ASUDAS

A tradução de termos científicos é necessária para a adequação da “linguagem de especialidade” de cada área científica a cada idioma. Para que a língua portuguesa possa ser usada em comunicação cientí ca e internacional (em países de língua oficial portuguesa e em territórios onde essa língua está amplamente difundida), é necessário encontrar harmonização linguística, através de glossários relativos a cada área científica. O objetivo deste artigo é a tradução sistemática para português dos termos científicos usados em inglês na descrição morfológica e anatómica dentária em Antropologia. A tradução dos 56 termos considerados evitou, tanto quanto possível, a tradução literal ou por decalque. Os termos produzidos consideram a raiz etimológica (greco-latina) dos vocábulos ingleses. As unidades lexicais sugeridas permitem a adequada descrição dos elementos morfológicos e anatómicos considerados.

Dental morphology analyzes a set of widely studied traits which variation was mostly determined by genetic diversity. This variation, expressed in character frequencies for each sample, differs between populations at the wider geographical scales. Therefore, it allows for the biological relations between samples to be calculated, using statistical tools. The Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS) and other complementary methodologies were used to record the dental and oral morphology of 600 identified individuals (300 males and 300 females), from two collections (Trocas Internacionais and Escolas Médicas) of the University of Coimbra, who died in Portugal in the late 19th and early to mid-20th century. Their dental morphology frequencies were analyzed and compared with others published by different authors, with the aim to enlighten the biological relations with other samples and the effects of the gene flow into and from Portugal across time. The consequences of other factors in the dental morphology of the Coimbra sample and its scoring were also analyzed. Principal components analysis, Kendall’s tau-b, Spearman’s rho, Pearson’s chi-squared, Kruskal-Wallis H, Mann-Whitney U and Z-ratio were the statistical tests used. The mean precision (overall precision: 89.4%; precision within one grade: 96.0%; presence/absence precision: 94.5%) in the scoring of the dental nonmetric traits was adequate. Only the tuberculum dentale presented unreliable repeatability of observation, and was removed from further analysis. The scorability of dental discrete traits between observations was precise (mean overall precision: 97.0%), as was the recording of dental wear within one grade (mean overall precision: 74.8%; precision within one grade: 99.6%).The mean precision for oral nonmetric traits presented slightly greater difficulties in their repeatability (overall precision: 82.8%; presence/absence precision: 86.4%), partially explained by methodological options. Scorability was precise for oral discrete variables (mean overall precision: 99.3%). The dental morphology asymmetry found in the Coimbra sample was fluctuating, which can be used as a measure of developmental instability. Their general frequencies were high (mean overall asymmetry: 9.2%; mean asymmetry without bilaterally absent sites: 63.5%; mean asymmetry without bilaterally absent sites and small samples’ traits: 49.5%). The statistical difference in asymmetry between sexes was consistently significant (mean overall asymmetry: Z-ratio = 3.803, P = 0.002; mean asymmetry without bilaterally absent sites: Z-ratio = 3.432, P = 0.0006; mean asymmetry without bilaterally absent sites and small samples’ traits: Z-ratio = 2.499, P = 0.0125). Twelve of the 61 (19.7%) traits analyzed show some amount of sexual dimorphism. Intratrait correlations were only found for the frequencies of cusp number and the presence of specific cusps, as expected. Several biological affinity analyses revealed the Coimbra sample’s proximity to other Iberian samples, and to North African, Imperial Roman and Brazilian samples. To further clarify the validity of the biological relations found, the effect of dental wear in scoring precision was tested. This revealed higher dental wear rates to be associated with lower intra-observer error and lower trait frequencies. The individual count method was used when possible, but the tooth count and side count methods were also applied when necessary. To ascertain the legitimacy of the analyses, the different count methods were compared, and found to retain the pattern of frequency distribution. The expression count method was used to compare samples of similar background and different sizes. It allowed the biological continuity of the Coimbra sample to be demonstrated through time (generations) and space (districts, regions, foreign and Portuguese born), and for it to be estimated when dealing with individuals of low and high fluctuating asymmetry. The observations and methods used seem generally reliable. The fluctuating asymmetry level suggests a possibly high developmental instability, and a potential childcare bias, to the detriment of female individuals. Sexual dimorphism was acceptably low, so the sexes were pooled in subsequent analyses. The dental morphology data demonstrated (a) the Portuguese frequencies correspond to Eurodonty, with the exception of Carabelli’s lower frequencies and (b) historical population movements related to Portugal altered subsequent gene pools. Those data were not affected by the involvement of dental wear in the scoring precision and the trait frequencies, since its pattern should be extensible to most samples, nor by the comparison of frequencies ailing from different count methods. The genetic proximity of the several devisable subsamples within the selected individuals underlines the validity of the conclusions and the biological coherence of the Portuguese population.

Dental and maxillofacial bone nonmetric traits are phenetic variables under high genetic control. Several traits’ frequencies can be compared between samples to estimate their biological affinity. Principal components analysis (PCA) reduces information pertaining to sample variation into graphically visual axes, which are more easily interpreted. The present objective is to exemplify the use and interpretation of PCA in dental morphology. Four samples from the North and Centre of Portugal with chronologies between the 17th and 20th centuries were compared as an example. The PCA test generated three components and informed on how much variation is comprised (and what are the most important variables) in each component. Bi- and three-dimensional scatterplots allow visualization and interpretation of the identified axes, which should consider the percentage of variation represented by each component. The main factors justifying between-sample variation seem to correspond to their geographic and chronological positions.

The observation of dental non-metric characters used in the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (among others) is of major interest in the study of past populations. Dental morphological traits are genetically determined, and dependent of a small and stable part of the genome; their development seems unaffected by the uterine environment and their evolution is slow, probably independent of natural selection. The relative frequency of dental traits is a testimony to the biological distances between populations. The study of the inferior dentition in a late XIXth/early XXth century sample deceased in Oporto, Portugal, is the example of a statistically simple approach to the biological comparison between populations, using the ASUDAS (Turner et al. 1991), mainly, but also a trait proposed by Weets (2009).
The comparisons with international samples denoted biological relatedness with European and, to a lesser extent, North African
populations. The Iberian samples also suggest a close relationship with those populations. The use of the ASUDAS to the study of teeth
from archaeological contexts is important. A greater collection of data will be used in the determination of the population history of the Iberian Peninsula. Important questions, relative to cultural influence/colonization may then be closer to resolution.

Dental morphology provides important information on human evolution and interpopulation relationships. Dental wear is one of the major limitations of morphological data analysis. Wear figures heavily in existing debates about patterns of New World dental variation with some scholars finding evidence for a more generalized dentition in early New World populations (Powell: Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A&M University, TX (1995)) and others questioning these findings based on the probable effects of dental wear on trait scores (Turner, The First Americans: the Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. San Francisco: California Academy of Sciences (2002) 123-158; Turner: Am J Phys Anthropol 130 (2006) 455-461; Turner and Scott, Handbook of paleoanthropology, Vol. III: Phylogeny of Hominids. New York: Springer (2007) 1901-1941). Here we evaluate these competing claims using data from the Early Archaic Windover sample. Results confirm the dental distinctiveness of Windover with respect to...

The term Hyksos commonly refers to the foreign dynasty that inhabited and held power in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, circa 1640-1530 BCE. Although research suggests the Hyksos were of Levantine origin, the exact provenance of the dynasty has remained elusive, calling for further employment of archaeological material. Previous work has integrated archaeological, artistic and textual evidence, but human skeletal material has remained lightly investigated. To remedy the situation, human remains drawing from known Hyksos samples and potential Near Eastern sites are analysed under the auspices of the ERC-funded project " The Hyksos Enigma ". The skeletal material is investigated using both conventional methods as well as novel approaches in order to create biological and demographic profiles for further bioarchaeological analysis. Biological affiliation is investigated using methods analysing skeletal and dental similarity and dissimilarity, employing techniques...

The term Hyksos commonly refers to the foreign dynasty that inhabited and held power in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, circa 1640-1530 BCE. Although research suggests the Hyksos were of Levantine origin, the exact provenance of the dynasty has remained elusive, calling for further employment of archaeological material. Previous work has integrated archaeological, artistic and textual evidence, but human skeletal material has remained lightly investigated. To remedy the situation, human remains drawing from known Hyksos samples and potential Near Eastern sites are analysed under the auspices of the ERC-funded project " The Hyksos Enigma ". The skeletal material is investigated using both conventional methods as well as novel approaches in order to create biological and demographic profiles for further bioarchaeological analysis. Biological affiliation is investigated using methods analysing skeletal and dental similarity and dissimilarity, employing techniques considering both metric and non-metric information. This allows for the exploration of similarities and differences within the population, currently defined only as Hyksos, as well as between populations from sites associated with the Hyksos. The presentation offers a first look in to the project, explaining the reasoning behind the selected methodology and sites. Preliminary results are presented from an examination conducted on a skeletal sample from Tell el-Dab'a, the ancient Hyksos capital Avaris, with a special emphasis on dental analysis. Researchers studying associated material and areas are invited to discuss the results.

BioRxiv Preprint: The present study applies a dental morphological perspective to the understanding of the complex population history of pre-contact South-Central Andes, the detection of the underlying dynamics, and the assessment of the biological ties among groups. It takes into account 1665 individuals from 16 sites that date from the Archaic to the Late Intermediate located along the coast, on the altiplano, and in the coastal valleys of both Chile and Peru.

Though the term Hyksos commonly refers to the rulers of the Egyptian Second Intermediate Period, it is also used to describe the larger population from which these rulers rose from. Archaeological, artistic and textual sources suggest a Levantine origin to the ‘Hyksos people’, however whether this was a single homogenous group or several groups from a wider area, has remained uncertain.
Nonmetric traits, also called epigenetic or quasi-continuous traits, are normal variation of the human skeleton that remain hidden during life. The traits, though seemingly random in a single person, often have a genetic component that links biologically closely related people together, enabling an exploration of biological affiliations not only within but between populations.
As a non-invasive method, nonmetric trait analysis can be used to study biological closeness when there is no wish or possibility to use DNA analysis. An increasing number of nonmetric trait analyses are being conducted to skeletal human remains, creating trait distribution maps for a wider exploration of biological closeness. As part of the Hyksos Enigma project, nonmetric traits from skeletal human remains from Tell el-Daba, the ancient Hyksos capital of Avaris, are recorded. The results help to understand familial relationships within the site but also compare the site and its subgroups to Levantine sites, potentially offering new insight into the Hyksos origin and the wider migration of people in the Levantine area.

"The study of human dentition began in the Classical Era, developing towards the analysis of anatomy (dental formation and histology) in the 18th and 19th centuries (Alt et al., 1998). Discrete trais were used in the search for biological relationships between populations from the 19th century onwards (Silva, 2002), and the consideration of fenotypical dental traits was brought on by Lasker‟s work (Lasker, 1950, in Irish e Nelson, 2008). The recording by degrees of expression was systematized by the ASUDAS method (Turner et al., 1991).
The present work has the objective of studying the discrete traits of 163 mandibles and the dentition present in 104 of these, to characterize a population of portuguese origin, located at the Museu de História Natural da FC-UP. As well as this, there was the intention of biologically characterizing such sample, by comparing the established pattern with the ones found in world and iberian samples.
The ASUDAS system, to which a trait suggested by Weets (2009) was added, was used to characterize the dental morphology. Hauser and De Stefano (1989), Movsesjan et al. (1975 in Galera et al., 1995) and Albuquerque (1952) suggested methods of recording mandibular non-metric traits, adopted herein. The mandibular sexual diagnosis was established through a multiplicity of complementary methodologies (Loth and Henneberg [1996], adapted by Balci et al. [2005]; Buikstra et al., 1994; Ferenbach et al., 1980; Giles, 1964).
The frequencies of non-metric dental traits allowed the identification of the proximity of european samples and, to a lesser degree, of north African samples, to the present population. The comparison of iberian samples showed likeness between these and the present material, underlining some proximity with the populations in the current portuguese territory. The data referring to mandibular traits corroborate the biological link to european populations, which was expected.
This work thus contributes to characterize a sample that was assumed to be Portuguese and natural of Oporto, through the inferior dentition and the mandibular traits. The author suggests that future researchers should invest in characterizing the portuguese samples, recent and otherwise, contributing to a greater knowledge of iberian history, also emphasizing the need to acquire complete and unequivocal results."

The term Hyksos commonly refers to the foreign dynasty that inhabited and held power in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, circa 1640-1530 BCE. Although research suggests the Hyksos were of Levantine origin, the exact provenance of the dynasty has remained elusive, calling for further employment of archaeological material. Previous work has integrated archaeological, artistic and textual evidence, but human skeletal material has remained lightly investigated. To remedy the situation, human remains drawing from known Hyksos samples and potential Near Eastern sites are analysed under the auspices of the ERC-funded project " The Hyksos Enigma ". The skeletal material is investigated using both conventional methods as well as novel approaches in order to create biological and demographic profiles for further bioarchaeological analysis. Biological affiliation is investigated using methods analysing skeletal and dental similarity and dissimilarity, employing techniques considering both metric and non-metric information. This allows for the exploration of similarities and differences within the population, currently defined only as Hyksos, as well as between populations from sites associated with the Hyksos. The presentation offers a first look in to the project, explaining the reasoning behind the selected methodology and sites. Preliminary results are presented from an examination conducted on a skeletal sample from Tell el-Dab'a, the ancient Hyksos capital Avaris, with a special emphasis on dental analysis. Researchers studying associated material and areas are invited to discuss the results.

The term Hyksos commonly refers to the foreign dynasty that inhabited and held power in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, circa 1640-1530 BCE. Although research suggests the Hyksos were of Levantine origin, the exact provenance of the dynasty has remained elusive, calling for further employment of archaeological material. Previous work has integrated archaeological, artistic and textual evidence, but human skeletal material has remained lightly investigated. To remedy the situation, human remains drawing from known Hyksos samples and potential Near Eastern sites are analysed under the auspices of the ERC-funded project " The Hyksos Enigma ". The skeletal material is investigated using both conventional methods as well as novel approaches in order to create biological and demographic profiles for further bioarchaeological analysis. Biological affiliation is investigated using methods analysing skeletal and dental similarity and dissimilarity, employing techniques considering both metric and non-metric information. This allows for the exploration of similarities and differences within the population, currently defined only as Hyksos, as well as between populations from sites associated with the Hyksos. The presentation offers a first look in to the project, explaining the reasoning behind the selected methodology and sites. Preliminary results are presented from an examination conducted on a skeletal sample from Tell el-Dab'a, the ancient Hyksos capital Avaris, with a special emphasis on dental analysis. Researchers studying associated material and areas are invited to discuss the results.

Phenotypic expression of teeth shape varies within and between populations across the world and is used in bioarchaeology to explore population history and origins. The present study aims to explore the recently defined “Eurodont” dental pattern by recording dental nonmetric traits in two different European assemblages, and by comparing them to previous studies. The goal is to evaluate if they fit in the model of Eurodonty and to assess if that model could be more precisely defined. One hundred and nine individuals coming from the site of Chichester (England) and the city centre of Brussels (Belgium) were examined. The data was recorded following the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System and frequencies for presence of non-metric traits were calculated. These frequencies were further compared with studies coming from the literature and, more precisely, research on assemblages from Portugal and Spain (Catalonia) as well as comparative data provided for England, the Netherlands, and Spain (Basque Country). The results confirm that dental morphology is rather homogeneous in Europe. However, multivariate statistical analyses reveal possible patterning, especially a Northern vs. Southern Europe trend. Yet, necessary comparanda to confirm this trend is presently lacking.

Researchers commonly rely on human dental morphological features in order to reconstruct genetic affinities among past individuals and populations, particularly since teeth are often the best preserved part of a human skeleton. Tooth form is considered to be highly heritable and selectively neutral and, therefore, to be an excellent proxy for DNA when none is available. However, until today, it remains poorly understood whether certain dental traits or trait combinations preserve neutral genomic signatures to a greater degree than others. Here, we address this long-standing research gap by systematically testing the utility of 27 common dental traits and >134 million possible trait combinations in reflecting neutral genomic variation in a worldwide sample of modern human populations. Our analyses reveal that not all traits are equally well-suited for reconstructing population affinities. Whereas some traits largely reflect neutral variation and therefore evolved primarily as a result of genetic drift, others can be linked to nonstochastic processes such as natural selection or hominin admixture. We also demonstrate that reconstructions of population affinity based on many traits are not necessarily more reliable than those based on only a few traits. Importantly, we find a set of highly diagnostic trait combinations that preserve neutral genetic signals best (up to xr = 0.580; 95% r range = 0.293 to 0.758; P = 0.001). We propose that these trait combinations should be prioritized in future research, as they allow for more accurate inferences about past human population dynamics when using dental morphology as a proxy for DNA.

BioRxiv Preprint: The present study applies a dental morphological perspective to the understanding of the complex population history of pre-contact South-Central Andes, the detection of the underlying dynamics, and the assessment of the biological ties among groups. It takes into account 1665 individuals from 16 sites that date from the Archaic to the Late Intermediate located along the coast, on the altiplano, and in the coastal valleys of both Chile and Peru.

BioRxiv Preprint: The present study applies a dental morphological perspective to the understanding of the complex population history of pre-contact South-Central Andes, the detection of the underlying dynamics, and the assessment of the biological ties among groups. It takes into account 1665 individuals from 16 sites that date from the Archaic to the Late Intermediate located along the coast, on the altiplano, and in the coastal valleys of both Chile and Peru.

Non-metric dental traits are well established tools for anthropologists investigating population affiliation and movement in humans. Nonetheless, similar traits in the great apes have received considerably less attention. The present study provides data on non-metric trait variability in the deciduous molars of great apes from museum context. Twenty-eight traits are observed in the upper and lower deciduous molars in specimens of Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus, Gorilla gorilla, and Gorilla beringei. These groups are compared based on trait frequencies and mean measures of divergence. This study demonstrates the variability of non-metric traits in the deciduous molars of chimpanzees and gorillas. These traits could potentially be used in the same way that non-metric traits are in humans, namely group affiliation and population movements through time. Further, this study establishes scoring guidelines and methodology relevant to deciduous dental morphological characteristics found in t...

Several models, based on genetic, linguistic, and archaeological data, have been hypothesised to explain the transition to agriculture in both Neolithic Europe and the Near East. On the other hand much less has been established regarding the North African context and in particular concerning the origin of the Iberomaurusian populations and their relations to both the populations preceding them in the same area and the ones which followed during Neolithic times. Even though this has, given rise to different discussions and hypotheses, throughout time, the debate on the origins of the Iberomaurusian populations has been far from settled. There seems, instead, to be a more general agreement regarding the more gracile Capsian populations, and in particular, most concord these most probably replaced the Iberomaurusian ones during the final portion of the Pleistocene and are the ones which should be considered the immediate ancestors of Berbers and of the other North African populations. Previous studies done using dental morphology have suggested the Iberomaurusians might not be related to the subsequent North Africans. The present study wishes to estimate, through the analysis of 68 dental non metric traits (37 maxillary and 31 mandibular), the biological distances among the two Iberomaurusian samples of Taforalt (77 individuals, 415 teeth examined) and Afalou-Bou-Rhummel (51 individuals, 281 teeth examined) and other 13 samples from the European and Circum-Mediterranean Upper Paleolithic (431 individuals 1668 teeth), Mesolithic (302 individuals, 1992 teeth) and Neolithic (577 individuals, 3159 teeth). In order to assess the morphological affinities among the groups considered, Principal Components (PCA), Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) analyses were applied. The latter of which was calculated from a Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD) matrix. The results obtained, through the different multivariate methods applied, varied slightly, suggesting the persistency of a certain degree of instability. However some trends did remain constant throughout. In particular, the two Iberomaurusian populations (Taforalt and Afalou-Bou-Rhummel) showed, in all the analyses applied, a considerable degree of affinity one another, as did likewise, the Neolithic populations from the Maghreb (Morocco and Tunisia) and the, both contemporary and Calcolithic, populations from Italy and Spain.