Geological and Geo-Environmental Processes on Earth

Springer Natural Hazards The Springer Natural Hazards series seeks to publish a broad portfolio of scientific books, aiming at researchers, students, and everyone interested in Natural Hazard research. The series includes peer-reviewed monographs, edited volumes, textbooks, and conference proceedings. It covers all categories of hazards such as atmospheric/climatological/oceanographic hazards, storms, tsunamis, floods, avalanches, landslides, erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes, and welcomes book proposals on topics like risk assessment, risk management, and mitigation of hazards, and related subjects. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10179 Arun Kumar Shandilya • Vinod Kumar Singh • Suresh Chandra Bhatt • Chandra Shekhar Dubey Editors Geological and Geo-Environmental Processes on Earth 123 Editors Arun Kumar Shandilya Department of Applied Geology Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidyalaya Saugor, India Vinod Kumar Singh Department of Geology Bundelkhand University Jhansi, India Suresh Chandra Bhatt Department of Geology Bundelkhand University Jhansi, India Chandra Shekhar Dubey Professor Emeritus in Science Faculty Sri Sri University Cuttack, India ISSN 2365-0656 ISSN 2365-0664 (electronic) Springer Natural Hazards ISBN 978-981-16-4121-3 ISBN 978-981-16-4122-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4122-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This work is subject to copyright. 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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Dedication Professor Prem Swarup Saklani (1941–2017) Eminent Himalayan Geoscientist Himalayan geologist who made legendary contributions and excellent research on Geology and Tectonics of Himalaya Former Vice Chancellor of HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, India, Former Chairman CSTT, HRD Ministry, Government of India and Former Professor, Department of Geology, University of Delhi, India This commemorative book having a large number of research papers pertaining to Geological and Geo-Environmental Processes on Earth is dedicated to Prof. Prem Swarup Saklani, who died on 24 April 2017 in Dwarka, New Delhi, at the age of 76. Professor Saklani is recognized as an eminent Himalayan geoscientist and established himself as a legendary and veteran scientist in the field of Tectonics and Geological research of Himalaya and has served in several academic and administrative positions at the University of Delhi and in other organizations. Professor P. S. Saklani (1941–2017) was born on 23 August 1941 in Payar village in Tehri District of Uttrakhand. He got his school education from Inter College Srinagar Garhwal, in 1958, and obtained bachelor and master degrees in Geology from Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, in 1960 and 1962, respectively. He has started his academic career as Assistant Professor in Geology at Punjab University, Chandigarh (1965–1968), and completed his doctoral degree (Ph.D.) under the stewardship of Late Prof. A. G. Jhingran at the University of Delhi in 1972. He brilliantly pursued his doctoral work on the ‘Geological studies of the area south of the Mukhem, Garhwal Himalaya’. Professor Saklani served his service for more than three decades in the Department of Geology, University of Delhi (1968–2006). Professor Saklani was a visiting Fellow of the German Academic Exchange programme (DAAD) from 1973 to 1975 and worked for two years with Prof. Werner Schwan in Erlangen University, Schlossgarten in Germany. He effectively pursued research on geological and tectonic aspects of the Himalayas and Alps and recognized himself through his research v vi contributions as a leading researcher in the field of structural and tectonic geology. To promote his academic and research career, Prof. Saklani visited the University of Tokyo, Japan, in 1984 and Germany (1989–1990) as a visiting fellow. Professor Saklani supervised one German student for dissertation work on Himalayan geology. He has a distinguished record of service in the academic and administrative fields. During his long academic career at University of Delhi, he served as the Head of Department (1982 and 1984–1987), Dean of Science and chairman of Research and Development Committee (1985–1987), Chairman Publication Advisory Committee, University of Delhi (1986–1988). He has served in many other prestigious positions, such as the Chairman of the Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology (CSTT), Government of India (1994–1998). Professor Saklani was elected as the President of Earth System Science of the 85th Session of Indian Science Congress in 1997–1998. In 1999, he was appointed as a Vice-Chancellor of Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna (HNB) Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, where he served until 2001. Professor Saklani had a passion for teaching and living amidst his students and has supervised several students working for their M.Sc. thesis. He has the recognition of mentoring 11 Ph.D. scholars and 11 M.Phil students, who are also well placed in different positions in academia as well as the administrative realm. He was the recipient of several awards, viz. Consulting Editor of American Biographical Institute, Raleigh, U.S.A.; 21st Century Award: U.P. Ratna Award 1999, All India Intellectuals, New Delhi; Special Achievement Award-2001 (Education), JANYOG, New Delhi, India; Honorary Colonel Commandant of National Cadet Core (2000), Govt. of India, New Delhi; etc. He was the Founder Secretary-General of the Geoscience Foundation, India, Member of Geological Society of India and Member of Indian Council of World Affairs. He continued to render his academic services as Professor Emeritus in the Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose National Institute of Technology (NIT) for 3 years (2007–2009) after his superannuation. He has been superannuated as Professor at the Department of Geology, University of Delhi, in August 2006. Professor Saklani authored many books, viz. Tectonic Geology, Tectonics of Garhwal Himalaya, Geology of Lower Himalaya (Garhwal), Structure and Tectonics of Himalaya, Metamorphism and Tectonics of Himalaya, Glossary of Structural Geology & Tectonics and edited many books on Geological aspects of Himalaya (volumes 1–5). His books are very popular among the students of geology in India and abroad. Professor Saklani published more than 56 research papers of national and international repute on the Himalayan tectonics. Professor Saklani served as an expert in many selection committees of DST, UGC, CSIR, UPSC and various universities in India and in Project Assessment Committees. The unfortunate demise of Prof. Saklani has created a gap among the geo-fraternity, and the academia has lost a dedicated teacher in Earth Science and society a popular science writer and educator. His contributions to the Geological and Tectonic aspects of Himalayan and other themes will forever be remembered. He has left behind his legacy through a number of his students serving at different academic and research institutes. These students are doing significant research on tectonics and other aspects of the Himalayas and Indian peninsula. Professor Saklani was very much supported by his inspiring wife Mrs. Sushila Saklani and son Mukul and daughters Rajani (deceased) and Anjuli. His irreparable loss will be felt by all his students and admirers globally. Research Contributions: The significant research contributions of Prof. Saklani are listed below: Dedication Dedication vii Authored Books 1. 2011 Recent Geology of the Himalaya Selective Scientific Books Pandav Nagar, Delhi, 293 p. 2. 2008 Glossary of Structural Geology and Tectonics, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, 191p. 3. 2006 Tectonic Geology, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, 161 p. 4. 2004 Geology: an Introduction, Selective & Scientific Books, New Delhi, 93 p. 5. 1993 Geology of the Lower Himalaya (Garhwal), 254 p., International Books and Periodicals, New Delhi. 6. 1991 Elementary Geology, 82 p., Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. Edited Books 7. 2008 Himalaya (Geological Aspects). Vol. 5, Satish Serial Publishing House, Azadpur, Delhi, 320p. (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 8. 2006 Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. 4, Satish Serial Publishing House, Azadpur, Delhi, 355 p. (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 9. 2005 Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. 3, Satish Serial Publishing House, Azadpur, Delhi, 341 p. (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 10. 2005 Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. 2, Satish Serial Publishing House, Azadpur, Delhi, 660 p. (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 11. 2005 Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. 1, Satish Serial Publishing House, Azadpur, Delhi, 503 p. (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 12. 2002 Geoindicators and related environmental studies, 248 p. Pilgrims Publishing, Varanasi-Kathamandu (jointly with C. S. Dubey). 13. 1991 Tectonic and Metamorphic investigations of Kumaun—Garhwal-Himachal—Lesser —Himalaya, 216 p., Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 14. 1990 Metamorphism Ophiolites and Orogenic Belts. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 15. 1989 Himalayan Mountain Building, 198 p., Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi. (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 16. 1988 Geological Society of India (Special issue), Seminar on Himalayan Crystallines, Metamorphics and Structures, Geol. Soc. Ind., Vol. 31, No. 2, Bangalore, 185–251. (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 17. 1986 Himalayan Thrusts and Associated Rocks, 290 p., Today and Tomorrow’s Printer and Publishers, Delhi (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 18. 1983 Himalayan Shears, p. 113. Himalayan Books, New Delhi. 19. 1982 Himalaya: Landforms, and Processes, 116 p. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 20. 1981 Metamorphic Tectonites of the Himalaya, 370 p. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, Delhi (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 21. 1980 Shortening Structures in Eastern and North-Western Himalayan Rocks 62 p. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, Delhi (Authored by W. Schwan; with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). viii 22. 1979 Structural Geology of the Himalaya, 394 p. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, Delhi (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). 23. 1978 Tectonic Geology of the Himalaya, 340 p. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, Delhi (with an introduction by P. S. Saklani). Published Papers and Articles 24. 2008 Saklani, P. S.* Vertical Folds and Mesoscopic Fabrics, Srinagar Area, Garhwal Himalaya. In: Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. V, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi. 25. 2008 Bhatt, S. C. Saklani, P. S., Tectonic significance of Shear Indicators and Petrofabrics of Quartz Mylonites, Garhwal Himalaya, “Himalaya (Geological Aspects), V. 5, edited by P. S. Saklani, pp. 159–181. 26. 2006 Saklani, P. S.* Geology and Structure of Srinagar Garhwal-Himalaya In: “Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. IV, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi 153–159. 27. 2006 Saklani, P. S., Geology of Garhwal Himalaya: Retrospect and Prospect. In: “Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. IV, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, 129–152. 28. 2005 Saklani, P. S., Tectonics of Central Crystallines Nappes, Garhwal Himalaya In: “Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. II, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, 265–280. 29. 2005 Saklani, P. S., Summary of Himalayan and Alpine structure In: “Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. I, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, 117–131. 30. 2005 Saklani, P. S., and Bahuguna V. K., Metamorphics of the Bhagirathi Valley, Garhwal Himalaya In: “Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. II, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, 207–218. 31. 2005 Saklani, P. S.* Metamorphic and Deformation History of the Central Crystallines of the Upper Alaknanda Valley, Garhwal Himalaya and its bearing on inverted metamorphism In : “Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. III, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, 237–255. 32. 2005 Saklani, P. S.* Geology and Morphotectonic Studies using satellite images of a part of Tehri-Uttarkashi district, Lesser Garhwal Himalaya. In: “Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. III, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, 153–171. 33. 2005 Saklani, P. S., Tectonic Geology of the Main Central Thrust, Garhwal, Uttaranchal In: “Himalaya (Geological Aspects), Vol. III, Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, 179–189. 34. 1998 Singh, V. K., Singh, S. P., Saklani, P. S., and Dubey, C. S., Mesostructure and deformational history of the Central Crystallines: an example from Garhwal Himalaya, India. J. Nepal Geol. Soc., V. 17: pp. 59–69. 35. 1998 Singh, S. P., Singh, V. K., and Saklani, P. S., Metamorphism and Thrust Tectonics in the Munsiari Group of Central Crystallines Zone of Garhwal Himalaya, India, J. Nepal Geol. Soc., V. 18: pp. 85–95. 36. 1998 Saklani, P. S., Geology of the Garhwal Himalaya: Retrospect and Prospect, Presidential Address, Earth System Sciences, Ind. Sci. Cong., Calcutta, 32p. 37. 1997 Singh, S. P., Singh, V. K., and Saklani, P. S., Metamorphic evolution of the Central Crystallines of the Higher Himalaya along Dhauli Ganga Valley, Garhwal Himalaya. N. Jb. Geol. Palaont. Abh., V. 206: pp. 249–275. 38. 1997 Singh, S. P., Singh, V. K. and Saklani, P. S., Metamorphism in the Central Crystallines of Higher Himalaya in Kedarnath valley, Garhwal Himalaya, Him. Geol. V. 18: 119–133. Dedication Dedication ix 39. 1996 Singh, V. K., Singh, S. P. and Saklani, P. S., Metamorphic and geodynamic evolution of the Central Crystallines of the Garhwal Himalaya, India, N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh., 199(1), 89–109. 40. 1996 Singh, V. K. and Saklani, P. S., Metamorphic and Tectonic history of the Budhakedar area, Garhwal Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, G. S. I. Sp. Publ. No. 21 (1): pp. 199–203. 41. 1994 Singh, V. K., Singh, S. P. and Saklani, P. S., Kyanite-Sillimanite-Andalusite-bearing schist from Central Crystallines of Budhakedar area Garhwal Himalaya. Bull. Ind. Geo. Assoc. Chandigarh, V. 27: pp. 143–153. 42. 1994 Bhatt, S. C. and Saklani, P. S., Strain Transition and Microstructural Fabric analysis of Quartz-Mylonites exposed within Pratapnagar Nappe, Garhwal Himalaya, India. J. Geol. Soc. India 43(4): pp. 381–394. 43. 1993 Saklani, P. S., Geological formation and structure of the Central Himalaya Mountain system—A study in Nature’s Equilibrium, The Central Himalaya Panorama, Inst. Soc. Res. & App. Anthro., Calcutta, 70–80. 44. 1992 Saklani, P. S.,* Strain estimation in the deformed Hafla (Jutogh) quartzite of Jutogh thrust sheet, Garhwal Himalaya, Jour. Him. Geol., 3(2): 149–154. 45. 1991 Saklani, P. S., Nainwal, D. C. and Singh, V. K., Geometry of the composite Main Central Thrust (MCT) in Yamuna Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India, N. Jb. Geol. Palaeont. Abh., V. 1991: 364–380. 46. 1991 Saklani, P. S., Mesoscopic structures along the Bhatwari-Tehri-Narendranagar traverse (Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh, India)—and their chronologic and kinematic integration in the deformation plan of the Himalaya, Z. dt. Geol. Ges., 142: 97–113. 47. 1991 Saklani, P. S., Bhatt, S. C., Singh, V.K. and Satendra, Deformation and kinematic analysis of folds along Krol Thrust of Garhwal Himalaya. Jour. Scientific Research B. H. U., Platinum Jubilee Year, 41B: 141–150. 48. 1990 Bhatt, S. C. and Saklani, P. S., Kinematic framework of heterogenous deformation within Pratapnagar thrust sheet, Bhagirathi Valley, in Lesser Garhwal Himalaya, U.P., Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v. 36(3), pp. 247–261. 49. 1989 Saklani, P. S. and Bahuguna, V. K., Geothermometry of Central Crystallines of the Bhagirathi Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, Metamorphism, Ophiolites and Orogenic Belts, In : Saklani, P. S. (Ed), 1–16, Today and tomorrow’s Publishers, N. Delhi. 50. 1989 Bhatt, S. C. and Saklani, P. S., Analysis of Folds in Dharkot Thrust Sheet. In: Saklani, P. S. (editor), Himalayan Mountain Building, Today and Tomorrow’s publishers, New Delhi, pp. 63–90. 51. 1988 Bahuguna, V. K. and Saklani, P. S., Tectonics of the Main Central Thrust in Garhwal Himalaya. J. Geol. Soc. Ind., v. 31, 197–209. 52. 1986 Saklani, P. S. and Bahuguna, V. K., Thrust tectonics of Garhwal Himalaya. In: Saklani P. S. (Ed), Himalayan Thrusts and Associated Rocks, 1–25, Today and tomorrow’s Publishers, New Delhi. 53. 1983 Saklani, P. S. and Bahuguna, V. K., Main Central Thrust Zone and associated imbricate structures in Chhatera area, Garhwal Himalaya, In: Saklani, P. S. (Ed) Himalayan Shears, Himalaya books, N. Delhi, 1–9. 54. 1981 Saklani, P. S. and Doval, S. C. Ghuttu Garhwal Himalaya: Geologic and Metamorphic Characteristics, Metamorphic Tectonites of the Himalaya In: Saklani, P. S. (Ed.), 15–26, Today and Tomorrows Publishers, New Delhi. 55. 1979 Saklani, P. S., Folded rocks of Northern Tehri Garhwal, In: Saklani. P. S. (Ed.), Structural Geology of the Himalaya. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, 101–112. 56. 1979 Saklani, P. S., An outline of the Geology of the Lesser Himalaya of Garhwal with special reference to its Ecology and Development JOSHARD, Garhwal University, 178–45. 57. 1979 Saklani, P. S., A note on the study of Minor Structures in rocks of Srinagar area, Garhwal Himalaya, U.P., 10th Seminar on Himalayan Geology, W. I. H. G., 178–190. x 58. 1978 Singh, S and Saklani, P. S., Some geomorphologic observations in the Ghansyali area, Garhwal Himalaya Him. Geol. 8, 813–821. 59. 1978 Saklani, P. S., Uttarakhand—its development and economic geology, Himalaya: Man and Nature, Delhi, 1(10): 10–17. 60. 1978 Saklani, P. S., Metamorphic events in relation to Deformation in the Bhilangna and Balganga Valleys, Ghansyali Area. Garhwal Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, 9th Seminar on Himalayan Geology, 9(1): 199–210. 61. 1978 Saklani, P. S., Geology and Natural Wealth of Garhwal Himalaya, Himalaya: Man and Nature, Delhi, (5 & 6): 26–30. 62. 1978 Saklani, P. S., Deformation and Tectonism of Mukhem Area, Lesser Himalaya, In: Saklani, P. S. (Ed.), Tectonic Geology of the Himalaya. Today and Tomorrow’s Printers and Publishers, New Delhi, 15–42. 63. 1977 Saklani, P. S., Khanduri, H. C. and Singh, S., A reappraisal of the geology of a part of Mussoorie Syncline around Satengal, Garhwal Himalaya. Chayanika Geologica 3, 95–103 64. 1976 Saklani, P. S., Some remarks on the Geology of the Himalaya and adjoining mountains chains of Iran, Pakistan and USSR, International Himalayan Geology Seminar, New Delhi, Structure, Tectonics, Seismicity and Evolution, Geol., Surv., Ind. Misc. Publ., 41: 165–174. 65. 1975 Saklani, P. S., Outline of the Structure of Himalaya and Alps: a comparison, Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Czechoslovakia, Prague, 3: 221–236. 66. 1975 Saklani, P. S., Metamorphic Petrology of the Area, South of Mukhem Garhwal Himalaya, Recent Researches in Geology, Hind. Publ. Corp. India, Delhi, 82–106. 67. 1975 Saklani, P. S., Deformation of Quartz and Mica in tectonites of Tehri Garhwal Himalaya, 5th Himalayan Geology Seminar, Panjab University, 1969, Pub. Cent. Adv. Stud. Geol., Panjab University, Chandigarh, 10: 34–44. 68. 1975 Saklani, P. S., A review of Himalayan Orogenesis, Cas. Min. Geol., Czechoslovakia, Prague, 18: 193–198. 69. 1974 Saklani, P. S., Geologischer Aufbau Des Mukhem Gebiets, Garhwal Himalaya-Eine Zusammenfassung, Nachr. Deuch. Geol. Ges., Hannover, 10: 20–21. 70. 1973 Saklani, P. S., Occurrence of Stromatolites in the Bhelunta limestone formation of Pratapnagar area of Garhwal Himalaya, Sci. and Cult., 37: 215–216. 71. 1973 Saklani, P. S., Geological studies of the area, South of Mukhem, Garhwal Himalaya, (Summ. Doc. Thesis, Univ. Delhi), Geomag., 1: 11–13. 72. 1973 Saklani, P. S., Cataclasis of Allochtohon of the Pratapnagar Quartzite Group, Tehri Garhwal, Sci. and Cult., 87: 438–439. 73. 1972 Saklani, P. S., Metamorphism in rocks of par autochthonous zone of Mukhem area, Garhwal Himalaya. Indian Mineralogist, 13, 69–73. 74. 1972 Saklani, P. S., Tectonics of the Main Central Thrust Zone, Lesser Garhwal Himalaya, 27th International Geological Congress, Moscow, USSR, III 1–9, Sections 06–07 : 387–388. 75. 1972 Saklani, P. S., Metamorphism in the rocks of Pratapnagar area, Tehri Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh, Bull. Ind. Geol., Asso., Punjab University, 7: 115–128. 76. 1972 Saklani, P. S., Lithostratigraphy and Structure of the area between the Bhagirathi and Bhilangna rivers, Garhwal Himalaya, Himalayan Geology, 2 : 342–355. 77. 1972 Saklani, P. S., and Pande, I. C. Geology of the Pratapnagar area, Tehri Garhwal, Uttar Pradesh, Bull. Ind. Geol. Asso., 3(1 & 2): 12–18. 78. 1971 Saklani, P. S., Structure and tectonics of Pratapnagar area, Garhwal Himalaya. Him. Geol., 1, 75–91. 79. 1970 Saklani, P. S., Metamorphism in rocks of Garhwal Nappe of Garhwal Himalaya. Pub. Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Punjab University, Chandigarh Vol. 5, pp. 115–120. Dedication Dedication xi * Co-authored Editors: A. K. Shandilya, Department of Applied Geology, Dr. HS Gour University, Sagar India #Vinod K. Singh, Department of Geology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India S. C. Bhatt, Department of Geology, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India C. S. Dubey, Department of Geology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India # Corresponding editor email: vinodksingh@bujhansi.ac.in Preface The earth is a restless planet and has always been influenced by geological and geo-environmental processes. The interaction of magmatic, tectonometamorphic and metallogenic processes are responsible to produce crustal blocks. These blocks are represented by cratons, shields, and orogenic mobile belts. The studies done by the pioneers on geodynamics of lithospheric shields are adequate but the new insights are still needed to understand the detail geological processes. The geo-environmental events attributed to cause natural calamities and loss of life, land and properties. Although the natural disasters cannot be prevented, but their impact can be minimize by applying scientific remedial measures. Therefore, the researchers are more exited to know about the geochemical, geotectonic and geomorphological changes occurring in the exterior and interior domains of the earth. Keeping in view the above facts the idea has been immerged to edit a book on ‘Geological and Geo-Environmental Processes on Earth’ which is dedicated to an eminent Himalayan geoscientist late Prof. Prem Swarup Saklani. This book is structured into two sections; (I) Geological Processes, (II) Geo-Environmental Processes. The chapters pertaining to section Geological Processes are focusing on the geology, structure and tectonics, geodynamics, crust-mantle interactions, mineral chemistry, rare-earth deposits, metamorphic processes, geochemical and geochronological aspects of different parts of the continental crust. The chapters included in the section Geo-Environmental Processes are highlighting on seismic hazards, role of geotectonic controls in groundwater contamination and geothermal systems. It also explores the applications of remote sensing, Geographical Information System and SRTM data for evaluation of the morphometric and morphotectonics of different watersheds and vulnerability of earth towards landslides and natural hazards. This book will be useful to students, scientists, researchers, academician and planners working in various organizations. It is a noteworthy collection of articles written by eminent scholars from different countries of the world. Sagar, India Jhansi, India Jhansi, India Cuttack, Odisha Arun Kumar Shandilya Vinod Kumar Singh Suresh Chandra Bhatt Chandra Shekhar Dubey xiii Contents Geological and Geo-Environmental Processes on Earth: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . A. K. Shandilya, V. K. Singh, S. C. Bhatt, and C. S. Dubey 1 Geological Processes A Composite Structure of the Bashkir Anticlinorium: Insights from Detrital Zircons Search in Ordovician Sandstones of the Uraltau Uplift, Southern Urals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N. B. Kuznetsov, T. V. Romanyuk, and E. A. Belousova Astroblems in the Early Earth History: Precambrian Impact Structures of the Kola-Karelian Region (East Baltic Shield) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tatiana V. Kaulina, Lyudmila I. Nerovich, Vadim L. Il’chenko, Lyudmila M. Lialina, Evgeny L. Kunakkuzin, Maria A. Ganninbal, Sergey V. Mudruk, Dmitry V. Elizarov, and Elena S. Borisenko 7 25 Crustal Evolution of Bundelkhand Craton in Archean and Comparison with Other Indian Cratons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. I. Slabunov and Vinod K. Singh 39 Structure and Geological Processes of the Earth: Seismic Evidences from the Indian Shield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. Vijaya Rao and Damodara Nara 49 World Class Hutti Gold Deposit—An Archean Orogenic Gold Deposit in Hutti-Maski Greenstone Belt, Karnataka, India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Prabhakar Sangurmath 75 Indian Rare-Earth Deposits: Related Industry, Balance Problem and Atmnirbhar Bharat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Yamuna Singh 91 Petrology and Geochemistry of Mafic–Ultramafic Rocks from Taka Area, Western Bastar Craton, Central India: An Implication for Their Genesis and Mineralization Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Vivek P. Malviya, Rajkumar R. Meshram, Sanjeet K. Verma, G. Gopalkrishna, M. Shareef, Tushar M. Meshram, M. L. Dora, Suresh A. Chore, and Pankaj Mehta Metamorphism of the Central Bundelkhand Greenstone Complex of the Bundelkhand Craton, Indian Shield and Its Geodynamic Setting . . . . . . . . 143 Oleg S. Sibelev, Alexander I. Slabunov, Vinod K. Singh, and Sumit Mishra Tectonostratigraphic Terranes of the Bundelkhand Craton (Indian Shield) . . . . . 155 Vinod K. Singh, A. I. Slabunov, N. S. Nesterova, M. M. Singh, and S. C. Bhatt xv xvi Tectonic Evolution of Babina–Prithvipur Crustal Shear Zones, Bundelkhand Craton, India: Implications of Shear Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 S. C. Bhatt and Vinod K. Singh ‘Dudhmania Shear Zone’—As Interpreted from the Satellite Image and Its Ground Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 D. C. Banerji Geo-Environmental Processes Shallow Structure and Seismic Hazard in the Coastal Odisha, India . . . . . . . . . . 189 A. K. Rai and Rama K. Nayak A Critical Evaluation of the Role of Geotectonics in Groundwater Arsenic Contamination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Mohammad Ayaz Alam, Abhijit Mukherjee, and Prosun Bhattacharya Tectonic and Structural Controls on Geothermal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Mohammad Ayaz Alam A GIS-based Approach for Morphometric Analysis of Jamini Basin and Its Subwatersheds: Implication for Conservation of Soil and Water Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 S. C. Bhatt, Rubal Singh, Rahul Singh, Mohd Saif, and M. M. Singh Morphometric and Morphotectonic Studies of Sindh Basin, Central India, Using Advance Techniques of Remote Sensing and GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 S. C. Bhatt, Rubal Singh, Rahul Singh, V. K. Singh, and Adesh Patel Morphometric Analysis of Rohni Watershed, Upper Betwa Basin, Bundelkhand Region, Central India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 S. C. Bhatt, Sumit Mishra, Rubal Singh, and S. Bhatt Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of Watershed of Upper Pahuj Basin, Bundelkhand Region, Central India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 S. C. Bhatt, Rubal Singh, M. Taiyab, and S. Bhatt Morphotectonics of Kayadhu River Basin in Washim-Hingoli-Nanded Districts, Maharashtra: A Spatial Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Bhagwan B. Ghute and Shaikh Md. Babar Landslide Investigations Along the Road Corridor Between Nandprayag and Gopeshwar, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand Lesser Himalaya . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Rahul Negi, R. A. Singh, Pooja Saini, Piyush K. Singh, and Harish Khali Contents About the Editors Prof. Arun Kumar Shandilya is a faculty at Department of Applied Geology, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar, India. He has 41 years of Research and Teaching experience. He has published more than 80 Research papers in national and International journals. He has received Dr. V. S. Prabhakar Rao Gold Medal at graduation level (1974) and Dr. Radha Krishana Award in 1993, by Government of Madhya Pradesh. He served as the Head Department of Applied Geology, Dean, Student’s Welfare, Chief Coordinator (DST Instrumentation Centre -SIC) and Director, UGC Remedial Coaching Centre, Professor In Charge University Store and Purchase. He has served as the Subject Expert in the UPSC, state Public Service Commission (PSC), Scientific Terminology Commission, Govt. of India, and in the National Working Group for International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) of Geological Survey of India, Kolkata. He has completed 06 Research projects and supervised 06 Ph.D. students. Presently, he is working as member of editorial board of many journals, expert in Research Degree Committee (RDC) and Board of Studies (BOS) in various Universities. Prof. Vinod Kumar Singh is working on Precambrian geodynamics of Bundelkhand Craton and teaching at Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, India since November, 1999. He did Ph.D. in Geology from University of Delhi and worked on Structure and Tectonics on Himalayan orogenic belts. He worked on Plaeaomagnetism at Tubingen University, Germany as scientists and co-researcher with Prof. Erwin Appel in a collaborative project funded by German Research Council. He is working in collaboration with Institute of Geology, KRC, Petrozavodsk, Russia on geodynamic evolution of earth crust. Prof. Singh using integrated approach involving new and innovative methods, geological fields indeed represent both Archean/Proterozoic and Himalayan (and related) orogens, to understand the geodynamics of crustal evolution. He received ILTP and DST-RFBR projects to understand the global geodynamics by comparing the lithospheric structures and geodynamics of Bundelkhand Craton and Karelian Craton with Russian collaborators Prof. A. I. Slabunov and Prof. DrSc Sergei A. Svetov. Prof. Singh has published about sixty contributions in reputed journals, book chapters and also edited five books and journals. He is a member of editorial board of several journals. Prof. Suresh Chandra Bhatt a faculty in geology at Bundelkhand University Jhansi, India has specialization in Structural and Tectonic geology, Sedimentology, and Environmental Geology. He has distinguished record of services in academic and administrative field and has been working at several academic and administrative positions since last two decades. He is a recipient of Young Scientist project (1990), USSR fellowship (1987), CSIR pool scientist (1994) and did innovative research on tectonics of Himalaya and Bundelkhand craton and on palaeoclimate and chronosratigraphic status of Thar Desert. He authored two text books, three xvii xviii edited volumes and published more than 55 research papers. He guided five Ph.D. scholars under his stewardship. Professor Bhatt is a life member of Geological Society of India, Indian Society for Rock Mechanics and Tunnelling Technology, and Indian Society for Construction and Materials. He is working as a member of editorial board of several journals. Prof. Chandra Shekhar Dubey is presently working as a Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Science, Sri Sri University, Cuttack, Odisha, India. He has worked in the field of Earth and Environmental Science for the last three decades. He worked as Vice Chancellor in Sanskriti University Mathura and Director of Institute of Lifelong Learning and Campus of Open Learning besides being Head, Centre of Advanced Studies, Department of Geology and Dean of Science in University of Delhi, India. He has published 57 papers in peer reviewed International and National Journals, one patent for removal of Arsenic and has supervised 15 Ph.D. students. He has been a visiting Professor to Joseph Fourier University, Grenoble, France and recipient of International UNESCO CNR-Indo- Italian, NSF-DST Indo-US and B. P. Koirala India-Nepal Fellowship grants. He has worked as a Chairman/Expert member in several National and International committees in Ministry of Environment and Forests, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Water resources, University Grants Commission, DRDO and ICDE, Norway, HKT etc. About the Editors