The effect of different metal ions and two redox mediators on laccase activity and laccase-catalyzed decolorization of five synthetic dyes was investigated in vitro using crude laccase from a novel white rot fungus Peniophora sp. (NFCCI-2131). The fungus effectively decolorized crystal violet and brilliant green on malt extract agar medium. Laccase activity was enhanced by metal ions such as Cd2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Na+ Ca2+, and Cu2+. Among the different dyes tested, highest decolorization of crystal violet (96.30 %) was obtained in the presence of 1 mM ABTS followed by 86.01 % by HBT. The results conspicuously indicated that laccase from Peniophora sp. has the potential for color removal from textile dye effluent even in the presence of toxic metal ions.

Aims: To characterize the white rot fungus Perenniporia tephropora with respect to its laccase and to test its ability to decolourize synthetic dyes.Methods and Results: Under the culture conditions utilized, P. tephropora produced one laccase isozyme, which was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, size-exclusion chromatography and anion-exchange chromatography. The protein was monomeric with a molecular mass of 63 kDa (SDS–PAGE) and had an isoelectric point of 3·3. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was SIGPVADLTVTNANI and the highest similarity value was found to the laccase from Lentinus tigrinus (86·6%). The optimum pH of the enzyme varied and was substrate dependent. It was 4·0 and 5·0 for 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (DMP) and 2,2′-azino-di(3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), respectively. Under standard assay conditions, Km values of the enzyme were 7·3 and 0·4 mmol l−1 towards DMP and ABTS, respectively. The laccase was inhibited by NaN3, EDTA and p-coumarate but not by SDS and NaBr. Laccase was stable in the presence of some metal ions such as Cu2+, Co2+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Mo2+, Ni2+, Li+ and Al3+. The crude enzyme as well as the purified laccase was able to decolourize dyes from the textile industries, including remazol brilliant blue R, neolane blue and neolane pink. However, several other dyes were partially or not decolourized. In the presence of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole as mediator, only the decolourization of neolane yellow was achieved, while the decolourization of most of the dyes was just slightly improved.Significance and Impact of the Study: This study is the first report on the purification and the characterization of the laccase from the white rot fungus P. tephropora. The high levels of laccase secreted by this fungal strain as well as its stability suggest that it could be a useful tool for environmental applications.

Fungal cocultures can promote complex interactions that result in physiological and biochemical alterations that favor the synergic and more efficient action of extracellular enzymes such as laccase. Thus, coculture can be used as a strategy to increase enzymatic activity, dye degradation, and bioremediation of textile effluents. This study aimed to evaluate the coculture effect of Lentinus crinitus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pycnoporus sanguineus, and Trametes polyzona on laccase activity, mycelial biomass production, and in vitro decolorization of azo, anthraquinone, and triphenylmethane dyes. The species were cultivated in liquid medium in monoculture and coculture in paired combinations for 15 days to determine the laccase activity and produced mycelial biomass. The enzymatic extracts of fungal cultivations were used in decolorization tests of reactive blue 220 (RB220), malachite green (MG), and remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR). Pleurotus-Trametes, Lentinus-Pleurotus, and Lentinus-Trametes cocultures increase laccase activity compared to respective monocultures. Lentinus-Pycnoporus, Lentinus-Trametes, Lentinus-Pleurotus, and Pleurotus-Trametes cocultures stimulate mycelial biomass production in relation to their respective monocultures. The enzymatic extracts of monocultures and cocultures promoted the decolorization of all dyes. RB220 dye presented fast decolorization. In 24 h, all extracts reached maximum decolorization and the greatest color reduction percentage was 90% for Pleurotus-Trametes coculture extract. Pleurotus-Trametes extract also increased the decolorization of MG and RBBR dyes when compared to their respective monocultures in 48 h and 72 h, respectively. However, RBBR dye presented the greatest resistance to decolorization.

Díaz-Andreu, Margarita. (2023) La integración de la mujer en los museos arqueológicos en España: una historia centenaria. En Pilar Fatás Monforte, Lucía M. Díaz-González y Asunción M. Martínez Llano (eds.) Los bisontes de Altamira los descubrió una mujer. Museos, arqueología, patrimonio y género, 15-38. Madrid, Museo Nacional y Centro de Investigación de Altamira. | | Resumen: Tras una breve introducción en la que se dan unas pinceladas sobre cómo se han estudiado las mujeres en la disciplina arqueológica, este artículo se centra en la historia de las arqueólogas que han trabajado en los museos arqueológicos en España distinguiendo cuatro etapas. La primera de ellas se refiere a los antecedentes desde el siglo XVIII al XIX, momento en el que se produce un acceso de la mujer a la educación y aparecen las primeras coleccionistas provenientes de la monarquía, aristocracia y clases acomodadas. El segundo periodo se refiere al primer tercio del siglo XX, cuando la legislación abre las aulas universitarias a las estudiantes y permite su integración profesional en los museos. La etapa franquista se analiza década a década, destacando la evolución a lo largo del tiempo en estos años. Finalmente se produce un rápido repaso de lo acontecido en las últimas cinco décadas. | Palabras clave: Historia de la Arqueologia, historia de las mujeres, coleccionista, conservadora de museo || Abstract: After a brief introduction in which a few suggestions are made on how women have been analyzed in the archaeological discipline, this article focuses on the history of women archaeologists who have worked in archaeological museums in Spain. Four periods are distinguished. The first of them refers to the 18th to the 19th century. In this period, women gained access to education and the first female collectors appeared. They came trom the monarchy. aristocracy and well-off classes. In the second period, the first third of the 20th century, new legislation opened university education to female students and allowed their professional integration in museums. Moreover, the Francoist period is explored decade by decade, highlighting the evolution over time during these years. Finally, a cursory review of events in the last five decades is made. | Keywords: History of Archaeology. history of women, private collector, museum curator | APARTADOS: Introducción | Mujeres formadas, cultas y coleccionistas | De coleccionistas a conservadoras de museos: el primer tercio del siglo XX | Las mujeres, las colecciones y los museos arqueológicos del periodo franquista (1939-1975) | Mujer y museo en democràcia (1975-hoy) | Conclusiones