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2013
Jussi Parikka: "I think you already describe the situation partly in your question: gradually over the past couple of years we have seen a range of odd fluctuations across Europe. The recent surge in popularity of the right wing UKIP in the UK was preceded by the short feeling of power by the liberal party pulled to the government by the Conservatives. UK politics has long time suffered from a severe feeling of stagnancy of the bi-polar system, so a lot of these fluctuations can be explained by people trying out, experimenting, sometimes in very unfortunate ways. But on a more structural, Europe-wide level the authoritarian parties of fear have taken a too strong grip already. They range from the miserable situation in Hungary which has been neglected probably because of the South European crisis, but whose fascist policies are among the most scary in Europe to the “Finns” party in Finland whose protest party position might even stabilize. And it’s not only the parties which express this weird mood of micro-fascism: for instance in various countries, and again not least in Finland, there are pockets of groups aggressively campaigning against feminism, for “men’s rights” and in general, a return to such gender and sexual politics that I see as scary as the racist powers emerging." (...) Jussi Parikka's interview on digital populism and recent European political phenomena, held on 17th May 2013 with the author of Obsolete Capitalism. Jussi Parikka, Finnish, is Reader in Media & Design at University of Southampton and is a well-known theorist of New Media at an international level. He is Adjunct Professor of Digital Culture Theory at University of Turku in Finland. Among his recent publications are: 'What is Media Archaeology?' (Polity: Cambridge, 2012); 'Insect Media: An Archaeology of Animals and Technology' (University of Minnesota Press: Minneapolis, 2010) Posthumanities-series, 'Digital Contagions. A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses' (Peter Lang: New York, 2007); and (with Erkki Huhtamo) 'Media Archaeology: Approaches, Applications, and Implications' (University of California Press, Los Angeles, 2011). He blogs at jussiparikka.net
A collection of interviews edited by the Obsolete Capitalism collective. English and Italian thinkers answer questions related to a few eternal concepts of political philosophy such as crowd, power, control with a particular focus on the unexpected electoral success of the Five Star Movement (5SM), a self-defined 'non-party' led by Beppe Grillo and Gianroberto Casaleggio. The 5SM obtained a resounding success in the Italian general election of 24th 25th February 2013, a moment after which the panorama of Italian politics deeply changed. This book seeks to investigate the novelty which characterise the emergence of a new political phenomenon: that of digital populism. Are we facing the beginning of a change in governmental policy and representative democracy as we know it? Far from being an Italian anomaly, populism is a firmly Western phenomenon, both in its analog and digital versions. The english equivalent is UKIP, an extremely seductive and therefore equally dangerous anti-establishment right-wing situation. Six questions were formulated, touching on fundamental aspects of the rise of digital populism and the relationships between masses, power, and post-democracy at the dawn of the twenty-first century. The birth of digital populism. Crowd, power and postdemocrarcy in the 21st century is the result of nine interviews conducted between May 2013 and February 2014 by Luciana Parisi, Tiziana Terranova, Lapo Berti, Simon Choat, Paolo Godani, Saul Newman, Jussi Parikka, Tony D. Sampson and Alberto Toscano.
The Five Star Movement led by Grillo & Casaleggio had an unexpected success in the Italian general elections of February 2013, deeply disrupting the panorama of Italian politics. This book seeks to explore some of the features characterising the emergence of a new political phenomenon: digital populism. We asked Italian and English thinkers from different political and disciplinary backgrounds to contribute to an analysis of some fundamental points behind the rise of populism and the digital relations between masses, power and democracy at the dawn of the twenty-first century. This is the result of nine interviews carried out between May 2013 and February 2014 with Luciana Parisi, Tiziana Terranova, Lapo Berti, Simon Choat, Godani Paul, Saul Newman, Jussi Parikka, Tony D. Sampson and Alberto Toscano.
2013 •
Luciana Parisi: "We first of all need to understand whether micro-fascism is intended as a desire of repression, and thus of negativity, or in cybernetics terms of opposing order to entropy, or as a dissemination of entropy. One has to engage with the idea of entropy itself to understand this notion of micro-fascism. Let’s assume that entropy is to information as chaos is to order, or as death drive is to life or to the self-organizing ability of a body (whether social, biological, cultural). Let’s then frame the thermodynamic thesis that informs the idea of micro-fascism. From the standpoint of thermodynamics, micro-fascism is an insane distribution of the desire for destruction, rather than creation (considered positive by many). This gap between creation and destruction upon which the concept of micro-fascism you are referring to is built, is, at best, limiting and, applied to political movements, fails to see the trajectories of micro-fascism in terms of the tension between energy and information. Not in terms of the way, according to the mathematical theory of information, information overcomes noise (and the energetic tendency of a system to collapse), but rather in relation to emergence of new information dynamisms that ignore the perspective of a subject longing for its repression. Instead, micro-fascism could be conceived as the production of new dynamisms, almost counter-entropies, which do not coincide with organic energy. I would then commence by asking what kind of entropy are we talking about, and what can it tell us about political movements at a different level of analysis. Micro-fascism does not necessarily translate to a desire for repression understood in terms of death drive." (...) Luciana Parisi, Italian, lives and works in London. She is Senior Lecturer in Critical Theory at Goldsmiths College, University of London (UK) where she runs the PhD program at the Centre for Cultural Studies. Her research examines the links between science and philosophy, cybernetics and information, technology and policy in order to formulate a critique of capitalism and at the same time investigate the possibility of real change. During the nineties of the last century she has been working with the Cybernetic Culture Research Unit at Warwick (UK) and has written several essays in collaboration with Steve Goodman (known in the music world as dominus of dubstep as Kode9). In 2004 she published the book “Abstract Sex: Philosophy, Biotechnology and the Mutations of Desire” (Continuum, London, 2004), where she described the critical impasse between the notions of body, sexuality, “gender” and the current status of the studies of science and technology. Her latest work on architectural models is “Contagious Architecture. Computation, Aesthetics and Space” (MIT Press, USA, 2013). Tiziana Terranova, Italian, lives and works in Naples. She is a contemporary researcher, and lecturer of " Cultural Studies and Media ' and ' Cultural Theories and New Media" at the University of Naples 'L'Orientale'. After graduating from the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures at the Department of American, Cultural and Linguistic Studies at University of Naples she continued her research on media, cultural studies and new technologies, driven by a passion for this area. The study of these issues took place in England where she achieved a master's degree in "Communications and Technology" at Brunel University. She also achieved the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Media and Communications at Goldsmiths' College in London. In the mid 90’s Tiziana Terranova dealt with technological subcultures, cyberpunk and published one of the first doctoral thesis on the internet newsgroups and the techno culture in California. Another important experience for her intellectual journey took place in London at the Department of Cultural Studies of the University of "East London" where she founded and directed along with Helene Kennedy one of the first courses in Multimedia, starting the new university course in "Media and New Media Studies”. Her current interests include digital culture and the phenomena that develop around it. Of international importance is her book “Culture Network” published in Italy in 2006 by Il Manifesto. Her last essay entitled 'Capitalism cognitive and neural life' was inserted in May 2013 e.Book issue called 'The state of technological mediation' by Giorgio Griziotti (Special Hypermedia - Alfabeta editions). Luciana Parisi and Tiziana Terranova's interview on digital populism and recent European political phenomena, held on 11 December 2013 with the author of Obsolete Capitalism and Rizomatika blog.
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2013 •
Simon Choat: "Authoritarian and even fascism remain genuine threats across Europe. Increasingly there is also a threat from a kind of ‘fascism-lite’ or ‘fascism with a human face’: parties and movements which draw on populist, anti-big business or anti-banking rhetoric while proposing pro-capitalist, authoritarian, and (implicitly or explicitly) racist policies. In England this is arguably represented (albeit in the usual tepid English way) by UKIP (who despite their name are an English rather than a British phenomenon) – though there is also the old-fashioned street violence of the English Defence League." Simon Choat, English, is Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at Kingston University, London (UK) and is the author of the book 'Marx Through Post-Structuralism: Lyotard, Derrida, Foucault, Deleuze' (Continuum, UK, 2010)'. His current research covers a range of areas, including: Marx’s 'Grundrisse'; philosophies of ‘new materialism’; surplus population and unemployment; and the Marxism of Alfred Sohn-Rethel. He is a member of the Marxism Specialist Group - Political Studies Association. His latest essay 'From Marxism to Poststructuralism' is included in the collection 'The Edinburgh Companion to Poststructuralism.' (Edinburgh University Press, UK, 2013) edited by Dillet, Mackenzie and Porter. He is currently writing a Reader's Guide to Marx's Grundrisse for Bloomsbury Publishing. Simon Choat's interview on digital populism and recent European political phenomena, held on 16th June 2013 with the author of the blog Obsolete Capitalism.
This chapter deals with the rising fascist and racist political online networks in Greece, examining the ways in which they are accommodated within the digital public sphere. The extreme racist and fascist (‘popular nationalist’) party Chrysi Avgi (Golden Dawn) is the third party in Greece even after the victory of the radical left party Syriza in January 2015. While research has shown the links between this rise and extreme austerity measures (Bosco and Verney, 2012), this chapter is concerned with the actual strategies and tactics used by the Greek extreme right in online spaces. Despite analyses that show the contrary (Psarras, 2010), Golden Dawn speaks of itself as excluded from the mainstream media, and has relied considerably on the internet. The task of the present chapter is therefore to map the extreme right internet in Greece, and show the connections and networks they have built in order to provide insights into the kind of online presence that the Golden Dawn and its affiliates have. The chapter argues that the kind of online presence that the Golden Dawn and its affiliates have acquired is the result of a mutual accommodation and adjustment between the Golden Dawn, digital corporations, the Greek state, and civil society. In the end, rather than been excluded or marginalized, Golden Dawn rhetorics, practices and discourses have adjusted to, and infiltrated the digital mainstream.
2013 •
"Reclaiming the Media: Technology, Tactics and Subversion Abstract: This chapter will explore how technological advances in communication networks open up new platforms for democratic debates. Technological advances in communication come to blur the boundaries between journalists and citizen journalists, political discourse and social movements, and definitions of democracy. Drawing on the UK radical environmental activism movements, as a case study, this chapter will show how new technologies have enabled activists to bypass traditional media practices. New Social movements made from environmental activists collectives, can produce their own websites , news reports and adapt old tactics through new technology. The result is a narrowing of the inequality in democratic debates. Smart Phones, Tablets and the World Wide Web provide a new platform for a wider range of voices, which were once limited to top-down political and media discourse. However, the web and technological as with any new tools of communication can only decrease inequalities if correctly applied. This chapter will therefore examine the positive and negative sides of new forms of communication. As Morozov notes, the internet is not a saviour, but just one means of changing political, religious and cultural discourse "
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