3D terrestrial laser scanning is a relatively new, but already revolutionary, surveying technique. The survey yield a digital data set, which is essentially a dense “point cloud”, where each point is represented by a coordinate in 3D... more
3D terrestrial laser scanning is a relatively new, but already revolutionary, surveying technique. The survey yield a digital data set, which is essentially a dense “point cloud”, where each point is represented by a coordinate in 3D space. The most important advantage of the method is that a very high point density can be achieved, in the order of 5 to 10 mm resolution. In order to analyse the character and shape of the scanned surfaces it is necessary to convert the irregularly distributed point data into 3D surface information using surface reconstruction. The reconstructed surface can subsequently be visualized using a variety of 3D visualization techniques. From the reconstructed 3D surfaces, it is also possible to generate 2D profiles or elevation contour lines for use in regular GIS or CAD packages. A number of applications are described in this paper, which may illustrate the possible benefits of using laser scanning as a technique in engineering geological practice and research: volume analysis and monitoring, detailed and large-scale topographic mapping, tunnelling, rock face surveying, and digital outcrop mapping.
Ülkemizde bulunan sayısız tarihi miraslardan birisi olan Konya-Sille mahallesinin kökeni 6000 yıl öncesine kadar gitmektedir. Sille, Roma-Bizans-Kudüs yolu üzerinde yer aldığı için önemli bir dini merkez olmuştur. Osmanlı döneminde de... more
Ülkemizde bulunan sayısız tarihi miraslardan birisi olan Konya-Sille mahallesinin kökeni 6000 yıl öncesine kadar gitmektedir. Sille, Roma-Bizans-Kudüs yolu üzerinde yer aldığı için önemli bir dini merkez olmuştur. Osmanlı döneminde de tarihi ipek ve baharat yolları üzerinde yer alması nedeniyle önemi hiç yitirmemiştir. Tarihi dokusu bir hayli zarar görmüş olsa da günümüzde başlatılan restorasyon çalışmaları ile Sille’deki eski doku canlandırılmaya ve yaşatılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu amaçla mahallede bulunan birçok tescilli ve tescilsiz yapının rölöve, restitüsyon ve restorasyon projeleri hayata geçirilmiş ve halen de bu projeler devam etmektedir. Sokak sağlıklaştırma projeleri kültür varlıklarının sokağa bakan cepheleri ile mimari elemanların özgün sokak dokusu ile birlikte korunması, sağlıklaştırılarak yaşatılması ve çağdaş yaşama katılmasını sağlayan bunun yanında sokağın dokusunu tanımlayan tüm öğelerin korunması ve belgelenmesine yönelik rölöve, restitüsyon, restorasyon projelerinin yapılmasını içeren çalışmalardır. Klasik ölçme yöntemleriyle yapıldığı zamana kıyasla rölöve alımı günümüzde uzaktan algılama teknikleriyle daha hassas, doğru ve kısa sürede yapılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada tarihi Sille mahallesinde bulunan Hükümet caddesinde yapılan sokak sağlıklaştırma projesi kapsamında cadde boyunca tüm yapıların cepheleri yersel lazer tarama tekniği ile ölçülerek belgelenmiştir. Son yıllarda lazer tarama tekniği yersel fotogrametrik tekniklerinde önüne geçerek mimari projelerde en çok tercih edilen teknoloji olmuştur. Lazer tarama teknolojisi, tarihi yapıların belgelenmesi ve yaşatılması ile bu eserlerin sayısal ortama birebir olarak 3 boyutlu model halinde aktarılmasını sağlamış bunun yanında yapılacak restorasyon projelerine altlık olacak rölövelerinin daha aslına uygun çizilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında lazer tarama cihazı toplamda 107 istasyon noktasına kurularak ölçüm yapılmış ve elde edilen tarama verileri birleştirme ve filtreleme aşamalarından sonra caddenin 3 boyutlu modelini oluşturmuştur. Bu model kullanılarak caddenin silueti, yapıların kesitleri, görünüşleri ve cepheleri elde edilmiştir.
Determination and documentation are the basis of all studies in the context of conservation and sustainability of cultural heritage. Considering the number of historical and cultural properties and their deterioration status, the fastest... more
Determination and documentation are the basis of all studies in the context of conservation and sustainability of cultural heritage. Considering the number of historical and cultural properties and their deterioration status, the fastest and most accurate method of documentation is required to be used in these studies. With the development of technology, traditional documentation methods have been replaced by digitization which enables the acceleration of the whole process. 3D laser scanning technology is the most rapid, accurate (metric) and reliable method used in digitization studies of cultural properties / cultural heritage nowadays. By using laser point cloud data, 3D model of cultural properties can also be generated quickly and in detail as well as documentation and digital archiving. At this point, the integration of digital camera or 360 ⁰ panoramic camera, which is very popular today, and point cloud data makes a significant contribution to further analyzes. This study expresses the 3D digitalization processes of the Suleymaniye Külliye (Mosque and Complex), which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. 3D model and VR applications, which are also outputs of the study, are discussed at the end part.
This work was developed to train graduate students as part of the Delphi4Delphi project dealing with the digital reconstruction of the archaeological site of Delphi. In this part of the project, various technologies were used for 3-d... more
This work was developed to train graduate students as part of the Delphi4Delphi project dealing with the digital reconstruction of the archaeological site of Delphi. In this part of the project, various technologies were used for 3-d digital mapping cultural heritage structures for maintenance and restoration purposes. The use of various surveying technologies such as UAS, Total station, digital camera, Lidar scanner and GPS to map in 3d the remaining of the monument Tholos and the surrounding area in Delphi Greece and based on such mapping to restore the entire structure is covered in detail. The remains of such monuments are a few columns standing up joined with original elements on top. In this part of the project GPS was used to establish the reference system, total station was used to measure a number of control points for UAS, close range photogrammetry and Lidar scanner, UAS was used to map precisely the surrounding area together with the structure, close range photogrammetry and Lidar scanner were used to map the vertical surfaces of the structure. Processing of above data from all surveying technologies created enough point cloud to map precisely the remains of the structure and expand their architectural design to precisely restore the entire Tholos monument. Also all digital data are used by software for the construction of 3D terrain and 3D models which when inserted into Game Engines software aim at the creation of educational scenarios.
Manufacturers often express the performance of a 3D imaging device in various non-uniform ways for the lack of internationally recognized standard requirements for metrological parameters able to identify the capability of capturing a... more
Manufacturers often express the performance of a 3D imaging device in various non-uniform ways for the lack of internationally recognized standard requirements for metrological parameters able to identify the capability of capturing a real scene. For this reason several national and international organizations in the last ten years have been developing protocols for verifying such performance. Ranging from VDI/VDE 2634, published by the Association of German Engineers and oriented to the world of mechanical 3D measurements (triangulation-based devices), to the ASTM technical committee E57, working also on laser systems based on direct range detection (TOF, Phase Shift, FM-CW, flash LADAR), this paper shows the state of the art about the characterization of active range devices, with special emphasis on measurement uncertainty, accuracy and resolution. Most of these protocols are based on special objects whose shape and size are certified with a known level of accuracy. By capturing the 3D shape of such objects with a range device, a comparison between the measured points and the theoretical shape they should represent is possible. The actual deviations can be directly analyzed or some derived parameters can be obtained (e.g. angles between planes, distances between barycenters of spheres rigidly connected, frequency domain parameters, etc.). This paper shows theoretical aspects and experimental results of some novel characterization methods applied to different categories of active 3D imaging devices based on both principles of triangulation and direct range detection.
Plans are guiding tool for planning and for in-depth investigation to arrive at suitable decision and its accuracy depends on the quality of survey. Survey by Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) is not only precise but saves enormous time and... more
Plans are guiding tool for planning and for in-depth investigation to arrive at suitable decision and its accuracy depends on the quality of survey. Survey by Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) is not only precise but saves enormous time and manpower. It can scan closed spaced (mm distance) millions of data in three-dimension in seconds. It is a useful modern survey instrument for conducting survey of large opencast mines, unapproachable areas and highwall for stability investigation. The rock mass condition in the form of joints can precisely be mapped. Plans, contours, vertical sections and three-dimensional digital model etc. can be prepared by the userfriendly ATLAScan software. Volume of excavation, stock piles and dumps can also be precisely computed. Hence, its application and utility has become the need in the scenario of mining world.
3D terrestrial laser scanning is a relatively new, but already revolutionary, surveying technique. The survey yield a digital data set, which is essentially a dense point cloud, where each point is represented by a coordinate in 3D space.... more
3D terrestrial laser scanning is a relatively new, but already revolutionary, surveying technique. The survey yield a digital data set, which is essentially a dense point cloud, where each point is represented by a coordinate in 3D space. The most important advantage of the method is that a very high point density can be achieved, in the order of 5 to 10 mm resolution. In order to analyse the character and shape of the scanned surfaces it is necessary to convert the irregularly distributed point data into 3D surface information using surface reconstruction. The reconstructed surface can subsequently be visualized using a variety of 3D visualization techniques. From the reconstructed 3D surfaces, it is also possible to generate 2D profiles or elevation contour lines for use in regular GIS or CAD packages. A number of applications are described in this paper, which may illustrate the possible benefits of using laser scanning as a technique in engineering geological practice and research: volume analysis and monitoring, detailed and large-scale topographic mapping, tunnelling, rock face surveying, and digital outcrop mapping.
