Slovakia in History

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Slovakia in History Until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, Slovakia’s identity seemed inextricably linked with that of the former state. This book explores the key moments and themes in the history of Slovakia from the Duchy of Nitra’s ninth-century origins to the establishment of independent Slovakia at midnight 1992–1993. Leading scholars chart the gradual ethnic awakening of the Slovaks during the Reformation and CounterReformation and examine how Slovak national identity took shape with the codification of standard literary Slovak in 1843 and the subsequent development of the Slovak national movement. They show how, after a thousand years of Magyar–Slovak coexistence, Slovakia became part of the new Czechoslovak state from 1918 to 1939, and shed new light on its role as a Nazi client state as well as on post-war developments leading up to full statehood in the aftermath of the collapse of communism in 1989. There is no comparable book in English on the subject. m i k u l Á Š t e i c h is Emeritus Fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge, and Honorary Professor, Vienna University of Technology (Technische Universität Wien). His publications include work on the history of chemistry, biomedical sciences and biotechnology; social, economic and national aspects of scientific and technical developments; and Slavica. d u Š a n k o v Á Č is Vice-President of the Slovak Academy of Sciences and President of the Slovak National Committee of Historians. His previous publications include Dějiny Slovenska (History of Slovakia, 1998). m a r t i n d . b r o w n is an assistant professor of international history at Richmond, the American International University in London. His previous publications include Dealing with Democrats. The British Foreign Office’s Relations with the Czechoslovak Émigrés in Great Britain, 1939–1945 (2006). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521802536 # Cambridge University Press 2011 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2011 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Slovakia in history / edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kovác, Martin D. Brown. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-80253-6 (Hbk.) 1. Slovakia–History. 2. National characteristics, Slovak. 3. Slovakia– Politics and government. I. Teich, Mikuláš. II. Kovác, Dušan. III. Brown, Martin D. IV. Title. DB2763.S56 2010 943.73–dc22 2010022615 ISBN 978-0-521-80253-6 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Contents List of figures List of maps Notes on contributors Acknowledgements page viii x xi xvii 1 Slovakia, the Slovaks and their history du Š an kov Á Č 2 The Duchy of Nitra j Á n steinh Ü bel 15 3 The beginnings of the nobility in Slovakia j Á n luka Č K A 30 4 Medieval towns vladim Í r sege Š 38 5 Renaissance and humanist tendencies in Slovakia eva frimmov Á 6 The period of religious disturbances in Slovakia viliam Č i Č A J 7 The Enlightenment and the beginnings of the modern Slovak nation eva kowalsk Á 8 Slovak Slavism and Panslavism (þ)l’udov Í t haraksim 9 The Slovak political programme: from Hungarian patriotism to the Czecho-Slovak state du Š an kov ÁČ 1 54 71 87 101 120 v © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information vi Contents 10 Slovakia in Czechoslovakia, 1918–1938 nat Á lia kraj Č OV I Č OVÁ 11 Slovakia from the Munich Conference to the declaration of independence valeri Á n bystrick Ý 137 157 12 The Slovak state, 1939–1945 ivan kamenec 13 The Slovak question and the resistance movement during the Second World War jan rychl Í k 193 The Slovak National Uprising: the most dramatic moment in the nation’s history vil É m pre Č A N 206 14 175 15 The Slovak question, 1945–1948 (þ)michal barnovsk Ý 229 16 Czechoslovakism in Slovak history elisabeth bakke 247 17 The Magyar minority in Slovakia before and after the Second World War Š tefan Š utaj 18 19 20 21 269 The establishment of totalitarianism in Slovakia after the February coup of 1948 and the culmination of mass persecution, 1948–1953 jan pe Š ek 284 Slovakia and the attempt to reform socialism in Czechoslovakia, 1963–1969 stanislav sikora 299 Slovakia’s position within the Czecho-Slovak federation, 1968–1970 jozef Ž atkuliak 315 Slovakia under communism, 1948–1989: controversial developments in the economy, society and culture miroslav lond Á k and elena lond Á kov Á 330 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Contents 22 23 The fall of communism and the establishment of an independent Slovakia michal Š tefansk Ý vii 351 Afterword: Slovakia in history mikul Á Š teich 370 Index 391 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Figures 1 Mining regulations current in the Lower Hungarian Mining Towns (1703) 2 Privilegium pro Slavis – decree by King Louis I the Great on German–Slovak parity in the town council of Žilina (1381) 3 Title page of J. B. Magin’s Apologia (1723) 4 Title page of J. Kollár’s Sláwy dcera (Sláva’s daughter) (1824) 5 Title page of Statutes of Matica slovenská in Slovak (Cyrillic and Latin alphabets) (1863) 6 Declaration of the Slovak Nation made in Turčiansky Sv. Martin (30 October 1918), published in Národnie noviny 7 Milan Rastislav Štefánik 8 Vavro Šrobár 9 Andrej Hlinka 10 Milan Hodža 11 The Vienna Arbitration (1938) 12 Jozef Tiso meeting Adolf Hitler (1941) 13 Jewish people in Trstená boarding transport to death camps in the East (possibly 1942) 14 Digging of an anti-tank ditch during the Slovak National Uprising 15 Slovak National Uprising armed fighters 16 Alexander Dubček 17 Industrialisation (1954–1960): the East Slovakian Iron Works at Košice 18 Gustáv Husák 19 The two politicians who dissolved the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1992): Václav Klaus and Vladimı́r Mečiar page 46 50 106 110 129 135 139 142 145 145 166 186 189 210 215 306 335 353 367 viii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information List of figures ix Illustrations 1, 2, 5 and 6 from Institute of Historical Studies of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. Illustrations 3 and 4 from D. Kováč, Dějiny Slovenska (1998). Illustrations 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 reproduced with kind permission of ČTK Photobank/ Multimedia. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Maps 1 2 3 4 5 Slovak Republic The Kingdom of Hungary in the year 1000 The Duchy of Nitra in the eleventh century The First Czechoslovak Republic 1918–1938 Slovakia during the Second World War page xviii 20 22 138 176 x © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Notes on contributors elisabeth bakke is an associate professor and heads the bachelor programme in European studies at the University of Oslo. She studied political science and specialises in the politics and political history of Central Europe, especially Czechoslovakia. Her publications deal with questions of national identity, national self-determination, Czech– Slovak relations, and ideology and the concept of Czechoslovakism. michael barnovsk Ý was a historian at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. His research was concerned with the history of Slovakia after the Second World War, particularly the period of ‘controlled democracy’ in the years 1945–1948. On this theme he published his principal work, Na ceste k monopolu moci. Mocenskopolitické zápasy na Slovensku v rokoch 1945–1948 (On the road to monopoly power. Power-political struggles in Slovakia in the years 1945–1948 (Bratislava, 1991)). martin d. brown is an assistant professor of international history at Richmond, the American International University in London, a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and a member of the steering committee of the British–Czech–Slovak Historians’ Forum. His most recent book, Dealing with Democrats. The British Foreign Office’s Relations with the Czechoslovak Émigrés in Great Britain, 1939–1945 (Frankfurt am Main, 2006), deals with British foreign policy formation and decisionmaking during the Second World War and in particular relations with the Czechoslovak government-in-exile. A Czech-language translation was published in October 2008. He is currently researching British foreign policy during the era of détente, leading up to the Helsinki Final Act of 1975. valeri Á n bystrick Ý is a historian at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. From 1998 to 2006 he was director of the institute. He has published widely in the area of Balkan studies. Lately his professional interests centre on the history of the Second xi © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information xii Notes on contributors Czechoslovak Republic, concerning the period between the First Republic and the emergence of the Slovak state in 1939. The results of this research were recently published in Od autonómie k vzniku slovenského štátu (From autonomy to the emergence of the Slovak state (Bratislava, 2008)). viliam Č i Č aj is a historian at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences, and chairman of the Slovak Historical Association. His field of interest is the early modern history of Slovakia, especially religious disturbances at the time of Reformation and Counter-Reformation. eva frimmov Á is a historian at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. She is the author of books and articles dealing with humanism and the Renaissance on the territory of contemporary Slovakia, especially in the area of literature and book culture. l’udov Í t haraksim was a historian at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences, before 1970. He was then obliged to give up his academic activities and worked in a museum without the possibility of publishing. In 1990 he was able to return to the Institute of Historical Studies. His research concentrated on Slavic historical studies, including Slavic reciprocity, political and ideological Panslavism, and Slovak–Russian and Slovak–Ukrainian relations in the nineteenth century. ivan kamenec is a historian at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. His main area of interest is the history of the Slovak state (1939–1945). He authored a short history of the Slovak state (1992) and a biography of Jozef Tiso (1998). The main part of his research is dedicated to the holocaust of Slovak Jews. On this theme he has published numerous articles and the book Po stopách tragédie (On the track of tragedy (Bratislava, 1991)). du Š an kov Á Č is Vice-President of the Slovak Academy of Sciences and President of the Slovak National Committee of Historians. In the years 1990–1998 he was director of the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. His main field of interest is the history of Central Europe in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. He is the author of numerous books and articles dealing with the problems of nationalism, nationalistic political agendas, Czech–Slovak relations and national minorities in Central Europe. His books include Dějiny Slovenska (History of Slovakia (Prague, 1998, 2006)). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Notes on contributors xiii eva kowalsk Á is a historian at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. Her field of research is social and cultural history of the eighteenth century, problems of ‘enlightened absolutism’, and the reforms of Maria Teresa and Joseph II, including the Slovak Protestant movement in connection with the beginning of Slovak nationalism. Her principal work in this field is Evanjelické a.v. spoločenstvo v 18. storočı́ (Lutheran community in the eighteenth century (Bratislava, 2001)). natalia kraj Č ovi Č ov Á is a historian at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. She is the author of several works on the history of the First Czechoslovak Republic, including the Slovak autonomist agenda and Czech–Slovak relationships in the years 1918–1939. She has also published on the history of the Slovak and Czechoslovak agrarian movement, the Agrarian Party and land reform. Her biography of the Slovak agrarian-liberal politician Emil Stodola was published in 2007. miroslav lond Á k heads the Department of Contemporary History at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. His special interest is the contemporary economic history of Slovakia. With Stanislav Sikora and Elena Londáková he authored Predjarie. Politický, ekonomický a kultúrny vývoj 1960–1967 (Before Spring. Political, economic and cultural development in Slovakia 1960–1967 (Bratislava, 2002)). Recently he published Rok 1968 a ekonomická realita na Slovensku (The year 1968 and economic reality in Slovakia (Bratislava, 2007)). elena lond Á kov Á is a research fellow at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. Her field of interest is the history of culture in Slovakia after the Second World War. In articles and monographs she has analysed controversial developments in culture and cultural politics during the Communist dictatorship. With Stanislav Sikora and Miroslav Londák she published Predjarie. Politický, ekonomický a kultúrny vývoj 1960–1967 (Before Spring. Political, economic and cultural development in Slovakia 1960–1967 (Bratislava, 2002)). j Á n luka Č ka is an associate professor at Comenius University, Bratislava, and head of the Department of Medieval History, Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. He has published numerous articles on the early history of the Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1526), with an emphasis on ethnic Slovak society and its social and cultural development. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information xiv Notes on contributors jan pe Š ek is a research fellow at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. His field of research is the Communist totalitarian system in Slovakia, persecution in the early years of the totalitarian Communist regime, and the system and structure of the totalitarian machinery in Czechoslovakia. His works include (with Michal Barnovský) Štátna moc a cirkvi na Slovensku 1948–1953 (State power and churches in Slovakia 1948–1953 (Bratislava, 1997)) and biographical sketches of representatives of the Communist totalitarian regime: Jan Pešek, et al., Aktéry jednej éry na Slovensku 1948–1989 (Actors of one era in Slovakia 1948–1989 (Bratislava, 2003)). vil É m pre Č an is professor of history at Charles University, Prague, and head of the Czechoslovak Documentation Centre, Prague. His main area of interest is contemporary Czech and Slovak history. After the military occupation of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 he coedited documents of the occupation Sedm pražských dnů 21.–17.srpen 1968 (translated as The Czech Black Book (1969)) which led to his political persecution. He was obliged to leave the Institute of History of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. In 1976 he emigrated to Germany where he established the Czechoslovak Documentation Centre of Independent Literature. After returning to Czechoslovakia, he headed the newly established Institute of Contemporary History from 1990 to 1998. Among other works, he has published two volumes of documents on the Slovak National Uprising and three volumes of documents on Charter 77. jan rychl Í k is professor of history at Charles University, Prague. His main area of research is Slovak history and history of Czech–Slovak relations. He has published two volumes on relations between Czechs and Slovaks in the twentieth century: Češi a Slováci ve 20. stoletı́. Česko-slovenské vztahy 1914–1945 (Czechs and Slovaks in the twentieth century. Czech–Slovak relations 1914–1945 (Bratislava, 1996)) and Češi a Slováci ve 20. stoletı́. Česko-slovenské vztahy 1945–1992 (Czechs and Slovaks in the twentieth century. Czech–Slovak relations 1945–1992 (Bratislava, 1998)). On the division of Czechoslovakia in 1993, he has published Rozpad Československa (Disintegration of Czechoslovakia (Bratislava, 2002)). vladim Í r sege Š is a historian at the Institute of Military History, Slovak Ministry of Defence, Bratislava. His field of interest is medieval military history and history of towns in medieval Upper Hungary, including the history of law and criminality. This theme is the subject of his recent book Prešporský pitaval. Zločin a trest v stredovekej © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Notes on contributors xv Bratislave (Prebburg’s criminal cases. Crime and punishment in medieval Bratislava (Bratislava, 2005)). stanislav sikora is a research fellow at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. His field of interest is the period of the Prague Spring 1968. He has published articles on the reform process from the mid 1960s in Slovakia. With Miroslav Londák and Elena Londáková he has co-authored Predjarie. Politický, ekonomický a kultúrny vývoj na Slovensku v rokoch 1960–1967 (Before Spring. Political, economic and cultural development in Slovakia 1960–1967 (Bratislava, 2002)). michal Š tefansk Ý is a research fellow at the Institute of Military History, Slovak Ministry of Defence, Bratislava. His interests centre on contemporary political and military history, in particular the year 1968, the period of ‘normalisation’ (1969–1989) and the ‘velvet revolution’ in 1989, which are dealt with in numerous publications, including books and articles. j Á n steinh Ü bel is a medievalist at the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of Sciences. His main field of research is the early medieval history of Central Europe, especially the Duchy of Nitra, Great Moravia and the beginnings of the Kingdom of Hungary. His principal work is Nitrianske kniežatstvo (Duchy of Nitra (Bratislava, 2004)). Š tefan Š utaj is professor of history at the University of Prešov, Slovakia, and a research fellow at the Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences. He heads the Slovak section of the Slovak–Hungarian Historical Commission. He is the author of numerous monographs and studies on ethnic-national minorities in Slovakia after the Second World War, especially the Magyar minority. mikul Á Š teich is Emeritus Fellow of Robinson College, Cambridge, and Honorary Professor, Vienna University of Technology (Technische Universität Wien). His publications include work on the history of chemistry, biomedical sciences and biotechnology; philosophical and methodological aspects of the history of science and technology; social, economic and national aspects of scientific and technical developments; the history of scientific institutions; and Slavica. josef Ž atkuliak is a historian at the Department of Contemporary History of the Institute of Historical Studies, Slovak Academy of © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information xvi Notes on contributors Sciences. His main area of interest centres on Czech–Slovak federalisation and its beginnings in 1968. His principal work in this field is Federalizácia československého štátu 1968–1970. Vznik československej federácie roku 1968 (Federalisation of the Czechoslovak state 1968– 1970. Beginning of the Czech–Slovak Federation in 1968 (Prague and Bratislava, 1996)). © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Acknowledgements It is a great pleasure to offer thanks to colleagues and friends who gave helpful comments and suggestions in the early/later stages of the project: Dr Gertrude Enderle-Burcel, Professor Andrea Komlosy, Professor Michael Mitterauer, Dr Albert Müller, Dr Milan Otáhal and Dr Joachim Whaley. We think warmly of William Davies for his early encouragement and are grateful to Michael Watson, his successor at Cambridge University Press, for his unwavering support of the project. Thanks are also due to Chloe Howell of Cambridge University Press for aiding with presswork and to Karen Anderson Howes for carefully copy-editing the text. We thank Angela Spindler-Brown for her assistance in sourcing photographs from the Czech Republic archives. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewer at CUP for his/her comments. We remember with deep sorrow Michal Barnovský (1937–2008) and L’udovı́t Haraksim (1928–2008), who died before the publication of the book. We thank the Institute of Geographical Studies of the Slovak Academy of Sciences for the map of the Slovak Republic (by Magister Róbert Pazúr). We are indebted to the Institute of Historical Studies of the Slovak Academy of Sciences for making it possible to draw on its archives, including illustrations and maps (by Michal Kostovský) from A Concise History of Slovakia (edited by Elena Mannová). Dušan Kováč is most grateful to the British Academy for generous financial support, which enabled him to travel to Britain and participate in direct editorial consultations. Once again Mikuláš Teich offers public gratitude to Professor Alice Teichova who helped in many different ways – his debts to her are incalculable. xvii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Cadca Kysucké Nové Mesto ˆ IA NS C Bytca Zilina ˆ Vá C A Z TH Púchov Povazská Bystrica Dubnica nad P R Váhom CA Nová Dubnica E T Trencín HI Skalica ˆ W Myjava RP Hlohovec Levice ˆ a Sal’a ˆ j na Du Sahy Surany ˆ Dunajská Streda Kolárovo ´ Krtis Vel’ky ˆ Ma ly ´ Samorín Lucenec Nitr BRATISLAVA Detva Banská Stiavnica Zlaté Moravce Nitra Galanta Zvolen ˆ ava Sered’ Senec Banská Bystrica ˆ LL CA Malacky Pezinok n Hro Bánovce nad Handlová Bebravou Kremnica Partizánske Ziar nad Hronom Piest’any Trnava LOW Prievidza ˆ AT IA NS ˆ H Nové Metso nad Váhon ˆ M or I A A U S T R Senica A Ruzomberok Martin ˆ Holíc SM Dolny ´ Kubín h ˆ H ˆ E ˆ R U P E I C B L Nové Zámky Da be ˆ nu Stúrovo Komámo H U N G A R Y Map 1 Slovak Republic © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information Presov ˆ Homá d Spisská Nová Ves Vranov nad Topl’ou ORE MOUNTAINS ˆ Revúca Snina Humenné Michalovce ˆˆ Kosice Roznava ˆ Trebisov Ip e Uh t Rimavská Sobota E ˆ Levoca Medzilaborce ˆ Tisovec ˆ K SLOVA l’a Brezno Bardejov Kezmarok Poprad TATR AS Svidnik Stará L’ubovna p To Mikulas Liptovsky´ Hrádok ad orec Lab H RAS Liptovsky´ T A T D dava On HIG pr N U K R A I N L A Po O ˆ P Y Fil’akovo G H U N A R 0 10 60 40 20 0 20 © in this web service Cambridge University Press 30 80 40 50 100 km 60 miles www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80253-6 - Slovakia in History Edited by Mikuláš Teich, Dušan Kováč and Martin D. Brown Frontmatter More information © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org