ISO 2060:1972) 1 ISO 2062:1993(E) 3.1 breaking force (load):Maximumforce applied to a specimen in a tensile test carriedto rupture. For yarns. it is preferablyexpressed in centinewtons. 3.2 elongation at break: Increase in length of a specimen produced by the breaking force. It is expressed as a percentage of the original nominal length. 3.3 breaking tenacity: Ratio of a yarn's breaking force to its lineardensity. It is usually expressedin centinewtonsper tex. 3.4 constant rate of specimen extension (CRE) tester: Testing machine in which one end of the specimen is held in a virtually stationary clamp and the other end is gripped in a clamp that is driven at a constant speed. A suitable system is provided for detecting and recording the force applied and the elongation. 3.5 clamp: That part of a tensile testing machine used to grip the specimen by means of suitable jaws. 3.6 jaws: Those elements of a clamp which grip the specimen. 3.7 gauge length: Length of the specimen measured between the points of attachment to clamps while under tension. In bollard or capstan clamps. it is the distance between their gripping points. measured along the path of the yam. 3.8 package: Length of yarn in a form suitable for b) The constant rate of displacement of the moving clamp shall be 500 mm/min or 250 mm/min, to an accuracy of :I: 2 %, with higher rates being permitted for automatic testers on agreement. c) The maximum error of the indicated force shall not exceed 2 % of the true force. d) The teste r may be of the manual or automatic type. e) The clamps for gripping the specimens shall prevent slipping or cutting of the specimens and breaks at the jaws. Flat-faced unlined jaws shall be the normal type but. if these cannot prevent slippage, then other types of clamp may be used on agreement, such as lined jaws. bollard clamps or other types of snubbing device. As the type of clamp may influence the reading of the elongation. ali parties shall use the same type. f) The tester shall be equipped with an autographic force/elongation recording device of sufficiently fast response. or with a system directly recording the breaking force and elongation at break. g) The teste r shall be capable of setting a pretension either by means of a set of pretensioning weights or by the use of the force-measuring device. 5.2 Reei. for preparing test skeins from the laboratory sample (for methods C and D). ported (e.g. cones. bobbins) or unsupported (e.g. skeins. balls). 5.3 Swift. or similar device, for holding the test skein under zero tension and permitting easy transfer of the yarn to the tensile tester (for method C). 4 Principie 5.4 Receptacles, for immersing the sample or the specimens in water (for method D). use. handling. storing, etc. Packagesr can be sup- A specimen of yarn is extended until rupture by a suitable mechanical device, and the breaking force and elongation at break are recorded. A constant rate of specimen extension of 100 % per minute (based on the ini~ial specimen length) is used. but higher rates are permitted for automatic testers on agreement. Two gauge lengths are permitted: usually 500 mm (with a rate of displacement of 500 mm/min), and exceptionally 250 mm (with a rate of displacement of 250 mm/min). 5 Apparatus and materiais 5.1 Constant rate of specimen extension ICRE) tester. which complies with the following require- 5.5 Tap water. at room temperature (for method D). 5.6 Nonionic surfactant, (for method D). 6 6.1 0.1 % aqueous solution Sampling Samples shall be taken in accordance with a) the directions given in the material specification when available. or ments. b) the procedures described in 6.2 to 6.7. a) The tester shall be capable of being set at gauge lengths of 500 mm :t 2 mm or 250 mm :t 1 mm, or preferably both. 6.2 A bulk sample shall be taken of one or more cases, as representative of the lot to be tested as follows: 2 ~ ISO 2062:1993(E) No. of cases No. of cases selected at random 3 or less 4 to 1O 11 to 30 31 to 75 76 or more 1 2 3 4 5 6.3 If only mean values are required, then 10 packages shall be taken from the bulk sample, distributed as evenly as possible among the cases and among the levels in each case. 6.4 Except for the provisions of 6.5, the minimum number of specimens to be tested shall be 50 for single spun yarns and 20 for other yarns. The specimens shall be distributed as evenly as possible among the 10 packages. 6.5 If the variability of the tests is known and only mean values are required, then the number of specimens shall be calculated as 0,17v2, where v is the coefficient of variation of the individual breaks (expressed as a percentage) obtained from experience on similar material. NOTES 4 This numberof specimenswill give a precision(1,96 x the standard error of the mean) of :f: 4 % at a probability levei of 90 %. 5 Strength testing is a "one-tail" test; that is, "yam shall not be weaker than ..." but "may be stronger than ..." When specifying 90 % probability, one tair of the distribution is 5 %, or exactly the same as the two tails together of the more common 95 % probability appropriate for a "two-tail" test. 6.6 If the coefficient of variation is to be determined in addition to the mean, then 20 packages shall be taken from the bulk sample and at least 200 specimens shall be tested for single spun yarns and at least 100 specimens for ali other types of yarn. 6.7 If ~pecimens are to be extracted from fabrics [not suitable for automatic testers (method B)], then the fabric sample shall be large enough to furnish a sufficient number and length of specimens. The test specimens shall be taken so that the twist in the yarn is not changed during sampling. In woven fabrics, warp specimens shall be taken from different ends and weft specimens shall be taken at random frem several sections of the sample to be as representative of the yarn as possible. In knitted fabrics, specimens shall refJresentas many different yarns as possible. 7 Preconditioning and conditioning 7.1 The atmospheres for preconditioning, conditioning and testing shall be as specified in ISO 139. 7.2 For methods A to C, the sample packages or test skeinsshall be preconditionedfor a minimumof 4 h. NOTE 6 Preconditioning can often be dispensed with if the samples are conditioned directly "from the dry side". 7.3 After preconditioning, the sample shall be brought to moisture equilibrium under the conditioning atmosphere. For skeins, overnight conditioning is usually sufficient, but for tightly wound packages a minimum of 48 h is necessary. 7.4 Preconditioning and conditioning are not required for wet tests (method D). 8 Procedure 8.1 General 8.1.1 If more than one condition of testing is permitted, usually by agreement, then ali parties interested in the test results shall perform the test under the same conditions (Le. gauge length, rate of displacement, type of clamp, temperature, pretension). 8.1.2 Two gauge lengths are permitted: the usual length of 500 mm, and a length of 250 mm which can be used only if a) the extension of the instrument is insufficient to accommodate a 500 mm specimen, or b) by agreement between the parties. 8.1.3 If calculation of the breaking tenacity is required, determine the linear density of the yarn in accordance with ISO 2060. 8.1.4 Use a rate of displacement of 500 mm/min at the gauge length of 500 mm, and 250 mm/min at the gauge length of 250 mm. In addition, for automatic testers only (method B), higher rates are permitted by agreement; 400 %/min or 1 000 %/min are recommended. 8.1.5 Unwind the yarn from the package as is done in normal use. 8.1.6 Before clamping the specimen, check that the jaw5 are correctly aligned and parallel, 50 that the force applied produces no angular deviation. 8.1.7 Insert the specimen in the clamps with a pretension of 0,5 cN/tex :i: 0,1 cN/tex for conditioned specimens, or 0,25 cN/tex :i: 0,05 cN/tex for wet specimens. For textured yarns, use a pretension which will remove the crimp but not stretch the yam. 3 ISO 2062:1993(E) NOTE7 For textured yarns, the following pretensions are recommended {unless otherwise agreedl. calculated on the nominal linear density of the yarn: 2,0 cN/tex :t 0,2 cN/tex, for polyester and polyamide yarns; 1,0 cN/tex :t 0,1 cN/tex, for acetate, triacetate and viscose yarns; 0,5 cN/tex :t 0,05 cN/tex, for for bi-shrinkage and jetbulked yarns, except for carpet yarns heavier than 50 tex. 8.1.8 Finally, seeure the specimen in the clamps. 8.1.9 Perform the test under the standard atmosphere for testing, as specified in 7.1. 8.4 Method C, manual, conditioned specimens 8.4.1 Using the reei (5.2). take one test skein from each package of the sample. The test skeins shall be of sufficient length to give the required number and length of test specimens. 8.4.2 Using the swift (5.3). allow the test skeins to relax under minimal tension in the preconditioning and eonditioning atmospheres (see 7.1). 8.4.3 Follow the procedures given in 8.1.1 to 8.1.11. When taking a specimen from the test skein for insertion between the clamps, make sure its length is at least 100 mm greater than the selected gauge length; an exeess of 500 mm is recommended. Be careful not to change the twist. NOTE 10 With suitable modifications {see 6.71. this methodmayalsobe usedfor yarnsfrom fabrics. 8.1.10 During the test, eheek that the specimen does not slip between the jaws by more than 2 mm. If it does so repeatedly, ehange the elamps or jaw lining. Diseard tha results of the tests where slippage oeeurs. Also diseard results of jaw breaks where breaks oeeur 5 mm to the jaws or eloser. 8.1.11 Reeord the breaking force and elongation at break (done automatieally in method B). For faney yarns, reeord values for the first eomponent that breaks. NOTES 8 The values recorded for fancy yarns may be lower than those defined in 3.1 and 3.2. 9 With bollard or capstan clamps, measurement of the elongation is not accurate and is discouraged. 8.2 Method A, manual 8.5 Method D, manual, wet specimens 8.5.1 Take test skeins as deseribed in 8.4.1. 8.5.2 Before removing the test skein frem the reei, wrap two or three turns of a strong thread (e.g. sewing thread) tightly around the skein at two places about 2 em apart and securely tie the ends of the thread. Cut the skein midway between the two places. Fill a receptacle (5.4) with water (5.5). Lay the eut skein flat on the surface of the water and leave it until it sinks below the $urface under its own weight. 8.5.3 If the skein will not sink in the water, then hold the yarn under the surface, e.g. by means of weights attached to the ends, until the yarn is thoroughly saturated (e.g. for 30 min). When the yarns are r.ormally resistant to wetting, use a nonionic wetting agent (5.6). Rinse out the wetting agent thoroughly with water before testing the yam. Take specimens directly frem the conditioned packages. I 8.5.4 Remove the specimens individually frem the water and test them within 60 s thereafter, following the procedures given in 8.1.1 to 8.1.11. Follow the proeedures given in 8.1.1 to 8.1.11. Insert the test specimens manually into the elamps to perform the tensile test. 9 Test report 9.1 General information 8.3 Method B, automatic The test report shall include the following information: Take specimens directly from the conditioned paekages. a) a reference (ISO 2062); Follow the procedures given in 8.1.1 to 8.1.6 and 8.1.9 to 8.1.11. Set the instrument to take specimens frem the 10 or 20 packages of the sample (see 6.3 and 6.6). The test will be performed automatically. b) lot number or other identification of the sample; 4 ..~. -..... to this International Standard c) type of package (cone, bobbin, ete.), its condition idyed, bleached, etc.), and the manner in which V ISO 2062:1993(E) - the yarn was withdrawn from the package (overend or from the side); 9.2 T est results The following test results shall be given: d) conditioning atmosphere and testing atmosphere used; e) sampling scheme used, the number of specimens tested, and number of specimens discarded; a) mean breaking force, in centinewtons (to three significant figures); b) mean elongation at break, as a percentage (to two significant figures); f) make of tester used; g) test method used (A to D); c) coefficient of variation of the breaking force, if required (to the nearest 0,1 %); h) gauge length, rate of displacement and pretension used; d) coefficient of variation of percent elongation at break, if required (to the nearest 0,1 %); i) type of clamp and jaws used; e) linear density of the yam, if determined, in tex (to three significant figures); j) date of the test. f) breaking tenacity, if required, in centinewtons per tex (to the nearest 0,1 cN/tex). 5