Adriatic Sea

Knowledge concerning cetacean ecology in the Mediterranean is limited but important for sustainable planning and enforcement of appropriate conservation measures. Any information that might help to elucidate their ecology is essential. We explored the population and genetic structures of Anisakis spp. nematodes isolated from four toothed whale species – bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba), Risso’s dolphins (Grampus griseus) and Cuvier’s beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) – stranded along the eastern Adriatic Sea coast (1990–2012) to reveal more information on host ecological patterns. Lower parasite prevalence was observed in resident dolphin species compared with occasionally occurring species, as well as in young compared with adult dolphins, indicating different feeding habits related to age. No unequivocal relationship between the biological traits of a host (age, body length, body mass and blubber depth) and Anisakis population parameters was observed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a new geographical record of Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (1.96%) and Anisakis physeteris (1.31%) in the Adriatic Sea in addition to resident Anisakis pegreffii (96.73%). In an assessment of the Adriatic Sea and oceans worldwide, the genetic structure of Anisakis revealed that A. pegreffii populations do not differ among various final host species but do differ with respect to geographical location in contrast to previously accepted Anisakis panmixia.

Scientists have been exploring several possible locations for Atlantis, which is, according to Plato, »the island beyond the pillars of Hercules«: Malta, Cuba, the Bahamas, Santorini etc. At he moment, they arestudying the theory regarding the original location of the Pillars of Hercules which allows for the possibility that Atlantis was located in today's South Adriatic Basin. Atlantis was an ancient kingdom, a state with a perfect social system, the cradle of civilization, an island »beyond the pillars of Hercules«. This is what Plato, a classical Greek philosopher, wrote about Atlantis in his dialogues »Timaeus« and »Critias« in about 350 BC. Critias, who was a Greek politician and writer, relates in his papers on the state, law and justice that in 571 BC Athenian statesman Solon visited Egypt and met with priests in the town of Sais where he was told a story about »an island named Atlantis, the heart of a great and wonderful kingdom«. Plato wrote that »there occurred violent earthquakes and floods; and in a single day and night of misfortune all your warlike men in a body sank in the earth, and the island of Atlantis in like manner disappeared in the depths of the sea«. There are numerous ancient accounts of the catastrophe of such extent. Even though they are dominated by mythical themes, the narrations contain convincing descriptions of the sinking which can be analyzed and confirmed scientifically. Up until 250 BC Greek writers placed the Pillars of Hercules near Sicily. After subsequent discoveries of new territories the mythological sites moved away and were placed on the fringes of the then known world. Ancient Greek mathematician and geographer Eratosthenes »transferred« the Pillars of Hercules to Gibraltar while nowadays the scientists are exploring the possible locations of the sunken island on Malta, Santorini and 'beyond' in the Atlantic Ocean: on Cuba, the Bahamas, Iberia etc. Eratosthene's world (reconstruction)

The Mediterranean population of Cuvieŕs beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), a deep-diving cetacean, is genetically distinct from the Atlantic, and subject to a number of conservation threats, in particular underwater noise. It is also cryptic at the surface and relatively rare, so obtain robust knowledge on distribution and abundance presents unique challenges. Here we use multiplatform and multiyear survey data to analyse the distribution and abundance of this species across the Mediterranean Sea. We use a novel approach combining heterogeneous data gathered with different methods to obtain a single density index for the region. A total of 594,996 km of survey effort and 507 sightings of Cuvier’s beaked whales, from 1990 to 2016, were pooled together from 24 different sources. Data were divided into twelve major groups according to platform height, speed and sea state. Both availability bias and effective strip width were calculated from the sightings with available perpendicular distance data. This was extrapolated to the rest of the sightings for each of the twelve groups. Habitat preference models were fitted into a GAM framework using counts of groups as a response variable with the effective searched area as an offset. Depth, coefficient of variation of depth, longitude and marine regions (as defined by the International Hydrographic Organization) were identified as important predictors. Predicted abundance of groups per grid cell were multiplied by mean group size to obtain a prediction of the abundance of animals. A total abundance of 5799 (CV = 24.0%) animals was estimated for the whole Mediterranean basin. The Alborán Sea, Ligurian Sea, Hellenic Trench, southern Adriatic Sea and eastern Ionian Sea were identified as being the main hot spots in the region. It is important to urge that the relevant stakeholders incorporate this information in the planning and execution of high risk activities in these high-risk areas.

Purpose Plastic pollution in the world has led to an abundance of microplastics (MPs) and has been identified as a potential factor that can lead to serious environmental problems, especially in oceans and seas. Information on the current status of MPs pollution along the Montenegrin coast is insufficiently investigated. This study monitors the abundance, distribution, and sources of MPs, and identifies present polymers in the surface sediment of the Montenegrin coast, as well as comparison with previous research. Materials and methods Ten sampling sites along the Montenegrin coast were selected to collect surface sediment samples. The upper layer of sediment (0-5 cm) was collected by a Petite ponar grab. The samples were dried, and density separation was performed using a NaCl solution. The abundance and morphological characteristics of MPs were determined using an optical microscope (DP-Soft software), while FT-IR analysis was done to identify the polymer type. Results and discussion Microplastics were identified in all sediment samples with an average abundance of 307 ± 133 (SD) MPs/kg in dry sediment. The highest abundance of MPs was found in locations in the vicinity of highly populated areas, near wastewater discharges, and areas with high fishing and tourist activities. The most dominant shape types of MPs in all samples were filaments and fragments. The most common colors of MPs were blue and red, while the dominant MPs sizes were 0.1-0.5 mm and 0.5-1.0 mm. Of the eight identified polymers, PP, PE, and PET were the most common. Conclusion This study reveals MPs characteristics (abundance, distribution, shape type, colors, size, polymers type) in surface sediment along the Montenegrin coast, as well as the most significant sources of MPs pollution, and provides important data for further research on MPs to identify the effects of MPs pollution on the quality, health, and functionality of the marine environment.

Tematem niniejszej książki są zmiany w zakresie semantyki i stylistyki, jakim ulega figura artystyczna wiatru w tekstach literackich niektórych twórców urodzonych w śródziemnomorskiej części Chorwacji. Już pobieżna lektura ich utworów pokazuje, że w porównaniu do dzieł autorów z kontynentu, pojawia się w nich znacznie więcej znaków słownych i obrazowych, odnoszących się do powietrza w ruchu. Temat wiatru w literaturze i kulturze chorwackiej strefy śródziemnomorskiej (adriatyckiej) wydaje się dla niej symptomatyczny. Należy do nieprzekładalnej na język kontynentu regionalnej etnosemantyki kulturowej. Anglicy mają swoją mgłę, kamienne klifowe wybrzeże, Holendrzy – sieć kanałów oraz wiatraki, mieszkańcy wybrzeży Morza Śródziemnego, natomiast, oliwki, cyprysy, figi i – last but not least – wiatry. W książce został celowo i świadomie przyjęty peryferyjny punkt widzenia, obejmujący nie tylko i nie tyle perspektywę zagrzebską, a więc perspektywę klasycznego centrum, ile lokalną: senjską, korčulańską, hvarską, rabską... I nie chodzi o odległość, jaka dzieli Zagrzeb i morze, lecz o dystans mentalny i kulturowy, oddzielający wąski pas wybrzeża adriatyckiego od kontynentalnej części Chorwacji. Ta różnica staje się czasem widoczna już po przejechaniu kilku kilometrów w głąb lądu. W rozdziale I, Semantyka wiatru, przedstawiono źródła symboliki wiatru i różne perspektywy oglądu tego, znanego przecież z codziennego doświadczenia, zjawiska meteorologicznego. Na bogatą semantykę kulturową wiatru składają się znaczenia wykształcone przez tradycję mitologiczną i teologiczną oraz różne dyscypliny wiedzy, począwszy od geograficznej, językoznawczej, skończywszy na psychologicznej, filozoficznej i teoretycznoliterackiej. Niemal wszystkie słowniki symboli, słowniki mitów i tradycji uwzględniają to hasło i udowadniają, że znaczenia symboliczne wiatru stanowią jeden ze stałych elementów tradycji kultury i cywilizacji europejskiej. Są one często sprzeczne i wzajemnie się znoszą, bowiem wiatr i jego hiponimy najczęściej symbolizują: przemijanie, czas, pustkę i nicość, umysłowe otępienie, przestrzeń, ruch, śmierć, życie, niestałość, zmienność, zniszczenie, odrodzenie, szaleństwo, wolność, płodność, życiodajne tchnienie bóstwa, natchnienie. Żywioł wiatru współgra ściśle z problematyką psychologiczną. Jung uważa go za obraz archetypiczny. Na uwagę zasługuje obecność wiatru w wyobrażeniach zbiorowych, świadomości mitycznej, religijnej, wczesnofilozoficznej (zwłaszcza jońskiej filozofii przyrody, opierającej się na fundamencie teorii czterech żywiołów), ale również w indywidualnym traumatycznym przeżyciu. W rozdziale II, „Mediteran” i figura literacka wiatru w perspektywie centrum i peryferii, ukazano specyfikę mapy kulturalnej Chorwacji i znaczenie zagadnienia geografii życia literackiego dla tamtejszego literaturoznawstwa. Pokazano kulturowe rozumienie kategorii śródziemnomorskości, która nader często, w funkcji eksplikacyjnej, pojawia się w dyskursie nauk humanistycznych. W rozdziale została również poruszona fundamentalna kwestia regionalizmu oraz miejsce i rola wątku śródziemnomorskiego w ogólnonarodowym modelu literatury i kultury chorwackiej. Wydaje się, że istnieje wystarczająca ilość danych i przesłanek, by uznać wiatr za kulturową strukturę mentalną. Jest z nim bowiem związana określona postawa światopoglądowa, ma ustalony repertuar znaczeń symbolicznych i środków stylistycznych, odsyła do określonej przestrzeni fizycznej, która w tym przypadku ma znaczenie przestrzeni kulturowej, stanowi ważny element świadomości zbiorowej, jest wyznacznikiem regionalnej tożsamości i odrębności. W rozdziale III, Wiatr i model przestrzeni literackiej, zaprezentowano sposoby kształtowania różnych typów modelu przestrzeni literackiej przez lub pod wpływem wiatru. I tak, wiatr tworzy kilka typów modelu przestrzeni literackiej, w zależności od doktryny estetycznej, wizji świata i człowieka obowiązującej w danej epoce. W książce zostały poddane analizie następujące przestrzenie: przestrzeń będąca mimetycznym odbiciem przestrzeni rzeczywistości pozaliterackiej, nazwijmy ją przestrzenią „fizyczną”, przestrzeń psychologiczna, konstrukcyjna, filozoficzna i przestrzeń wyobraźni poetyckiej. Możemy również mówić o modelu przestrzeni literackiej, wyróżnionym ze względu na rodzaj wiatru. Nawet, gdy nie wiemy, jaki wiatr jest przedmiotem obrazowania, na podstawie modelu przestrzeni, kształtowanym na wszystkich jego poziomach (opisu, scenerii, sensów naddanych) jesteśmy w stanie stwierdzić, czy chodzi o burę, jugo czy maestral. Przestrzeń budowana przez jugo wykazuje wiele cech opozycyjnych wobec przestrzeni organizowanej przez burę. W pierwszym wypadku zauważono tendencję do zamykania i zawężania tej przestrzeni (na poziomie tekstu osiągane przez powtórzenia, paralelizmy składniowe, konstrukcje anaforyczne). W drugim - do otwierania i rozszerzania (wyliczenie, rozbijanie regularności wiersza, organizacja brzmieniowa, naśladująca naturalny „rytm” wiatru). W rozdziale IV, Figura literacka wiatru a wizja świata i człowieka, przedstawiono figurę wiatru jako nośnika określonych postaw światopoglądowych, podążających w dwóch zasadniczych kierunkach: albo w stronę filozofii witalistycznej, albo egzystencjalnej. Gdy wiatr przejawia się w swym znaczeniu fizycznym, materialnym, uświadamia człowiekowi jego marność i znikomość w nieskończonej przestrzeni (infinityzm), gdy pojawia się w znaczeniu metafizycznym, duchowym, kieruje się ku swym archetypicznym właściwościom, kojarzącym go z energią, utożsamiającym z życiem. W pierwszym przypadku odwołuje się do poznania rozumowego i stanowi wyraz przeświadczenia człowieka o głębokim tragizmie własnego istnienia, w drugim do poznania intuicyjnego i sensualistycznego, które jest pochwałą życia. Semantyka i stylistyka figury literackiej wiatru pokazują, jak ważną rolę w ich kształtowaniu odegrały dwa rodzaje doświadczenia: doświadczenie percepcyjne oraz doświadczenie mentalne. Dwa opozycyjne znaczenia wiatru, który niszczy i tworzy, stanowią efekt mechanizmu konceptualizacji danych dostarczanych umysłowi przez zmysły. Raz przynosi ciału i myśli ulgę, ożywia je, innym razem z impetem zatapia statki, zrywa dachy, stawia egzystencję człowieka pod znakiem zapytania. Istotna dla zrozumienia tych dwóch skrajnych doświadczeń istnienia okazuje się symbolika przestrzenna zawarta w języku, pozwalająca na umieszczenie w niej danego przedmiotu i zjawiska, opisanie relacji, w jakie z nią wchodzi, umożliwiająca odkrycie ambiwalencji wiatru, jego przynależności zarówno do sfery sacrum, jak i profanum. Kluczowy dla zrozumienia tej sprzeczności jest zaś dualizm ontologiczny wiatru. Kulturę i literaturę chorwacką można porównać do róży wiatrów. Charakteryzująca ją wielość pozostanie jednością tylko wówczas, gdy zostanie zachowana świadomość jej różnorodności.

The 2019 edition of Adriatic Sea Tourism Report (ASTR) continues the series dedicated to analysis and description of maritime tourism in the Adriatic Sea, with information and data updated every year since the first edition (2013).

This report provides in-depth quantitative and qualitative information on the three sectors of maritime tourism in the Adriatic Sea: cruise, ferry and sail and yachting tourism. This report is derived from information and data collected directly by Risposte Turismo, thanks to lengthy, in-depth dialogue with several Adriatic stakeholders who collaborated. These stakeholders include ports and marinas (individual and networks), passenger terminals, charter operators, navigation and tourism companies, national institutes of statistics, tourism destinations, public administrations and tourism boards. ASTR also contains the results of analysis, researches, studies of data and info regarding traffic, investments, demand, supply, plans, strategies, priorities and obstacles within the maritime tourism sectors in the area.

The 2019 edition of the report-in addition to methodology and this introduction-maintains its chapter structure, the ones focussing on the cruise, ferry and sail and yachting sectors.

The edition includes graphs, tables and maps and an examination of the movements of tourists by sea, directions, dimensions and behaviours. As was the case with the previous Adriatic Sea Tourism Report, the final chapter has a special focus. This year it concerns the Adriatic maritime tourism projects ongoing and recently approved. A double ad-hoc survey of the nautical sector was conducted again this year in the first five months of 2019. It was addressed to marinas and charter companies, and it highlights information relating to demand and supply from a transnational viewpoint.

Prema morfografskim i morfometrijskim analizama koje su rezultat terenskog istraživanja, geomorfološkog kartiranja i kartiranja metodama daljinskih istraživanja, kao i pregledom dosadašnjih istraživanja mogu se navesti sljedeći zaključci: 1. S obzirom na litologiju, na području Općine Kali razvijeni su krški i fluviokrški tip reljefa, kao i antropogeni reljef u užem i širem smislu. 2. Reljef Općine Kali oblikovan je kombiniranim djelovanjem endogenih sila i egzogenih procesa na dodiru Jadranske ploče i Dinarida, odnosno na području kompresivnog bloka što je rezultiralo boranjem, rasjedanjem i navlačenjem odnosno nastankom različitih tipova reljefa. Endogeni i egzogeni procesi djelovali su simultano, s razlikama u utjecaju u pojedinim fazama razvoja (npr. intenzivnije djelovanje neotektonike u pojedinim razdobljima, u izmjeni ili paralelnom djelovanju s fazama u kojima su prevladavali paleoklimatski uvjeti povoljni za jačanje denudacijskih procesa). Djelovanjem egzogenih procesa tijekom geološke prošlosti izmijenjen je izgled reljefa, osobito na zapadnoj uzvisini na kojoj je usječeno nekoliko jaruga. Osim glavnih zaključaka u geomorfološkom smislu, potrebno je istaknuti utjecaj i značenje reljefa za život ljudi. Glavnim razlogom naseljavanja ljudi na istočnoj obali otoka Ugljana u fizičko-geografskom kontekstu može se smatrati reljef. Blago položene padine na dolomitnoj podlozi bile su najpovoljnije za naseljavanje, ali i agrarno korištenje. Za razvoj ribarstva, kao jednog od glavnih čimbenika razvoja Kali, također je bila pogodnija istočna obala jer su se duž nje formirale brojne uvale. Svi ostali, za život i poljoprivredu nepogodniji, dijelovi otoka, također su tijekom stoljeća radom ljudi postali upotrebljivi, što je vidljivo i danas u obliku brojnih suhozida i kućica.

Reconstruction of paleo relative sea level (RSL) is based on multi-proxy disciplines including archaeology. Saltpans, like fish tanks which are considered a reliable method for acquiring RSL index points, are also anthropogenic intertidal facilities, used continuously in the Mediterranean from early antiquity. The Dalmatian shore contains a large number of preserved and historically dated ancient saltpans, now flooded by the rising sea, providing great potential for past RSL indication. The primary objective of this study is to develop a new holistic approach for producing high quality elevation measurements of the saltpan structures and estimating paleo RSL during the last 2 ka. The study combined aerial photo-grammetry of the site, bathymetry acoustics scanning, and underwater archaeological survey of the man-made structures, as well as sampling wood and mortar in situ where available. Evaluation of each site's RSL and the functional height is based on the same assumptions and interpretations made for fish tanks, using elevation measurements on the top of the separation walls and the bottom of the sluice gates. In all the sites analyzed here, we achieved reliable digital surface models with continuous high-resolution data on the indicative structures with single centimeters level of accuracy. The study finds that during the 5th-6th centuries, RSL was -92 ± 25 cm, increased to -62 ± 21 cm during the 7th-11th centuries, and decreased to -104 ± 20 cm in the 14th century. Medieval RSL can be explained either by strong tectonic subsidence post 1300 AD or by fluctuations as observed in the East Mediterranean, which requires validation by further Medieval indicators.

La mer Adriatique et la mer Ionienne ont des caractéristiques très similaires:
elles peuvent être qualifiées comme « mers semi-fermées », selon l’article 122 de la
CNUDM, et elles sont deux bassins qui peuvent devenir, pour la plus grand partie,
« eaux intérieures » de l’UE après l’adhésion des tous les etas riveraines à cette
organisation supranationale. L’article a le but d’analyser les formes de coopération
bilatérale et multilatérale que les etats riverains ont été en mesure de réaliser, les
domaines dans lesquels la coopération n’a pas été recherchée et les opportunités que
la Stratégie de l’UE pour la région de l’Adriatique et de la Mer Ionienne offre pour progresser dans une gouvernance partagée des deux mers.

Stjepan II Kotromanic was the first Bosnian ruler that extends his rule to the shores of the Adriatic Sea. The paper treats this important and crucial part of Bos nian medieval history that took place in 1326. In addition to the course of events that ultimately resulted in Bosnia's access to the sea, the preconditions and consequences were also taken into account. To a lesser extent, in addition to politics, economic his tory is also treated, i.e. those aspects of it that are important for this topic.

lo studio qui presentato è incentrato sull’analisi del materiale ceramico oggetto esso stesso
di un interesse commerciale, come la ceramica fine da mensa, quella d’uso comune, quella da illuminazione
e, in misura minore, su alcuni contenitori che erano preposti, nella funzione primaria,
al trasporto di prodotti di natura organica ma che, in un momento successivo, potevano rientrare
in una rete commerciale che ne garantiva un utilizzo secondario, esemplificativo per molti di
essi il riutilizzo in contesti funerari o semplicemente tra il vasellame in uso per fini domestici.

La seguente tesi vuole dare gli strumenti per comprendere il fenomeno del turismo balneare nell'Alto Adriatico. In particolare, il terzo capitolo ripercorre la storia della località di Albarella, evidenziandone le criticità post-progettuali e, antiteticamente, lo sfruttamento positivo della sua posizione geografica, in un contesto naturale di autentico pregio.

Zadar et Split sont ouvertes aux échanges entre le continent et la Méditerranée. Aux XVe-XVIe siècles elles subissent cependant deux fléaux : la domination vénitienne et la menace ottomane. Tributaires de cette situation ingrate, elles continuent néanmoins de mener une vie commerciale active. Plusieurs facteurs sont impliqués dans leur commerce. Le premier volume traite des fondements : la démographie et les ressources économiques; le savoir-faire (techniques des affaires, formations), les finances et les marchands étrangers; les modes et les voies de transports (modèles de navires, circuits maritimes et terrestres); le commerce illégale (escroqueries, contrebande) et les dangers humains et naturels).

Il Seminario di storia e storiografia italiana (Dipartimento di lingua e letteratura italiana dell’Università nazionale e capodistriaca di Atene - Laboratorio di storia e storiografia italiana) vi invita al seminario della Prof.ssa Zrinka Podhraški Čizmek (Università di Zagabria, Facoltà di Studi Croati), con il titolo:

I Regesti marittimi croati del Settecento:
metodologia per l'analisi di navigli


Il seminario si terrà giovedì 24 marzo 2022 (19:00, ora greca) in lingua italiana e si potrà seguire mediante il link:
https://uoa.webex.com/uoa/j.php?MTID=m0331b122f0a17c2f52e9222da612a302 Meeting number: 2733 842 8677  Password: sXJYmvXv236

http://www.ill.uoa.gr/seminario-italikis-istorias-kai-istoriografias.html
https://www.facebook.com/groups/labstoria/permalink/655321615704182/

Riassunto
I Regesti marittimi croati (RMC) fanno parte di un progetto più ampio - il Codice Marittimo Diplomatico Croato che comprende in tutto circa 100.000 documenti riguardanti la presenza croata nell’Adriatico e nel Mediterraneo. Suo fautore è il prof. Nikola Čolak che lo ha intrapreso nel 1956 a Zadar e per quarant’anni ha lavorato in vari archivi adriatici alla ricerca di documenti che mappassero la vita adriatica e mediterranea dei secoli passati. L’obbiettivo del progetto è la pubblicazione sistematica di fonti primarie riguardanti la storia marittima dei territori croati in una collezione di 20 volumi, i Regesti Marittimi Croati.
I documenti offrono un’incredibile abbondanza di informazioni di tipo onomastico, toponomastico e naturalmente generali quali merci e persone trasportate, le rotte, gli usi e i costumi, tipi di navigli, scorci di vita quotidiana come baruffe fra marinai, lotte in mare aperto, piraterie e attacchi corsari, rapporti internazionali fra i vari stati.
Zrinka Podhraški Čizmek continua il lavoro del prof. Čolak, continuando la pubblicazione della collana dei regesti e inserendola nel contesto delle Digital Humanities per una migliore e veloce ricerca ed analisi di concetti chiave utili nelle varie discipline umanistiche.
Dopo una introduzione al progetto ed ai documenti stessi verranno illustrati tre possibili tipi di analisi operate sulle fonti grazie al sistema di ricerca in PDF ovvero su materiale OCR.

I navigli.
Nella prima parte “I navigli” verranno presentati tutti i tipi ed elementi distintivi dei navigli menzionati nei primi tre volumi dei Regesti marittimi croati (RMC I-III) che comprendono circa 16.000 documenti riguardanti, tra l’altro, i velieri in uso nell’Adriatico durante il Settecento. Lo studio espone 18.536 menzioni di bastimenti classificati in 79 termini diversi messi a confronto rispetto l’etimologia e caratteristiche peculiari di ogni natante (quali stazza, attrezzatura velica, uso e quant’altro). L’analisi dimostra che i piccoli paroni preferivano velieri più piccoli, dalla portata fra le 20 e 300 t, essendo più veloci e manovrabili con buone capacità di navigazione. Si trattava innanzitutto del trabaccolo con il 14,55% di presenza nei documenti, poi della tartana (11,49%), del pielego (8,06%), della polacca (6,23%), della marciliana (6,18%), della feluca (5,10%), della barca (4,86%), della checcia (2,21%) e della brazzera (2,01%). I velieri minori, ovvero piccoli e medi, di portata inferiore alle 300 t, rappresentavano perfino il 70,82% di tutti i bastimenti nominati, mentre i velieri maggiori, di portata superiore alle 310 t, fra cui le grandi navi/nave ovvero vascelli (15,33%) ed i fregatoni (4,36%) avevano mantenuto il 20,65% del traffico marittimo, soprattutto verso le Isole Ionie ed altri porti mediterranei. Tramite l’analisi comparata delle loro caratteristiche e peculiarità verrà dimostrato che fra i porti delle coste orientali e occidentali dell’Adriatico nel Settecento vi era un intenso commercio quotidiano e che tale traffico era caratterizzato da un forte dinamismo del piccolo e medio ceto imprenditoriale che è riuscito ad imporsi sia nel commercio marittimo che nella costruzione navale che ha interessato ambo le coste adriatiche.


C.V.

Zrinka Podhraški Čizmek è nata a Zagabria nel 1970, cresciuta a Padova dove ha studiato Lingua e letteratura italiana con indirizzo storico-religioso, trasferitasi a Zagabria si laurea in Storia e Lingua e letteratura italiana.
Dal 2010 collabora con l'Archivio di Stato Croato al progetto dei Regesti marittimi croati del XVIII secolo, il cui III vol. con 4.000 fonti inedite pubblica nel 2017 come edizione della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia di Split.
Nel 2018 discute la sua tesi di dottorato Pellegrinaggi e pellegrini a Loreto e Assisi nei Regesti marittimi croati del XVIII secolo: l'ermeneutica antropologica dei viaggi religiosi. È traduttrice ed interprete di lingua italiana; membro della Matica hrvatska, e, fra l’altro, del comitato organizzativo della Jewish Studies Winter School di Dubrovnik con Mihal Brandl e Andrea Feldman. Suo campo di ricerca sono il Codice marittimo diplomatico croato (con circa 100.000 fonti), i pellegrinaggi, l'antropologia del sacro, i tipi di navigli, gli Ebrei nel Settecento. Sta compilando il IV vol. dei Regesti marittimi croati del XVIII secolo con ulteriori 4.000 fonti – il tutto all’interno di un’ampia arcata digitale per una veloce e precisa ricerca dei finora 16.000 documenti adriatici pubblicati.
Nel 2020 è stata eletta Research associate e, nel 2021, Assistant professor presso il Dipartimento di Storia della Facoltà di Studi Croati dove, dal semestre estivo 2020/21, tiene il corso Navigli croati in Età moderna.
Ha pubblicato finora 16 lavori storiografici, di cui un libro con 4.000 fonti inedite in italiano, ed una monografia scientifica, Navigli adriatici fra le due sponde nel Settecento, Pesaro 2021. Ha partecipato a 16 congressi ed a 11 presentazioni del III vol. dei Regesti marittimi croati del Settecento.

Ο Νικόλαος Ασπιώτης είναι κυρίως γνωστός στην ελληνική ιστοριογραφία ως ο δημιουργός των αντιγράφων της Ουρανίας του Παναγιώτη Δοξαρά στο ναό του Αγίου Σπυρίδωνα στην Κέρκυρα, ενώ ελάχιστες είναι οι πληροφορίες που διαθέτουμε για τη ζωή και την περαιτέρω δράση του. Η συντηρητική τέχνη του, η σχεδόν αποκλειστικά θρησκευτική θεματογραφία του και η αδυναμία του να συμβαδίσει με τις καλλιτεχνικές εξελίξεις στο νεοσύστατο ελληνικό κράτος συντέλεσαν στον παραμερισμό του Ασπιώτη στο περιθώριο της ιστορίας της νεότερης ελληνικής τέχνης ή στην πλήρη αποσιώπηση του έργου του. Στην πραγματικότητα, ωστόσο, ο Νικόλαος Ασπιώτης υπήρξε ένας από τους παραγωγικότερους ζωγράφους της εποχής του, που αν και απέτυχε να καθιερωθεί στο ελληνικό καλλιτεχνικό στερέωμα, κατόρθωσε να αναδειχτεί έξω από τα σύνορα των Επτανήσων, στην ευρύτερη επικράτεια της Αδριατικής. Συγκεκριμένα, καθ' όλη τη διάρκεια του δεύτερου μισού του 19 ου αιώνα ο Νικόλαος Ασπιώτης ζωγράφισε πάνω από τριάντα ναούς και άφησε πολυάριθμα έργα σε μία εντυπωσιακή γεωγραφική επικράτεια που εκτείνεται από το Μαυροβούνιο και τη Δαλματία έως την ιταλική χερσόνησο. Το πελατειακό του δίκτυο περιλάμβανε ορθόδοξους οικισμούς, εκκλησιαστικά ιδρύματα και ιδιώτες, ακόμη και την ίδια τη βασιλική οικογένεια του Μαυροβουνίου. Αν και η ποιότητα της δουλειάς του κυμαινόταν ανάλογα με τις απαιτήσεις της εκάστοτε παραγγελίας, το σύνολο του έργου του διακρίνεται από τη σταθερή, σχεδόν μηχανική επανάληψη των ίδιων επιτυχημένων προτύπων. Δεν είναι τυχαίο, άλλωστε, ότι ο Ασπιώτης αποφάσισε τελικά να καταπιαστεί με τη βιομηχανική παραγωγή, ιδρύοντας στην Κέρκυρα το πρώτο μονοπωλιακό εργοστάσιο παραγωγής παιγνιοχάρτων δικού του σχεδιασμού. Στην παρούσα ανακοίνωση θα επιχειρηθεί μια πρώτη προσέγγιση του άγνωστου μέχρι σήμερα καλλιτεχνικού έργου του Νικόλαου Ασπιώτη στα Επτάνησα και την Αδριατική με στόχο την ανασύσταση των βασικών σημείων της διαδρομής του, των συνθηκών λειτουργίας του εργαστηρίου του, καθώς και την ανίχνευση πιθανών συνεργασιών με ντόπιους καλλιτέχνες και τεχνίτες στους τόπους εργασίας του. Επιπλέον, θα εξεταστεί η επίδραση της τέχνης του Ασπιώτη στη ζωγραφική του Μαυροβουνίου και θα ενταχθεί η καλλιτεχνική παραγωγή του ζωγράφου στο πλαίσιο των αμφίδρομων πολιτισμικών ανταλλαγών που διενεργούνταν στον ενιαίο θαλάσσιο χώρο του Ιονίου και της Αδριατικής, σχέσεις που είχαν καλλιεργηθεί ήδη από την εποχή της Βενετοκρατίας και επιβίωσαν μετά την κατάλυση της Γαληνότατης Δημοκρατίας. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο θα συζητηθεί επίσης το ζήτημα της επίδρασης της επτανησιακής τέχνης, που αν και υπήρξε περιορισμένη στο νεοσύστατο ελληνικό κράτος, φαίνεται ότι ίσως ήταν εντονότερη και διαρκέστερη στις γειτονικές χώρες της Αδριατικής.

Domenica 15 maggio 2022, ore 17.30 Parco di Villa Molaroni, Pesaro
Zrinka Podhraški Čizmek presenterà il volume Navigli adriatici fra le due sponde nel Settecento, Quaderno n. 24 della collana „Rerum maritimarum”
Apertura mostra "Tipologie navali dell’Adriatico nei secoli dell’età moderna" a cura di Maria Lucia De Nicolò, Luigi Divari, Zrinka Podhraški Čizmek
15.5.2022-28.8.2022


In questa edizione vengono presentati tutti i tipi ed elementi distintivi dei navigli menzionati nei primi tre volumi dei Regesti marittimi croati (RMC I-III) che comprendono circa 16.000 documenti riguardanti, tra l’altro, i velieri in uso nell’Adriatico durante il Settecento. Lo studio espone 18.536 menzioni di bastimenti classificati in 79 termini diversi messi a confronto rispetto l’etimologia e caratteristiche peculiari di ogni natante (quali stazza, attrezzatura velica, uso e quant’altro). L’analisi dimostra che i piccoli paroni preferivano velieri più piccoli, dalla portata fra le 20 e 300 t, essendo più veloci e manovrabili con buone capacità di navigazione. Si trattava innanzitutto del trabaccolo con il 14,55% di presenza nei documenti, poi della tartana (11,49%), del pielego (8,06%), della polacca (6,23%), della marciliana (6,18%), della feluca (5,10%), della barca (4,86%), della checcia (2,21%) e della brazzera (2,01%). I velieri minori, ovvero piccoli e medi, di portata inferiore alle 300 t, rappresentavano perfino il 70,82% di tutti i bastimenti nominati, mentre i velieri maggiori, di portata superiore alle 310 t, fra cui le grandi navi/nave ovvero vascelli (15,33%) ed i fregatoni (4,36%) avevano mantenuto il 20,65% del traffico marittimo, soprattutto verso le Isole Ionie ed altri porti mediterranei. Tramite l’analisi comparata delle loro caratteristiche e peculiarità è stato dimostrato che fra i porti delle coste orientali e occidentali dell’Adriatico nel Settecento vi era un intenso commercio quotidiano e che tale traffico era caratterizzato da un forte dinamismo del piccolo e medio ceto imprenditoriale che è riuscito ad imporsi sia nel commercio marittimo che nella costruzione navale che ha interessato ambo le coste adriatiche.


Predstavljanje knjige: Jadranski brodovi između dviju obala u osamnaestom stoljeću. Povijesno-ikonografski pregled

Ovaj povijesno-ikonografski pregled prikazuje sve vrste i glavne karakteristike brodova koji se spominju u prva tri sveska Hrvatskih pomorskih regesta. RMC I–III obuhvaćaju oko 16.000 dokumenata koji se, između ostaloga, odnose na jedrenjake koji su plovili Jadranom i Mediteranom u XVIII. stoljeću. Studija prikazuje 18.536 spomena plovila klasificiranih u 79 različitih naziva koji se uspoređuju s obzirom na njihovu etimologiju i razna obilježja poput nosivosti, jedrilja i namjene. Analiza pokazuje kako su vlasnici brodova radije koristili manje brodove (nosivosti do 300 tona), dobrih maritimnih svojstava, a čiji je brz utovar i istovar išao u prilog ubrzanu ritmu toga stoljeća. Brod koji se najčešće spominje jest trabakul sa svega 14,55% prisutnosti u dokumentima, zatim tartana (11,49%), pelig (8,06%), pulaka (6,23%), marsilijana (6,18%), filjuga (5,10%), barca (4,86%), keč (2,21%) i bracera (2,01%). Čak 70,82% sveukupno navedenih brodova odnosilo se na plovila srednje i manje nosivosti (do 300 t), dok se 20,65% sveukupnoga prometa, izvanjadranskog, mediteranskog (prema Jonskim otocima i dalje) te prema sjevernim morima, odnosio na brodove veće nosivosti (iznad 310 tona) među kojima su nave i vašeli (15,33%) te fregaduni (4,36%). Komparativnom analizom njihovih karakteristika i posebnosti pokazano je da je između luka istočne i zapadne obale Jadrana u osamnaestom stoljeću postojala intenzivna dnevna trgovina čija je glavna značajka bila nevjerojatna dinamičnost maloga i srednjeg poduzetništva koje se uspjelo etablirati kako u pomorskoj trgovini, tako i u brodogradnji, ostavivši golem utjecaj na obje jadranske obale.


Book launch: Adriatic ships between the two shores in the eighteenth century. A historical and iconographic review

This historical and iconographic review outlines all the types and main characteristics of the sailers mentioned in the first three volumes of the Croatian Maritime Regesta (RMC I-III). These three volumes include around 16,000 documents which, among other things, present the sailing ships used in the Adriatic during the eighteenth century. The analysis shows 18,536 mentions of ships classified under 79 different names (types), and compares them with respect to etymology and characteristics such as DWT, sailing equipment, purpose. The analysis demonstrates that small shipowners preferred lighter sailing ships with a DWT of up to 300 t, being faster and more maneuverable with good navigation skills. The dominant type of ship was trabaccolo, which accounts for 14.55% of mentions in the documents, followed by tartane (11.49%), pielego (8.06%), polacre (6.23%), marciliana (6.18%), felucca (5.10%), barca (4.86%), ketch (2.21%), and brazzera (2.01%). Small and medium ships with a DWT of up to 300 t account for 70.82% of all the mentioned sailers. Larger sailing ships, with a DWT over 310 t, including navas/vessels (15.33%) and frigatoons (4.36%), maintained 20.65% of maritime traffic, especially towards the Ionian Islands and other Mediterranean ports. The comparative analysis of their characteristics and peculiarities has indicated that intense daily trade was taking place between the ports of the Eastern and Western coasts of the Adriatic in the eighteenth century, and that this traffic was characterized by a strong dynamism of the small and middle entrepreneurial class which established themselves both in maritime trade and in shipbuilding, and thus left an enormous impact on both Adriatic coasts.

Ovaj prilog u analizi 20.000 dio objavljenih i još neobjavljenih dokumenata o hrvatskoj pomorskoj povijesti (u četiri sveska 1985., 1993. i 2017. te 2021. godine) prikazuje projekt objavljivanja oko 100.000 pomorskih dokumenata koji se tiču hrvatskih zemalja u 18. st. i njihovih ljudi: Codex Diplomaticus Maritimus Croatiae. Začetnik projekta je prof. Nikola Čolak 1956. u Zadru.
Vrela prikazuju nevjerojatnu živahnost i poduzetništvo hrvatskih paruna, kapetana, mornara, brodovlasnika, brodograditelja, trgovaca i svih drugih uključenih u pomorski svijet hrvatske svakodnevnice na Jadranu u suodnosu ne samo s drugim hrvatskim i talijanskim gradovima Jadrana, nego i ostalim gradovima unutar Mediterana (Levante i Ponente) kao i izvanjadranskih ruta prema sjevernim gradovima (Engleske, Nizozemske, Norveške, Rusije i dr.). Dokumenti jasno i iscrpno progovaraju o upornosti i žilavosti „malih ljudi“ koji su se borili da uzmu učešće u trgovini i razmjeni. Svjedoče nam o raznim i interesantnim pričama naših ljudi koji su plovili pod raznim zastavama (venecijanskom, carskom, dubrovačkom i otomanskom) te o borbama na moru, svađama, prijevarama, brodolomima, o strašnim godinama kuge koja je znala pokositi čitava sela u Dalmaciji i njenoj unutrašnjosti te se širiti i na drugu obalu.
U golemom bogatstvu tema koji ovi izvori nude, ovom će se prilikom prikazati vrste i tipovi brodova koji naši ljudi grade, pregrađuju, kupuju, preprodaju i koji su im glavni izvor prihoda i zarade. Riječ je o preko 70 različitih naziva koji nam oslikavaju svojim raznim karakteristikama stvarni život 18. stoljeća kako na moru tako i u lukama u kojima su pristajali radi utovara/istovara robe, prijevoza ljudi, popravaka i mnogočega drugoga.

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Ključne riječi:
Brodovi, Codex Diplomaticus Maritimus Croatiae, Hrvatski pomorski regesti 18. stoljeća, Jadran, Mediteran, Nikola Čolak, svakodnevnica.

The Porto Vecchio was born out of the Austrian imperial government will and even the Trieste local authorities (the Municipality and the Chamber of Commerce) to enhance the northernmost point of the Mediterranean basin at a time when the Suez Canal was just inaugurated and the first trains departed from Vienna arrived in Trieste: the city at that time knew how to seize opportunities for development through the construction of a new port near the railway station, according to a clear strategy that focused on logistics and transport infrastructure. Until the Port gates were erected the Port of Trieste Gates was effectively part of the city and its configuration was based  as an urban structure, giving the warehouse architecture style characteristics similar to those of the Lloyd  Arsenal and the  Miramare Castle. The architectural style of  silos and hangars echoes the "Gothic squared" but the most innovative aspect is the application of reinforced concrete, then new technique which  was largely applied in Trieste. At this time the city is in the spotlight of many interests, both scientific and economic but also cultural.

Sintesi

In questo volume vengono presentati tutti i tipi ed elementi distintivi dei navigli menzionati nei primi tre volumi dei Regesti marittimi croati (RMC I-III) che comprendono circa 16.000 documenti riguardanti, tra l’altro, i velieri in uso nell’Adriatico durante il Settecento. Lo studio espone 18.536 menzioni di bastimenti classificati in 79 termini diversi messi a confronto rispetto l’etimologia e caratteristiche peculiari di ogni natante (quali stazza, attrezzatura velica, uso e quant’altro). L’analisi dimostra che i piccoli paroni preferivano velieri più piccoli, dalla portata fra le 20 e 300 t, essendo più veloci e manovrabili con buone capacità di navigazione. Si trattava innanzitutto del trabaccolo con il 14,55% di presenza nei documenti, poi della tartana (11,49%), del pielego (8,06%), della polacca (6,23%), della marciliana (6,18%), della feluca (5,10%), della barca (4,86%), della checcia (2,21%) e della brazzera (2,01%). I velieri minori, ovvero piccoli e medi, di portata inferiore alle 300 t, rappresentavano perfino il 70,82% di tutti i bastimenti nominati, mentre i velieri maggiori, di portata superiore alle 310 t, fra cui le grandi navi/nave ovvero vascelli (15,33%) ed i fregatoni (4,36%) avevano mantenuto il 20,65% del traffico marittimo, soprattutto verso le Isole Ionie ed altri porti mediterranei. Tramite l’analisi comparata delle loro caratteristiche e peculiarità è stato dimostrato che fra i porti delle coste orientali e occidentali dell’Adriatico nel Settecento vi era un intenso commercio quotidiano e che tale traffico era caratterizzato da un forte dinamismo del piccolo e medio ceto imprenditoriale che è riuscito ad imporsi sia nel commercio marittimo che nella costruzione navale che ha interessato ambo le coste adriatiche.

Parole chiave: velieri, terminologia, Adriatico, Settecento, navigazione, commercio, trabaccolo, nava/vascello, tartana, pielego, polacca, marciliana, feluca, barca, fregatone, checcia, brazzera

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Abstract – Adriatic ships between the two shores in the eighteenth century. A historical and iconographic review

This historical and iconographic review outlines all the types and main characteristics of the sailers mentioned in the first three volumes of the Croatian Maritime Regesta (RMC I-III). These three volumes include around 16,000 documents which, among other things, present the sailing ships used in the Adriatic during the eighteenth century. The analysis shows 18,536 mentions of ships classified under 79 different names (types), and compares them with respect to etymology and characteristics such as DWT, sailing equipment, purpose. The analysis demonstrates that small shipowners preferred lighter sailing ships with a DWT of up to 300 t, being faster and more maneuverable with good navigation skills. The dominant type of ship was trabaccolo, which accounts for 14.55% of mentions in the documents, followed by tartane (11.49%), pielego (8.06%), polacre (6.23%), marciliana (6.18%), felucca (5.10%), barca (4.86%), ketch (2.21%), and brazzera (2.01%). Small and medium ships with a DWT of up to 300 t account for 70.82% of all the mentioned sailers. Larger sailing ships, with a DWT over 310 t, including navas/vessels (15.33%) and frigatoons (4.36%), maintained 20.65% of maritime traffic, especially towards the Ionian Islands and other Mediterranean ports. The comparative analysis of their characteristics and peculiarities has indicated that intense daily trade was taking place between the ports of the Eastern and Western coasts of the Adriatic in the eighteenth century, and that this traffic was characterized by a strong dynamism of the small and middle entrepreneurial class which established themselves both in maritime trade and in shipbuilding, and thus left an enormous impact on both Adriatic coasts.

Key words: sailers, terminology, Adriatic, 18th c., navigation, trade, trabaccolo, nava/vessel, tartane, pielego, polacre, marciliana, felucca, barca, frigatoon, ketch, brazzera

Late antique identities from the Western Balkans were transformed into new, Slavic identities after c. 600 AD. It was a process that is still having continuous impact on the discursive constructions of ethnic and regional identities in the area. Building on the new ways of reading and studying available sources from late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the book explores the appearance of the Croats in early medieval Dalmatia (the southern parts of modern-day Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina). The appearance of the early medieval Croat identity is seen as a part of the wider process of identity-transformations in post-Roman Europe, the ultimate result of the identity-negotiation between the descendants of the late antique population and the immigrant groups.

The Dalmatian towns’ bishops played an important role in both the secular and ecclesiastical life of their cities from the early Middle Ages. They were members of the city councils and assemblies, and diplomatic leaders. The Dalmatian towns went through a chaotic period at the turn of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. After the extinction of the Croatian royal dynasty in 1091, the Hungarian king, Ladislas I, attempted to acquire the Croatian throne. Although Ladislas succeeded to get hold of some parts of Croatia, it was King Coloman who successfully consolidated the Hungarian rule in the region. He was crowned king of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1102, and three years later he took the towns during a military campaign. Coloman’s expedition was a generally non-violent event, because the diplomatic missions of the bishops and archbishops helped to avoid sieges. In this presentation, I will analyze the role of the bishops during Coloman’s takeover. I will discuss how they eased the tension and mediated between the towns and the king and helped setting the Hungarian rule. In the analysis, I will focus on the Hungarian privileges given to the towns, which were the results of the missions, and the rituals that could be connected to the privileges, to show the role played by the bishop in the transition of power, and how the kings of Hungary adapted their policy to the Dalmatian society.

Although traditionally associated with Eastern Christianity, the practice of venerating icons became deeply rooted in the Catholic societies of the broad Adriatic region from the Late Middle Ages onwards and was an indispensable part of everyday popular piety. The evidence lies in the massive amount of icons located today in public and private collections throughout the Italian Peninsula, Croatia, Slovenia, and Montenegro. At a time when Greeks were branded as "schismatics", and although the Byzantine maniera greca had become obsolete in Western European art, icon painting managed to survive at the margins of the Renaissance, and ultimately went through its own renaissance in the sixteenth century. Omnipresent in Catholic households, icons were very often donated to churches as votive offerings and were gradually transformed into the focal points of collective public devotion. Through the combined study of visual evidence, archival records and literary sources, this article will shed light on the socio-political, confessional, and artistic dynamics that allowed for Byzantine or Byzantinizing icons to gain unprecedented popularity throughout the Catholic milieus of the Late Medieval and Early Modern Adriatic, and become integrated into domestic and public devotional practices.