Roman
Tripolitanian
oil lamps found
in Aquileia
Abstract: The paper discusses lamps of Tripolitanian production
found in Aquileia during recent research projects (sewagesystem rescue excavation between 1968 and 1972 in the city
center and the excavation of the so-called Domus of Titus Macer
at the site of the former Cossar property) as well as known
otherwise from the northern Adriatic region. The authors present
typologies and distribution maps, and consider on these grounds
the trade routes traveled by Tripolitanian lamps to Aquileia. This
leads them in turn to a look at commercial patterns reflected in
this, including Aquileia’s role as a rich harbor city rooted in the
Adriatic distribution system and a hub for the distribution of
goods to the hinterland settlements.
Keywords: Tripolitanian oil lamps, Aquileia, sewage-system
excavations, Domus of Titus Macer, Adriatic distribution system
More than 25 years have passed since the latest study
dedicated to the Tripolitanian lamps found in the northern Adriatic, the only one completed so far, which led
Philipp Pröttel to speculate on the reasons why these
lighting devices were transported such a long way from
their regular area of distribution (Pröttel 1991). In Pröttel’s study of Tripolitanian lamps in the region of the
Adriatic Sea, Aquileia appears as an unexplainable
void, despite its role as a commercial harbor and key
redistribution hub in the Northern Adriatic. As a re-
PAM 28/1 (2019)
Diana Dobreva1
Sabrina Zago2
1
2
Università degli Studi di Verona
Università degli Studi di Padova
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 28/1
Dobreva and Zago 2019: 217–240
DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.7043
regional typologies
sult of recent studies on lighting devices
discovered in archaeological contexts in
Aquileia, which have identified some
fragments of Roman Tripolitanian oil
lamps, the gap has now been proved to
be one in documentation rather than in
real data.
The assemblage in question is composed of six fragments from rescue excavations carried out in 1968–1972, preceding the construction of a modern sewage
system in the city of Aquileia. Added to
this are a few finds from recent excavations by the University of Padua at the
site of the former Cossar property. The
sample presented here is small, yet noteworthy, because of their infrequency in
regions away from where they were originally produced in Tripolitania.
The lamps are easily recognizable
from a morphological point of view. The
first to describe their technological and
iconographical similarities with Tripolitanian Red Slip ware was John W. Hayes
1
2
3
4
218
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
(1972: 314–315). Their broad, flat shoulder,
always abundantly decorated with geometric and/or vegetal motifs in relief,1
is easily the most distinctive element of
these lamps. The shape of the discus has
been used by scholars as a criterion for
typological classification:2
– discus with continuous ridge around it
= Atlante form XIII;
– discus with a continuous ridge and parallel ridges forming a nozzle channel
= Atlante form XIV;
– circular or elongated discus, bordered
by a continuous ridge forming a nozzle
channel opening onto the wick hole
= Atlante form XV.
The Tripolitanian lamps were initially
thought to be a product of workshops in
southern Tunisia, but both archaeological3 and archaeometric studies (Bonifay
et al. 2013: 130) have led to the recognition of the microregion of Leptis Magna
as the place of manufacture.4 Production seems to have started shortly after
The variety of combinations observed in the iconographic repertoire of decorative motifs, despite the limited typology of the latter, often preclude direct parallels; for a detailed list of the main decorative motifs, see Joly 1974: 43.
Hayes (1972: 314–315) identified two types corresponding to Atlante forms XIII and
XV, respectively (see Atlante… 1981). In her classification based on purely iconographic
premises, Maria Rosaria La Lomia (1971: 9–19) proposed nine variants. Lucilla Anselmino introduced the classification into three variants that is still in use today (Atlante…
1981: 204–207). Publishing the hypogeum of Medina Doga in the late 1990s, Rosa Maria
Bonacasa Carra (1998: 135–136) proposed a new sub-classification of Atlante forms XIII
(31 variants) and XV (nine variants) based on criteria of an iconographic nature.
Furnace waste and very fragmented ceramics were found in the area of Uadi Taraglat
(site 91) (Felici and Pentiricci 2002: 1877–1879 and 1885). For the preparation of Tripolitanian soil for ceramic production, see Forti 2010: 335–336.
Contrary to widespread opinion it was not Hayes who suggested that the Tripolitan Red
Slip ware was actually produced in Tripolitania. He believed that the sandy soil of Tripoli was unsuitable for pottery-making (Hayes 1972: 304; in the same vein also Stefano
Tortorella in Atlante… 1981: 137), and it was Sergio Fontana (1996: 89) who first suggested
pottery production in Tripolitania based on a significant accumulation of finds in the
territories there, a hypothesis later supported by Bonacasa Carra (1998: 137).
lychnological sTUDiEs
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
0
16 m
Fig. 1. Aquileia, general plan of the city showing the sites: dots mark the location of trenches with
Tripolitanian lamp fragments excavated as part of the modern sewage construction project; box
(in yellow) indicates the location of the former Cossar property; inset, hypothetical reconstruction
of the so-called Domus of Titus Macer from the 3rd century AD (University of Padua | domus plan
S. Berto and T. Luongo; map after Bertacchi 2003)
PAM 28/1 (2019)
219
regional typologies
AD 310–320, as suggested by the limited
available excavation data. The Atlante
XIII form continued to be produced
until the beginning of the 5th century
AD (Pröttel 1991: Col. 93, fragment from
the castrum of Ajdovščina from a “4th or
early 5th century AD” context; Bonifay
et al. 2013: 106), while the Atlante XV
form appeared by the end of the 4th century AD and continued until the end of
the 5th century AD. Some of the latest
specimens were still being manufactured
at the beginning of the 6th century AD
(Bailey 1985: 87ff., unidentified fragments
of Tripolitanian lamps from 5th and 6th
century AD contexts in Sidi Khrebish/
Benghazi).
One example each of forms Atlante
XIII and XV has been recognized in
the material from Aquileia, whereas
the other four fragments are too poorly
preserved for anything but a general
classification in the broader group of
Tripolitanian lamps. One example represents a Tripolitanian oil lamp, but made
in common ware. The new data revises
Pröttel’s distribution patterns of Tripolitanian lamps, setting the range of
northern Adriatic discoveries in a new
perspective. Even though the quantities
of finds from Aquileia are not spectacular, it still raises the question of how
these particular oil lamps got from Trip5
220
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
olitania to the upper Adriatic, which, in
turn, makes the role of Aquileia within
the Adriatic distribution system worth
considering as well.
[DD and SZ]
TripoliTanian lamps from The
sewage-sysTem excavaTion in The
ciTy cenTer
The construction of a modern sewage system in the center of Aquileia between
1968 and 1972 had the added value of
producing considerable quantities of
material, ceramic and non-ceramic. The
assemblages were inventoried and stored
at the National Archaeological Museum
of Aquileia and not studied until 2010,
when a new project aimed at publication
(envisaged by Luisa Bertacchi already in
1993) commenced.5 The limitations imposed on the material by the nature of
the sewage-system excavations as such
and the location—modern pipelines
followed ancient Roman roads within
the city)—coupled with scarce excavation documentation of the finds, have
hindered attempts at a reconstruction
of contexts as well as mapping the finds
on the plan of the ancient town [Fig. 1].
Included among the finds were 487
fragments of North African oil lamps,
most of which (481 pieces) were attributed to Tunisian workshops, while the
remaining six fragments were the product
The research project (initially focused on the study of the instrumentum inscriptum) was
launched in 2010 by the University of Udine, under the direction of Maurizio Buora
and Stefano Magnani, in collaboration with the Superintendence of Archaeology, Fine
Arts and Landscape of Friuli Venezia Giulia and the National Archaeological Museum of Aquileia. One of the objectives of the project is the collection and study of all
the available documentation for the purpose of reconstructing archaeological contexts
wherever possible and locating them on a topographic plan of the ancient city in an effort to obtain data on the different urban sectors in a historical perspective (Bertacchi
1993: 246–247; Gerri and Magnani 2015).
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
of Tripolitanian potters.6 The fragmented
condition of most of the finds limited
the typological classification. In the case
of Cat. 1, the upper part was complete
enough to identify it as an Atlante Form
XIII [Fig. 2A:Cat. 1] featuring a plain concave discus surrounded by a ridge and
sequences of concentric semicircles decorating the wide, flat shoulder. The body
is thin-walled, the fabric dense despite
a certain granularity, pale brown in color
and speckled, both on the surface and in
the break, with numerous whitish inclusions of considerable size.
Two other examples of Atlante Form
XIII come from the Northern Adriatic:
one from the modern city of Ajdovščina
in Slovenia (known in ancient times by
the name of Castra, within Regio X on
the road to Emona) (Pröttel 1991: Col.
96, No. 27) and the other now in the
National Museum at Zagreb, Croatia
(Vikić-Belančić 1972: 61, No. 230 and
Table XXIII, No. 12). The decoration of
concentric semicircles on the shoulder
does not find any published parallels
except for a locally imitated specimen
found in Egnatia (Fioriello 2003: 84,
No. 54).
The remaining fragments are to be
ascribed generically to Atlante Forms
XIII–XV. Geometrical motifs are present on the shoulder of three of the five
examples: a hook motif similar to the
one adorning an example from the Museum of Sabratha (Joly 1974: Table XLII,
6
7
lychnological sTUDiEs
No. 993) [Fig. 2A:Cat. 2], three or four
parallel bars alternating with relief
circles adorned with a row of pearls
around a central boss [Fig. 2A:Cat. 3],
and short bars [Fig. 2B:Cat. 4]. Vegetal
motifs, probably palm branches, appear on two specimens [Fig. 2B:Cat. 5,
Cat. 6]. The well-fired fabric is from
slightly grainy to very fine in texture
and varies in color from pink and light
brown. A generic dating between the
second quarter of the 4th and the first
quarter of the 6th century AD7 can be
suggested.
[SZ]
TripoliTan lamps from The Domus of
TiTus macer
An area of the ancient city of Aquileia
known as “Fondo Cossar” was excavated
between 2009 and 2015 by the University of Padua in agreement with the Superintendence of Friuli Venezia Giulia
and in collaboration with the Aquileia
Foundation. The project was focused
especially on the so-called Domus of
Titus Macer, a residential house occupied from the 1st century BC through
the beginning of the 6th century AD (on
the excavation results recently Bonetto
and Ghiotto 2014) [Fig. 1 inset].
A large quantity of clay lamps (373
examples, including intact and fragmentary pieces) were recorded, representing
a broad range of types produced from
the late Republican period through the
6th century AD, which thus reflect the
African oil lamps and their imitations (a total of 575 fragments) were studied by
Sabrina Zago for her Master’s thesis, written under the supervision of Prof. Monica
Salvadori and Dr. Diana Dobreva and submitted to the University of Padua.
The later context is that of Sidi Khrebish (Bailey 1985); the chronological issues regarding this class were addressed in detail in Zago 2016.
PAM 28/1 (2019)
221
regional typologies
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
Fig. 2A–B. Roman Tripolitanian lamps from excavations in Aquileia: 1–3 and 4–6 (on the opposite
page) – from trenches in the city center (1968–1972); 7–8 – from the so-called Domus of Titus
Macer on the former Cossar property (Courtesy of the National Archaeological Museum of Aquileia
[1–6] and the University of Padua, Project Cossar, Aquileia [1–8] | sphotos S. Zago; drawing S. Zago
[1–6]; S. Tinazzo and M. Trivini Bellini [7–8])
222
lychnological sTUDiEs
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
phasing of the site. Of this number, 81
specimens, that is, 22%, come from late
antique contexts [Fig. 3]. A significant
part of this represents North African
lamps produced in central and northern
Tunisia. Interestingly, imitations or local copies of African models that seem
to be contemporary are found in the
same contexts from the mid 5th century
AD as the original African lamps (on
the subject, see Dobreva 2017). Factory
lamps (Firmalampen), referring formally
to products from at least the mid 4th
century AD, make for a small percentage of the finds. Finally, there is a set
of wheel-made oil lamps (types Iványi
XXII or Magrini and Sbarra 1) amounting to 6% of the total assemblage [Fig. 3].
Some 1% of the discovered lamps are
glazed products attributable to the Car-
lino atelier, typical of contexts dated to
the end of the 4th and the 5th century
AD on (for typological references, see
Magrini and Sbarra 2005: 51–53).
A Roman Tripolitanian lamp with
a typical wide and flat shoulder set
flush with the nozzle is part of this set.
A stylized rosette within a circle in relief has been preserved on the shoulder.
The fabric is fine, dense, red in color,
hard and coarse to the touch, the slip
red-orange, glossy and homogeneous
(similar to La Lomia 1971: 15, No. 775,
Pl. 5 and Joly 1974: No. 980, Pl. XLI)
[Fig. 2B:Cat. 7]. A provenance from the
Tripolitanian area is not excluded also
in the case of another lamp that has
been classified as Deneauve VIII.4, Tripolitanian variant (see Bonifay 2004:
313–339, Fig. 175). The latter specimen
0
5 cm
Fig. 2B
PAM 28/1 (2019)
223
regional typologies
preserves part of the discus, decorated
with two palm branches in relief, and
part of the shoulder decorated with
two rows of closely spaced globules.
This type seems to be a variant of the
Warzenlampen type, which started to be
produced in this form in the 4th century AD. An identical specimen, perhaps from the same mold, dated to the
second half of the 3rd–early 4th century
AD, was found earlier in Aquileia (Di
Filippo Balestrazzi 1988: 347–350, 361,
No. 998, Table 151). The variant is also
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
well represented in a mid-4th century
AD archaeological context from the
Eastern Baths of Leptis Magna (Bonifay
et al. 2013: 93–103, Fig. 18, Nos 88–89).
As far as the chronology of the said
fragment is concerned, unfortunately
its discovery in late fill, dated to the
third quarter of the 5th century AD,
does not aid in precise dating. While
the type is generally attributable to
the workshops of central Tunisia, we
also know a Tripolitanian-made series
of the same lamps (Bonifay 2004: 334,
Fig. 3. The lamp assemblage from the excavation of the Domus of Titus Macer (former Cossar
property): lamp types from late antiquity (n = 82); inset, the assemblage by chronological periods
(n=373) (Processing D. Dobreva)
224
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
Type 13, Figs 187 and 339–341, Type 19,
Figs 191, 349, Type 32, Fig. 196). In both
cases they are common ware products.8
The clean but coarse, very dense and
yellowish fabric, as well as the heavy
lychnological sTUDiEs
whitish slip of the piece from the Cossar excavation raise many questions
about its origin, which only further archaeometric analyses can help to clarify
[Fig. 2B:Cat. 8].
[DD]
DisTribuTion of roman TripoliTanian oil lamps
Recent publications with photographic
and drawing documentation have contributed data for a better understanding of the
distribution of the Roman Tripolitanian
lamps. The research has also highlighted
the complexity of the issue and the limited
usefulness of the publications [Fig. 4 and
Table 1].
The distribution map reveals apparent
clusters of finds, located mainly in production areas and their whereabouts (e.g., in
nearby Cirenaica). Other regions of the
Mediterranean show different concentrations of lamps, whether in topographical
or quantitative terms, with Sicily being
a notable exception with many finds
(about 48 specimens)9 recorded in cities
along the southeastern coast. Small quantities of these lamps were discovered in
Malta (at least eight) (Pröttel 1991: Col. 96,
notes 23, 14), Latium, also eight, from
8
9
10
Rome (Provoost 1970: 22–23, 42–43, Type
2; Barbera and Petriaggi 1993: 332–333, Nos
290–291) and Ostia (Anselmino 1977: 95,
No. 46 and Table IX; Barbera and Petriaggi 1993: 331–332, No. 289) and Friuli (at
least eight: Aquileia, Bioni Island in the
Marano lagoon). Aside from the above,
lamp finds at Mediterranean sites are very
rare and never exceed three per site (Spain:
Alicante [3] and Tarragona [1]; Italy: Olbia
[2], Porto Torres [1], Egnatia [2], Herdonia
[1], Taranto [1];10 Greece: Corinth [1], and
Turkey: Miletus [1]).
The Northern Adriatic regions seem
to vary significantly in terms of the numbers of lamp finds: beside ample finds attested in the capital of the Venetia et Histria
Regio X (Aquileia), there are isolated
finds from places like Bioni island (Pröttel 1991: Col. 96, No. 28) and Verona (Di
Filippo Balestrazzi 2008: 355–356 and
A possible Tripolitanian provenance has also been ascertained for a Deneauve VIII.4
lamp (Bonifay 19A variant) from Castronovo di Sicilia near Palermo (see Malfitana
and Bonifay 2016: 239, Fig. 61, No. 465, pp. 337, 680).
Libertini 1930: 292, No. 1459 and Table CXXIX; Fallico 1967: 407–408; Joly 1974: 44,
note 5; Castellana and McConnell 1990; Patanè and Tanasi 2006: Figs 5a and 7, No.
108; Vitale 2012: 43, Nos 33–35; Patti 2013: 93–103, Nos 081–098; Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: sites 28, 34, 47, 50, 82, 84, 92, 94, 109. The preponderance of fragments in
this area is very easily explained by “the privileged position of the island on the route
Tripolitania–Ostia via Malta” (Bonacasa Carra 1998: 137).
The actual origin of the discovery from the territory of Mantua is uncertain (Ferraresi
2000: 339–340, No. 62), while the lamp from the Museum of Trento seems to be an imitation rather than an original from Tripolitaia (Gualandi Genito 1986: 415, No. 232).
PAM 28/1 (2019)
225
regional typologies
Table XXXII, No. 10). Further east, there
are also single finds from Ajdovščina (Pröttel 1991: Col. 96, No. 29), the island of Veliki Brijun (Pröttel 1991: Col. 96, No. 27)
and Zagreb city center (Vikić-Belančić
1972: 61, No. 230 and Table XXIII, No. 12),
representing types attested in the Northern
Adriatic, spanning time between the second quarter of the 4th and the beginning
of the 6th century AD.11 The clustering of
finds in the vicinity of Aquileia, although
not extensive, apparently matches the trade
routes used for transporting goods to and
from Aquileia, dispatching them to the
Venetian and Slovenian hinterland and
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
other places along the Northern Adriatic
coast. Verona was easily reached by the
Via Postumia, whereas Iulia Emona is just
a short distance away by the Via Gemina,
passing through the castrum of Ajdovščina.
Andautonia (modern village of Šćitarjevo
in Croatia) lies just a little further away
from this main road, which continued toward Poetovio. Lamps from the islands of
Bioni, located halfway along the Northern
Adriatic lagoon system, on the road that
connected Aquileia with Iulia Concordia,
and Veliki Brijun on the Istrian coast,
probably reached these coastal centers by
cabotage sailing. Indeed, for the latter site,
Fig. 4. Distribution of Roman Tripolitanian lamps in the Mediterranean (for sites indicated in the
figure, see opposite page, Table 1) (Processing S. Zago)
11
226
The chronological usefulness of these finds is limited as they come from museum
collections or from contexts in which they are residual.
lychnological sTUDiEs
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
Table 1. Summary distribution of finds of Roman Tripolitanian lamps in the Mediterranean (for location of the sites, see Fig. 5)
No. Site
Feature
1 Leptis Magna
(Libya)
2 Leptis Magna
(Libya)
Bath
3 Sabratha (Libya)
Excavations
1948–1952
4 Sabratha (Libya)
Museum
Theater
5 Sabratha (Libya)
6 Sirte (Libya)
Mausoleum(?)
Christian
hypogeum
7 Medina Doga
(Libya)
Hypogeum
8 Bu Njem (Libya)
Temple
of Jupiter
Ammon
9 Germa (Libya)
10 Ghirza
Necropolis
(Tripolitania, Libya)
11 Nabeul (Tunisia)
Fish sauce
fabric
12 Henchir Daoui
(Tunisia)
13 Skhira (Tunisia)
XII
XIII/XV
XIII
17 Alexandria (Egypt) Museum
18 Malta
–
19 Alicante (Spain)
–
5 Bailey 1994: 189, Fig. 46
9
101 Joly 1974: 41–43, Pls XXXVIII–XLV
XIV
1
XV
31
XIII
XIII
XV
XIII
XIV
XV
XIII
?
2
72
24
62
1
31
1
1
Procaccini 1974–1975: 29
La Lomia 1971
?
XIII
XV
XIII–XV
?
XV
?
1
6
14
?
2
Hayes 1972: 314, note 6
Hayes 1984: 234–235, Pls 131a,
133a, 134, 135
Bonacasa Carra 1998
Rebuffat 1987: 85 and 89, No. 12
XV
Bonifay 2004: 427, type 82, No. 5
and Fig. 240
1 Bonifay et al. 2002–2003: 149,
No. 102, Fig. 9
1 Fendri 1961: Pl. XXXVII, 3
?
? Bonacasa Carra 1998: 137, note 18
XIII
Christian
basilica
14 Uadi el-Fani, Khom Mausoleum
(Tunisia)
15 Carthage (Tunisia) Circus and
necropolis
16 Benghazi
(Cirenaica)
PAM 28/1 (2019)
Atlante Quantity References
Form
XIII
3 Bonifay et al. 2013: 108,
Nos 4.115–117
XIII
30 Joly, Garraffo, and Mandruzzato
XV
28 1992: 142–164
XIII/XV
XV
?
XIII
A.XIII
A.XV
?
XIII
1 Rossiter 1988: 548, Pl. 6
1 Bailey 1985: 198, Pl. 16,4, No. 5
56
3 Breccia 1924: Pl. XXVIII, Nos 4–6
2 Hayes 1972: 315, note 1; Pröttel
3 1991: Col. 96, No. 14
3
3 Atlante… 1981: 205
227
regional typologies
No. Site
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
Feature
20 Tarragona (Spain)
21 S. Agata la Vetere,
(Catania, Sicily)
22 Biscari Museum
(Catania, Sicily)
23 Agrigento (Sicily)
–
Necropolis
area
–
24 Saraceno district
(Agrigento, Sicily)
25 Valle dei Templi
(Agrigento, Sicily)
26 Palermo Museum
(Sicily)
27 Villagrazia di
Carini (Palermo,
Sicily)
28 Monte Iato/Ietas
(Palermo, Sicily)
29 Piana degli
Albanesi, S. Agata
district (Palermo,
Sicily)
30 Contrada Costa
schiavo (Palermo,
Sicily)
31 Megara Hyblea
(Sicily)
32 Lardia, Sortino
(Sicily)
33 S. Croce Camerina,
Miro district
(Ragusa, Sicily)
Villa
34 Modica (Ragusa,
Sicily)
35 Petrulli quarter
(Ragusa, Sicily)
Museum
36 Marsala/Lilibeum
(Trapani, Sicily)
Urban
excavations
228
Necropolis
Necropolis
–
Necropolis
–
Atlante Quantity References
Form
?
1 Pröttel 1991: Col. 96, No. 26
XIII
1 Patanè and Tanasi 2006: Figs 5a, 7,
No. 108
XIII
1 Libertini 1930: 292, No. 1459 and
Pl. CXXIX
XIV
1 Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: 608,
site 61
XIII/XV
1 Castellana and McConnel 1990
XIII/
XV(?)
?
XIII
XIII/XV
1 to 5 Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: 783,
site 61
5 Joly 1974: 44, note 5
3 Vitale 2012: 43, Nos 33–35
1 Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: 388,
818–819, site 92
1 Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: 388
and 819, site 94
Necropolis
XV
–
XV
? Bonacasa Carra 1998: 136
Old
excavations
–
XIII
1 Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: 49–53,
369–370 and 760–765, site 28
1 Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: 371
Necropolis
XIII
2 Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: 132–
139, 374–375 and especially 776–
777, site 47
XV
XIII/XV
2
5 Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: 375,
note 1086
4 Fallico 1967: 407–408
Necropolis
?
XIII
XV
XIII
3
1 Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: 384
and 807, site 82
lychnological sTUDiEs
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
No. Site
Feature
37 Marettimo Island,
Roman houses
quarter (Trapani,
Sicily)
38 Piazza Armerina
(Enna, Sicily)
–
39 Scauri (Pantelleria,
Sicily)
40 Olbia (Sardinia)
41 Porto Torres
(Sardinia)
42 Ostia (Italy)
Shipwreck
Villa
Atlante Quantity References
Form
XV
1 Malfitana and Bonifay 2016: 213–
219, 385–910, site 28
XIII
XV
–
–
XIII/XV
XIII
XIII–XV
XIII
XIII/XV
–
XIII
43 Rome (Italy)
–
XIII
44 Rome(?)(Italy)
–
45 Egnazia (Italy)
–
46 Herdonia (Italy)
47 Taranto (Italy)
48 South Italy
–
–
–
49 Mantua(?) (Italy)
50 Trento(?)(Italy)
51 Verona (Italy)
–
–
–
XIII
XV
XV
XIII/XV
XIII/XV
XV
XIII
XV
XV
XIII
XV
52 Bioni Island (Italy)
53 Ajdovščina
(Slovenia)
54 Veliki Brijun (Istria)
55 Zagreb (Croatia)
–
Castrum
XIII–XV
XIII
Castrum
–
XIII–XV
XIII
56 Corinth (Greece)
–
XIII/XV
57 Miletus (Greece)
–
XIII
58 Gheriat
(Libya)
PAM 28/1 (2019)
el-Garbia Fort
XIII
XIII–XV
3 Patti 2013: 93–103, Nos 081–098
8
7
1
1
2
1
Oliveri 2009: 167, No. 13, Fig. 13
and 166, No. 9, Fig. 9
Pietra 2013: 130, Nos 48–49, Fig. 9
Villedieu 1984: 213, Fig. 351
2 Anselmino 1977: 95, Pl. IX,46;
Barbera and Petriaggi 1993: 331–
332, No. 289
4 Provoost 1970: 22–23, type 2;
Barbera and Petriaggi 1993: 332–
333, No. 290
1 Barbera and Petriaggi 1993: 333–
1 334, Nos 291–292
1 Fioriello 2012: 100 and 111, Fig. 102
1
1? Delplace 1974: 78–81, No. 422
1 D’Angela 1979: 120–121, Pl. VII 5,1
1 Zaccaria Ruggiu 1980: 120–121
2 and 146, Nos 221–223
1 Ferraresi 2000: 339–340, No. 62
1 Gualandi Genito 1986: 415, No. 232
1 Di Filippo Balestrazzi 2008: 355–
356, Pl. XXXII, No. 10
1 Pröttel 1991: Col. 96, No. 28
1 Pröttel 1991: Col. 96, No. 29
1 Pröttel 1991: Col. 96, No. 27
1 Vikić-Belančić 1972: 61, Pl. XXIII,
No. 12
1 Williams 1981: 85, No. 456 and
Pl. 20,456 (cited in Pröttel 1991:
Col. 96, No. 20)
1 Menzel 1954: 85, No. 556 and
Fig. 90,13
1 Mackensen 2010: 408–411
20
229
regional typologies
it can be assumed that its position placed
it squarely on the Northern Adriatic trade
itineraries [Fig. 5].
Taking into consideration, where possible, the character of the sites which have
yielded these lamps, it is worth noting
that at least two of the six Adriatic sites,
(Ajdovščina and Bioni Island) used to be
military settlements; indeed, Bioni played
a military role in the late antique period
(end of 4th–beginning of 5th century AD),
although it seems to have been limited
to securing commercial traffic from the
central part of the Friuli area toward the
Venetian coastal centers (Buora 2002: 185;
Possenti 2012: 150). Finds of fragments of
oil lamps of this type at one of the sites
on the Claustra Alpium Iuliarum (fortifications and linear defenses developed in
the Iulian Alps from the 3rd century AD)
made Pröttel ask himself how these items
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
reached the territory (Pröttel 1991: Col. 98,
note 24).12 This led him to suggest that the
lamps would have traveled with the North
African contingents that were transferred
to the Alps and stationed there. The hypothesis is unverifiable to date, if we consider that in late antiquity the armies were
characterized by less flexibility than in
earlier periods (Possenti 2012; Rocco 2012:
454). The presence of African soldiers in
the Upper Adriatic area, in particular in
Pannonia, dates back to the 2nd to 3rd
centuries AD, when soldiers from Mauretania reached the area (Pavan 1989);
to date, there is still no data to confirm
the presence of African soldiers in these
territories in late antiquity. Archaeological evidence corroborates the presence
of soldiers of Germanic origin, from the
lower Danube, in the 4th and 5th centuries
AD (Buora 2008: 158). In this context, the
Fig. 5. Distribution of Roman Tripolitanian lamps in the northern Adriatic area (Processing S. Zago)
12
230
For a review of the issue, see recently Vannesse 2007.
lychnological sTUDiEs
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
presence of a Tripolitanian lamp there is
difficult, if not impossible, to explain. It
may have traveled all this way along with
other, commonly used goods (wheat, oil)
and vessels of African terra sigillata.13
Therefore, it seems that the Tunisian
oil lamps and the African terra sigillata
might have, in general, been transported
along similar routes: across the Adriatic
and then inland along the Po and the
Danube rivers. Inland destinations could
have also been reached by land (Via Postumia and the Via Gemina). Taking into
consideration quantitative analyses, the
high number of finds in Aquileia is easily related to the role of the city as a hub
for redistribution to farther destinations.
Aquileia kept this role not only during
the 4th, but also in the 5th century AD,
when, due to political and administrative
changes, trade routes in the upper Adriatic
moved south.14
[DD and SZ]
conclusions
The distribution of Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps, especially in the Northern
Adriatic, remains an open question. The
lamps themselves were hardly a reason to
undertake the hardships of trade exchange,
but so far nothing that they could have
traveled with and that would have constituted the goods traded along this route
has been identified. The only data concern
an earlier period when oil in Tripolitanian
amphorae arrived sporadically in the 2nd
to 3rd centuries AD, thus explaining the
presence of the common ceramic lamps of
type Deneauve VIII.4 found in the former
Cossar property, assuming their origin is
confirmed. However, later types of amphorae of Tripolitanian origin (e.g., type
13
14
15
Tripolitana III) ceased to be produced and
circulated by the 4th century AD when
the Tripolitanian terra sigillata lamps (see
Atlante Form XIII) started to be manufactured.15 Hence, the lamps must have traveled probably with commodities other than
oil. At the end of the 4th and especially in
the first half of the 5th century AD, the
African coastal area supplied the Adriatic
mainly with containers of types Keay 25.2
and Spatheion 1, used for wine and fish
sauce sent from Zeugetania and Byzacena
(Rousse 2004: 610–612; Degrassi et al. 2010;
Ventura and Donat 2010; Bueno, Novello,
and Mantovani 2012; Bonetto et al. 2013:
156–161; Konestra 2015: 155–159, 197–198).
Large quantities of African goods, fine
This hypothesis seems to be much more plausible, especially considering that these
two centers were particularly supplied with North African goods, see Tassaux 2004:
30.
The vitality of the center in Friuli during the 5th century AD has been confirmed
repeatedly by recent pottery discoveries (amphorae and terra sigillata foremost,
Braidotti 2011; Trivini Bellini 2014; Dobreva and Riccato 2016) as well as evidence
concerning urban planning (Marano 2012).
The Tripolitanian oil trade reached its peak in the Severan period before declining
in the 4th century AD. Oil seems to have been purchased mainly by the capital municipality to provide for its annual festivities, while private consumption was fairly
marginal (Rizzo 2014: 260).
PAM 28/1 (2019)
231
regional typologies
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
tableware originating from the area of
El Mahrine and Oudhna (African terra
sigillata D) included, found in Aquileia,
suggest the existence of privileged links
with North Africa in this period (Ventura
and Zulini 2012–2013; Trivini Bellini 2014).
One wonders to which distribution
circuit the Northern Adriatic should
be assigned. Sicily, where the finds of
Tripolitanian oil lamps are particularly
plentiful along the southeastern coast,
seems to have been a favored destination
for furnishings of Tripolitanian origin as
well as other ceramics of African provenance, mainly due to its location along
the trade routes (Malfitana and Bonifay
2016). This seems also to be attested by
some finds of Sicilian amphorae (Mid
Roman 1A containers produced in Catania and the Keay 52 amphorae produced
in Naxos) in 4th and 5th century AD
contexts in Aquileia, which however may
be the result of a more complex distribution mechanism that is still poorly
understood.
Even we are still far away from completely understanding this phenomenon,
the new data presented here may be of
some help to the reconstruction of the
Adriatic distribution system. The results
emphasize yet again the importance of
Aquileia in the maritime trade routes in
the 5th century AD. They also open new
perspectives for the study of the commercial links between the city and the
North African coast.
[DD]
caTalog
Cat. 1
Excavation context
Fig. 2A:1
Inv. No. 69030
Aquileia sewage-system excavations
Type
Date
Atlante Form XIII
Second quarter of 4th–beginning of 5th century AD
Fabric/slip
Granular appearance, but clean and dense with numerous whitish lumps on the surface and voids
visible to the naked eye, hard and coarse to the touch, light reddish-brown color; light reddishbrown slip, semi-glossy, homogeneous.
Dimensions
Description
Preserved:
Fragment of the upper body with a small part of the body, handle
H. 2.3; L. 6.9; W. 8.2 cm
and nozzle lost; plain discus, concentric semicircles on the
shoulder.
Parallels
Similar to Joly 1974: Table XLIV, No. 1003; Fioriello 2003: 84, No. 54
16
232
For a summary of the types, see Franco and Capelli 2014a; 2014b. On the presence of
these containers in Aquileia, see Dobreva forthcoming.
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
lychnological sTUDiEs
Cat. 2
Excavation context
Fig. 2A:2
Inv. No. 75544
Aquileia sewage-system excavations
Type
Date
Atlante Form XIII–XV
Mid 4th–5th century AD
Fabric/slip
Granular but clean, hard and coarse to the touch, pinkish orange color; opaque, pinkish-orange slip.
Description
Dimensions
Fragment of shoulder and discus with handle; plain discus, hook
Preserved
motifs on the shoulder.
H. 3.1; L. 7.8; W. 4.7 cm
Parallels
Similar to Joly 1974: Table XLII, No. 993
Cat. 3
Excavation context
Fig. 2A:3
Inv. No. 56475
Aquileia sewage-system excavations
Type
Date
Atlante Form XIII–XV
Mid 4th–5th century AD
Fabric/slip
Fine, clean and dense, hard, coarse to the touch, reddish color; opaque orange-reddish coating
Dimensions
Description
Preserved
Fragment of shoulder and handle with a section of the bottom.
H. 3.2; L. 4.4; W. 6.7 cm
Shoulder decorated in relief with geometric patterns (groups
of three to four vertical bars, alternating with circles with small
globules around a central boss in a crown motif)
Parallels
For the circle, La Lomia 1971: Table 5, No. 768; Joly 1974: Table XLI, No. 973; Pröttel 1991: 90,
Fig. 1, Nos 2–3
Cat. 4
Excavation context
Fig. 2B:4
Inv. No. 137304
Aquileia sewage-system excavations
Date
Type
Atlante Form XIII–XV
Mid 4th–5th century AD
Fabric/slip
Very fine and clean, very dense, smooth to the touch, pinkish color; pink slip, not very glossy.
Description
Dimensions
Shoulder fragment with handle; short vertical bars near the edge
Preserved
and horizontal ones on the inside shoulder.
H. 3.6; L. 2.4; W. 4.8 cm
PAM 28/1 (2019)
233
regional typologies
Cat. 5
Inv. No. 77750
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
Excavation context
Aquileia sewage-system excavations
Fig. 2B:5
Type
Date
Atlante Form XIII–XV
Mid 4th–5th century AD
Fabric/slip
Granular but clean, hard, coarse to the touch, light reddish-brown color; reddish-brown slip, glossy.
Description
Dimensions
Shoulder fragment; palm branch motif on the shoulder
Preserved
H. 2.1; L. 3.6; W. 2.15 cm
Parallels
Joly 1974: Table XXXVIII, No. 923 (Form XIII)
Cat. 6
Inv. No. 130474
Excavation context
Aquileia sewage-system excavations
Fig. 2B:6
Date
Type
Atlante Form XIII–XV
Mid 4th–5th century AD
Fabric/slip
Fine, clean and dense, hard, coarse to the touch, reddish color; reddish, glossy slip
Description
Dimensions
Shoulder fragment; short relief bars (geometric or plant pattern?) on Preserved
the shoulder.
H. 1.2; L. 4.1; W. 1.1 cm
Cat. 7
Inv. No. 545099
Excavation context
Aquileia, former Cossar property excavation,
US 14 (surface layer)
Date
Mid 4th–5th century AD
Fig. 2B:7
Excavation context
Aquileia, former Cossar property excavation,
US 3151 (fill, third quarter of the 5th century AD)
Date
Second half of 3rd–mid 4th century AD
Fig. 2B:8
Type
Atlante Form XV
Fabric/slip
Fine, well purified and dense, hard and coarse to the touch, red color; red-orange, glossy and
homogeneous slip.
Description
Dimensions
Fragment of the upper part with a section of the shoulder and
Preserved
discus; plain discus; rosette within a relief circle on the shoulder.
H. 1.5; L. 4.6; W. 4.1 cm
Parallels
Similar to La Lomia 1971: 15, No. 775, Table 5; Joly 1974: 980, Table XLI
Cat. 8
Inv. No. 560570
Type
Deneauve VIII. 4, Tripolitana
variant
Fabric/slip
Cleaned but coarse, very solid, yellowish color, heavy whitish slip.
Description
Fragment of the upper part with a section of the shoulder and discus;
palm branch on the discus; two rows of relief globules on the shoulder.
Parallels
Di Filippo Balestrazzi 1988: 347–350, 361, No. 998, Table 151
234
Dimensions
Preserved
H. 1.1; L. 4.4; W. 3.0 cm
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
Diana Dobreva
Università degli Studi di Verona
dianasergeeva.dobreva@univr.it
Sabrina Zago
Università degli Studi di Padova
sabrina.zago3@gmail.com
lychnological sTUDiEs
How to cite this article: Dobreva, D. and
Zago, S. (2019). Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps
found in Aquileia. Polish Archaeology in the
Mediterranean, 28/1, 217–240. https://doi.
org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7043
References
Anselmino, L. (1977). Le lucerne. In A. Carandini and C. Panella (eds), Ostia IV:
le terme del nuotatore, scavo dell’ambiente XVI e dell’area XXV (=Studi miscellanei 23)
(pp. 86–100). Rome: De Luca
Atlante delle forme ceramiche I. Ceramica fine romana nel bacino Mediterraneo (medio e tardo
impero). (1981). Rome: Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana
Bailey, D.M. (1985). The lamps of Sidi Khrebish, Benghazi (Berenice): imported and
local products. In G. Barker, J.A. Lloyd, and J.M. Reynolds (eds), Cyrenaica in
antiquity (=BAR IS 236) (pp. 195–204). Oxford: B.A.R.
Bailey, D.M. (1994). Lamps. In M. Fulford and R. Tomber (eds), Excavations at Sabratha
1948–1951, II. The finds. Part 2. The finewares and lamps (=Society for Libyan Studies
Monograph 3) (pp. 145–197). London: Society for Libyan Studies
Barbera, M. and Petriaggi, R. (1993). Le lucerne tardo-antiche di produzione africana.
Rome: Istituto poligrafico e zecca dello Stato, Libreria dello Stato
Bertacchi, L. (1993). Trent’anni di attività ad Aquileia. In Gli scavi di Aquileia: uomini
e opere (=Antichità altoadriatiche 41) (pp. 235–260). Udine: Arti Grafiche Friulane
Bonacasa Carra, R.M. (1998). Lucerne tripolitane dall’ipogeo di Medina Doga. Libya
Antiqua, N.S. 4, 133–145
Bonetto, J., Bragagnolo, D., Centola, V., Dobreva, D., Furlan, G., Madrigali, E.,
Menin, A., and Previato, C. (2013). Aquileia (ud). Fondi ex Cossar. Relazione delle
ricerche 2009. Notiziario della Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Friuli Venezia
Giulia, 4, 134–168
Bonetto, J. and Ghiotto, A.R. (eds) (2014). Aquileia – fondi ex Cossar: missione archeologica 2013. Padua: FP
Bonifay, M. (2004). Études sur la céramique romaine tardive d’Afrique (=BAR IS 1301).
Oxford: Archaeopress
Bonifay, M., Capelli, C., Franco, C., Leitch, V., Riccardi, L., and Berni Millet, P. (2013).
Les Thermes du Levant à Leptis Magna: quatre contextes céramiques des IIIe et IVe
siècles. Antiquités africaines, 49(1), 67–150
Bonifay, M., Capelli, C., Martin, T., Picon, M., and Vallauri, L. (2002–2003). Le littoral
de la Tunisie, étude géoarchéologique et historique (1987–1997). La céramique.
Antiquités africaines, 38(1), 125–202
PAM 28/1 (2019)
235
regional typologies
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
Braidotti, E. (2011). Aquileia tra Tardoantico e Altomedioevo: il contributo delle anfore delle
“Grandi Terme” (unpubl. Ph.D. diss.). University of Udine
Breccia, E. (1924). Le Musée gréco-romain au cours de l’année 1922–23. Alexandria: E. Di
Pompeo
Bueno, M., Novello, M., and Mantovani, V. (2012). Progetto Aquileia: Casa delle Bestie
Ferite. Commercio e consumo ad Aquileia. Analisi delle anfore tardoantiche alla
luce di alcuni contesti. RCRF Acta, 42, 159–168
Buora, M. (2002). Militari e militaria ad Aquileia e nell’attuale Friuli. In M. Buora
(ed.), Miles Romanus dal Po al Danubio nel Tardoantico. Atti del convegno internazionale
Pordenone-Concordia Sagittaria 17–19 marzo 2000 (pp. 183–206). Pordenone: Consorzio
universitario di Pordenone
Buora, M. (2008). Militari in Aquileia e nell’arco alpino orientale. In S. Piussi (ed.),
Cromazio di Aquileia: 388–408. Al crocevia di genti e religioni (pp. 154–161). Cinisello
Balsamo (MI): Silvana editoriale
Castellana, G. and McConnell, B.E. (1990). A rural settlement of Imperial Roman
and Byzantine date in Contrada Saraceno near Agrigento, Sicily. American Journal
of Archaeology, 94(1), 25–44
D’Angela, C. (1979). Matrici fittili di lucerne tardo romane rinvenute in Puglia. Vetera
Christianorum, 16, 95–103
Degrassi, V., Gaddi, D., Mandruzzato, L., and Maselli Scotti, F. (2010). Tergeste
(Trieste – Italia): materiale ceramico dai livelli di costruzione delle mura tardo
imperiali (prima metà V sec. d.C.). In S. Menchelli, S. Santoro, M. Pasquinucci,
and G. Guiducci (eds), LRCW 3: Late Roman coarse wares, cooking wares and amphorae
in the Mediterranean. Archaeology and archaeometry. Comparison between Western and
Eastern Mediterranean II (=BAR IS 2185/2) (pp. 579–584). Oxford: Archaeopress
Delplace, C. (1974). Présentation de l’ensemble des lampes découvertes de 1962 à 1971.
In J. Mertens (ed.), Ordona IV. Rapports et études (pp. 7–101). Brussels: Institut
historique belge de Rome
Di Filippo Balestrazzi, E. (1988). Lucerne del Museo di Aquileia II.1. Lucerne romane di
età repubblicana ed imperiale. Aquileia: Associazione Nazionale
Di Filippo Balestrazzi, E. (2008). Le lucerne. In G. Cavalieri Manasse (ed.), L’area del
Capitolium di Verona: ricerche storiche e archeologiche (pp. 343–367). Verona: Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici del Veneto
Dobreva, D. (2017). Nuovi dati sulle lucerne tardoantiche da Aquileia: i rinvenimenti
sulla domus c.d. di Tito Macro. In G. Lipovac Vrkljan, I. Ožanić Roguljić, and
M. Ugarković (eds), Rimske i kasnoantičke svjetiljke: proizvodnja, distribucije, kontakti
na Mediteranu. Zbornik međunarodnog okruglog stola, Zagreb 2. veljače 2015 / Roman
and late antique lamps: production and distribution, contacts on the Mediterranean.
Proceedings of the international round table, Zagreb, 2nd February 2015 (pp. 81–102).
Zagreb: Institut za arheologiju
Dobreva, D. (forthcoming). Le produzioni siciliane. In Aquileia. Cossar funds IV. Transport
containers: consumption and trade in the Upper Adriatic area. Rome
236
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
lychnological sTUDiEs
Dobreva, D. and Riccato, A. (2016). Cibi e ceramiche nei fondi Cossar ad Aquileia.
Un contributo alla ricostruzione della dieta, delle batterie da cucina e dei servizi
da mensa nella tarda antichità. In G. Cuscito (ed.), L’alimentazione nell’antichità.
Atti della 46. Settimana di studi aquileiesi, Aquileia, Sala del Consiglio comunale (14–16
maggio 2015) (=Antichità altoadriatiche 84) (pp. 433–454). Trieste: Editreg
Fallico, A. (1967). Ragusa. Esplorazione di necropoli tarde. Atti della Academia Nazionale
dei Lincei: Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità, 21, 407–418
Felici, F. and Pentiricci, M. (2002). Per una definizione delle dinamiche economiche
e commerciali del territorio di Leptis Magna. In M. Khanoussi, P. Ruggeri, and
C. Vismara (eds), L’Africa romana. Lo spazio marittimo del Mediterraneo occidentale:
geografia storica ed economia. Atti del XIV convegno di studio Sassari, 7–10 dicembre
2000, III (pp. 1875–1900). Rome: Carocci
Fendri, M. (1961). Basiliques chrétiennes de la Skhira. Paris: Presses Universitaires de
France
Ferraresi, A. (2000). Le lucerne fittili delle collezioni archeologiche del Palazzo Ducale di
Mantova. Florence: L.S. Olschki
Fioriello, C.S. (2003). Le lucerne imperiali e tardoantiche di Egnazia. Bari: Edipuglia
Fioriello, C.S. (2012). Repertorio morfologico e iconografico delle lucerne tardoantiche nel contesto dell’Apulia: case di studio. In L. Chrzanovski (ed.), Le luminaire
antique: lychnological acts 3. Actes du 3e Congrès International d’études de l’ILA, Université
d’Heidelberg, 21–26.IX.2009 (=Monographies instrumentum 44) (pp. 99–114). Montagnac:
Editions Monique Mergoil
Fontana, S. (1996). Il vasellame da mensa tardo-imperiale in Tripolitania: le ceramiche
del “Tempio Flavio” di Leptis Magna. In L. Bacchielli and M. Bonanno Aravantinos (eds), Scritti di antichità in memoria di Sandro Stucchi II. La Tripolitania: l’Italia
e l’Occidente (pp. 85–94). Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider
Forti, S. (2010). Lucerne di probabile produzione tripolitana a Leptis Magna. Indizi
e considerazioni preliminari. RCRF Acta, 41, 335–344
Franco, C. and Capelli, C. (2014a). New archaeological and archaeometric data on Sicilian
wine amphorae in the Roman period (1st to 6th century AD). Typology, origin and
distribution in selected western Mediterranean contexts. RCRF Acta, 43, 547–555
Franco, C. and Capelli, C. (2014b). Sicilian flat-bottomed amphorae (1st–5th century
AD). New data on typo-chronology and distribution and from an integrated petrographic and archaeological study. In D. Malfitana and G. Cacciaguerra (eds),
Archeologia classica in Sicilia e nel Mediterraneo: didattica e ricerca nell’esperienza mista
CNR e Università. Il contributo delle giovani generazioni: un triennio di ricerche e tesi
universitarie (pp. 341–362). Catania
Gerri, L. and Magnani, S. (2015). Gli scavi per la realizzazione delle moderne fognature di Aquileia (1968–1972): ricostruzione del percorso. Quaderni Friulani di
Archeologia, 25, 17–26
Gualandi Genito, M.C. (1986). Le lucerne antiche del Trentino. Trento: Provincia
autonoma di Trento
PAM 28/1 (2019)
237
regional typologies
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
Hayes, J.W. (1972). Late Roman pottery. London: British School at Rome
Hayes, J.W. (1984). Roman pottery and lamps. In O. Brogan and D.J. Smith, Ghirza:
a Libyan settlement in the Roman period (pp. 234–241). Tripoli: Department of Antiquities of the Arab Libyan Jamahiriya
Joly, E. (1974). Lucerne del Museo di Sabratha (=Monografie di archeologia libica 11). Rome:
L’Erma di Breitschneider
Joly, E., Garraffo, S., and Mandruzzato, A. (1992). Materiali minori dallo scavo del teatro
di Leptis Magna. Quaderni di archeologia della Libya, 15, 25–233
Konestra, A. (2015). Pottery from the Forum of Municipium Flavium Fulfinum (Krk
Island, Croatia)—research between 2007 and 2013. Prilozi Instituta za Arheologiju
u Zagrebu, 32, 147–214
La Lomia, M.R. (1971). Lucerne fittili provenienti da un ipogeo cristiano di Sirte (Tripolitania). Libya Antiqua, 8, 7–32
Libertini, G. (1930). Il Museo Biscari. Milan: Bestetti & Tumminelli
Mackensen, M. (2010). Das severische Vexillationskastell Myd(—)/Gheriat el-Garbia
am Limes Tripolitanus (Libyen). Bericht über die Kampagne 2009. Mitteilungen des
Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Römische Abteilung, 116, 363–458
Magrini, C. and Sbarra, F. (2005). Le ceramiche invetriate di Carlino: nuovo contributo allo
studio di una produzione tardoantica (=Ricerche di archeologia altomedievale e medievale 30).
Florence: All’insegno del giglio
Malfitana, D. and Bonifay, M. (eds). (2016). La ceramica africana nella Sicilia romana.
Catania: Istituto per i Beni Archeologici e Monumentali
Marano, Y.A. (2012). Urbanesimo e storia ad Aquileia tra V e VI secolo d.c. In J. Bonetto
and M. Salvadori (eds), L’architettura privata ad Aquileia in età romana: atti del convegno
di studio (Padova, 21–22 febbraio 2011) (pp. 571–590). Padua: Padova University Press
Menzel, H. (1954). Antike Lampen im Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum zu Mainz.
Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-germanischen Zentralmuseums
Oliveri, F. (2009). Lucerne. In S. Tusa, S. Zangara, and R. La Rocca (eds), Il relitto tardo-romano di Scauri a Pantelleria (pp. 161–168). Palermo: Regione siciliana, Assessorato ai
beni culturali, Ambientali e pubblica istruzione, Dipartimento dei beni culturalie
ambientali, dell’educazione permanente e dell’architettura e dell’arte contemporanea
Patanè, A. and Tanasi, D. (2006). Ceramiche fini dagli strati tardo romani degli scavi
2003–2004 a Sant’ Agata la Vetere (Catania). In D. Malfitana, J. Poblome, and
J. Lund (eds), Old pottery in a new century: innovating perspectives on Roman pottery
studies. Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Catania, 22–24 aprile 2004 (=Monografie
dell'Istituto per i beni archeologici e monumentali 1) (pp. 465–475). Catania: CNR.
Istituto per i beni archeologici e monumentali
Patti, D. (2013). Villa del Casale di Piazza Armerina: le lucerne degli scavi gentili. Palermo:
Officina di Studi Medievali
Pavan, M. (1989). Presenze africane tra Adriatico e Danubio. In A. Mastino (ed.), L’Africa romana. Atti del VI convegno di studio, Sassari, 16–18 dicembre 1988 (pp. 719–733).
Sassari: Gallizzi
238
Diana Dobreva and Sabrina Zago
lychnological sTUDiEs
Pietra, G. (2013). Lucerne tardoantiche dal porto di Olbia. ArcheoArte, 2, 121–139
Possenti, E. (2012). Movimenti migratori in età tardo antica: riscontri archeologici negli
insediamenti rurali della Venetia? In C. Ebanista and M. Rotili (eds), La trasformazione
del mondo romano e le grandi migrazioni: nuovi popoli dall’Europa settentrionale e centro-orientale alle coste del Mediterraneo. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi, Cimitile-Nola-Santa Maria Capua Vetere, 16–17 giugno 2011 (pp. 143–162). Cimitile: Tavolario
Procaccini, P. (1974–1975). Le lucerne. Libya Antiqua, 11–12, 29–55
Pröttel, P. (1991). Lucerne tripolitane nell’Alto Adriatico. Aquileia Nostra, 62, 89–100
Provoost, A. (1970). Les lampes à récipient allongé trouvées dans les catacombes
romaines. Essai de classification typologique. Bulletin de l’Institut Historique Belge
de Rome, 41, 17–56
Rebuffat, R. (1987). Lampes romaines à Gholaia (Bu Njem, Libye). In T. Oziol and
R. Rebuffat (eds), Les lampes de terre cuite en Méditerranée: des origines à Justinien.
Table ronde du C.N.R.S. tenue à Lyon du 7 au 11 décembre 1981 (pp. 83–90). Lyon–
Paris: Maison de l’Orient méditerranéen; De Boccard
Rizzo, G. (2014). Ostia VI. Le terme del nuotatore. Le anfore. Dinamiche produttive
e commerciali nel Mediterraneo di età imperiale. Rome: L’“Erma” di Bretschneider
Rocco, M. (2012). L’esercito romano tardoantico. Persistenze e cesure dai Severi a Teodosio I. Padua: Libreriauniversitaria.it
Rossiter, J.J. (1988). Lamps from the late-4th to early-5th century deposit. In
J.H. Humphrey (ed.), The circus and a Byzantine cemetery at Carthage I (pp.
529–548). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press
Rousse, C. (2004). L’évolution des importations à Aquilée. IV. Les productions
africaines. In G. Cuscito and M. Verzár-Bass (eds), Aquileia dalle origini alla costituzione del ducato longobardo: topografia, urbanistica, edilizia pubblica (=Antichità
altoadriatiche 59) (pp. 605–620). Trieste: Editreg
Tassaux, F. (2004). Les relations entre la région nord-adriatique et l’Afrique dans
l’Antiquité. Histria Antiqua, 12, 25–38
Trivini Bellini, M. (2014). La Terra Sigillata Africana dei fondi ex Cossar nel quadro
dell’Alto Adriatico (unpubl. MA thesis). University of Padua
Vannesse, M. (2007). I claustra Alpium Iuliarum. Un riesame della questione circa
la difesa del confine nord-orientale dell’Italia in epoca tardoromana. Aquileia
Nostra, 78, 313–340
Ventura, P. and Donat, P. (2010). Ceramica da cucina e anfore della tarda antichita dall’agro settentrionale di Iulia Concordia (Provincia di Pordenone, Friuli
Venezia Giulia, Italia). In S. Menchelli, S. Santoro, M. Pasquinucci, and G. Guiducci (eds), LRCW 3: Late Roman coarse wares, cooking wares and amphorae in the
Mediterranean. Archaeology and archaeometry. Comparison between Western and
Eastern Mediterranean II (=BAR IS 2185/2) (pp. 573–578). Oxford: Archaeopress
Ventura, P. and Zulini, E. (2012–2013). Attestazioni di terra sigillata africana ad
Aquileia. Conoscenze pregresse e materiali inediti dai magazzini del Museo
archeologico nazionale. Aquileia Nostra, 83–84, 371–399
PAM 28/1 (2019)
239
regional typologies
Roman Tripolitanian oil lamps found in Aquileia
Vikić-Belančić, B. (1972). Antičke svjetiljke u Arheološkom muzeju u Zagrebu
(Ancient lamps in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb). Vjesnik Arheološkog
muzeja u Zagrebu, 5(1), 97–182 (in Croatian)
Villedieu, F. (1984). Turris Libisonis: fouille d’un site romain tardif à Porto Torres,
Sardaigne (=BAR IS 224). Oxford: B.A.R.
Vitale, E. (2012). Materiali ceramici di importazione africana dalla catacomba di Villagrazia di Carini. Un aggiornamento sulla circolazione nel territorio della ecclesia
carinensis. Palermo: Antipodes
Williams, H. (1981). Kenchreai, eastern port of Corinth V. The lamps. Leiden: Brill
Zaccaria Ruggiu, A. (1980). Le lucerne fittili del Museo civico di Treviso (=Collezioni
e musei archeologici del Veneto 13). Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider
Zago, S. (2016). Lucerne di produzione nord-africana e loro imitazioni dagli scavi per la
realizzazione delle moderne fognature ad Aquileia (1968–1972) (unpubl. MA thesis).
University of Padua
240