16th and 17th c.

We propose to read Francis Bacon's doctrine of the idols of the mind as an investigation firmly entrenched in his mental-medicinal concerns and we argue that an important role therein is played by the imagination. Looking at the ways in which the imagination serves to pinpoint several crucial aspects of the idolic mind permits us to signal the explicit or implicit cross-references between what in Bacon's tree of knowledge appear as distinct branches: the various faculties and their arts; the mind, the body, and their league; natural philosophy, moral philosophy, and the philosophy of man. The consequence of this rich picture of the diagnosis of the mind is an equally rich conception of the cure, which comprises both epistemic and physiological aspects. We extract the features of this integrated view out of Bacon's epistemological and medical natural historical writings, which we propose to read in tandem. We also propose a number of sources for Bacon's views on the imagination, whose variety accounts for the multivalent, sometimes elusive, but surely pervasive role of the imagination in the Baconian diagnosis and cure of the mind.

By examining the representation of popular and inquisitorial forms of punishment in the works of Cervantes, this essay seeks to recover shame as an emotional register of lived experience in the early modern Mediterranean, an affect which has hitherto remained overshadowed by the abundance of critical literature on honor as well as by large-scale Mediterraneanizing studies.  The identification of an inquisitorial discourse of shaming in the episodes of Don Quijote’s encagement suggests the need, on the one hand, to reevaluate what twentieth-century anthropology denominated the “values” of Mediterranean society and, on the other, to rehabilitate local (hi)stories that are all marked by blood: the blood of shame’s blush; that which was shed through violent conflicts; and that which governed the politics of blood purity.

Despite fragmentation, heterogeneity and the continuous pressure of the Ottoman Empire, early modern “divided Hungary” witnessed a surprising cultural flourishing in the sixteenth century, and maintained its common cultural identity in the seventeenth century. This could hardly have been possible without intense exchange with the rest of Europe. This three-volume series about early modern Hungary divided by Ottoman presence approaches themes of exchange of information and knowledge from two perspectives, namely, exchange through traditional channels provided by religious/educational institutions and the system of European study tours (Volume 1 – Study Tours and Intellectual-Religious Relationships), and the less regular channels and improvised networks of political diplomacy (Volume 2 – Diplomacy, Information Flow and Cultural Exchange). A by-product of this exchange of information was the changing image of early modern Hungary and Transylvania, which is presented in the third and in some aspects concluding volume of essays (Volume 3 – The Making and Uses of the Image of Hungary and Transylvania). Unlike earlier approaches to the same questions, these volumes draw an alternative map of early modern Hungary. On this map, the centre-periphery conceptions of European early modern culture are replaced by new narratives written from the perspective of historical actors, and the dominance of Western-Hungarian relationships is kept in balance due to the significance of Hungary’s direct neighbours, most importantly the Ottoman Empire.

The editors of the volumes—Gábor Almási, Szymon Brzeziński, Ildikó Horn, Kees Teszelszky and Áron Zarnóczki—are based at Hungarian, Polish and Dutch institutions of historical research. Their collaboration is the result of a joint research programme generously financed by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund and carried out at the Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest.

À partir du règne de Philippe III (r. 1598-1621), en Espagne la conception du statut des reines devint ambiguë. La figure de la reine arbora, à la fois, le statut royal et la sujétion au roi, détenteur de l'auctoritas. Déjà au haut Moyen Âge, comme l'expliqua Jo Ann Mac Namara, les reines avaient collaboré avec les hagiographes cléricaux pour établir la sainteté comme un attribut de leur fonction. Ayant pour dessein de convertir leurs sujets au christianisme, leur exemplarité était indispensable au bon fonctionnement de la monarchie. Les reines jouaient le rôle de pacificatrices face aux rois qui incarnaient la vertu guerrière. Elles avaient la charge de leur demander la clémence dans le traitement de ses ennemis. Elles occupaient la fonction d'intermédiaires entre le pouvoir temporel du roi et le pouvoir spirituel des clercs en construisant des églises, en recueillant des reliques, en effectuant des pèlerinages, en fondant des monastères.

In the XVIIth century, the Portuguese architecture received a great contribution from a self-taught group of experimented professionals. In this context, some books from de library of the architect Fr. João Turriano are a considerable document to clarify the importance of the artistic literature in the learning process of building at time. Considering it, this paper is the result of a recent study into how hand-notes taken down by Fr. João were on the basis of his project for Santa Clara-a-Nova monastery (1647) in Coimbra. We hope these pages may suggest further research on those minor architects who, as Turriano, greatly contributed to the Portuguese artistic scene after 1640's.

The monetary discovery analyzed in the previous pages is a hoard found in the area of Marghita city and it is preserved in the collection of the Criş County Museum (Bihor county). The hoard consists of 2884 small silver coins issued between 1469 and 1599, in Hungary, Bohemia, Poland, Prussia and the city Schweidnitz. The composition of the hoard is completed by 70 fragmentary pieces which due to their conservation status could not be determined. As to the monetary units the hoard consists of 2856 denars, 52 weisspfennigs, 4 groschen and 2 half-groschen.

The paper is structured on two levels: the catalog of coins with pictures illustrating each type of discovery, and a brief analysis on the characteristics of issuers and coin types, with an indicative calculation of the contemporary value completed by an approximation of the exchange rates on the period of the accumulation and hiding of the hoard. The annexes contain aditional graphics and tables designed to facilitate statistical analysis and interpretation of the hoards structure.

The effervescence of Humanism during the 16th and 17th centuries was also notable in Andalucía, where a group of persons mostly grammarians but also some poets, contributed to the study and spread of Classical culture. This was mainly developed from the University, by those who held the Chair of grammar and by others who published versions or adaptations of the classicals poets. Cuando se habla de humanismo o, en este caso, de humanistas, inme-diatamente se piensa en las grandes figuras como Nebrija, Mal-Lara, Luís Vives..., sin embargo, otros, impregnados también de este espíritu se dedicaron al estudio y divulgación de la cultura clásica. Estos últimos no fueron figuras que disfrutaron del reconocimiento europeo, algunos ni siquiera fueron conocidos más allá de los límites de su ciudad o región, pero no por ello deben dejarse olvidados, pues en su momento desempe-ñaron su papel en la formación de la vida cultural de su entorno. Estos hombres de los siglos XVI y XVII serán objeto de nuestro estudio en el presente trabajo. Es necesario precisar que en esta época ni en las Universidades de Gra-nada y Baeza ni en los diversos colegios existentes se impartían clases de