Agricultural Finance and Coperatives

Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 33 of 2014 about the Halal Products Assurance (Halal Law) states that all products circulating in Indonesia must be halal certified. This law began to be formally and gradually implemented on October 17, 2019, since it was passed on October 17, 2014. This is evidence of government protection for Muslim consumers while opening opportunities for the development of the halal industry both from within or outside the country. The Global Islamic Economic Report in 2017 - 2018 shows that the potential of the halal industry in Indonesia, globally is projected to reach US $ 3,081 billion in 2022. Conditions and insights on the development of halal products in Indonesia are interesting themes to study. At JHPR Vol 2 No. 2 (June 2019 - November 2019), we took the theme, Insight of Halal Lifestyle in Indonesia (Issue 2).

Deposit taking Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies continue to play a critical role in Kenya's financial sector in terms of financial access, savings mobilization and wealth creation. In 2008, the government of Kenya introduced SACCO Society Regulatory Authority (SASRA) legislation's to streamline operations of the SACCO sector after continued complaints of mismanagement, misappropriation of members' savings and poor financial performance by the members. However upon adoption of SASRA regulations, financial performance in the context of Nyandarua County was studied. Three theories; Agency theory, Trade off theory and stakeholders' theory were used to study the SASRA effects. Using a census design to gather systematically factual information from a sample of five SASRA licensed SACCOs in Nyandarua County was used. Data was collected using questionnaires and secondary data from final annual financial statements three years prior and after licensing. The study found that SACCOs in Nyandarua County fully complied with the SASRA regulations. The correlation results showed that SASRA regulations improved financial performance of the SACCOs as measured by ROA.

In Egypt, Small landholdings characterize agriculture. Farmers in Egypt have small landholdings and fragmented land ownership. About 80 % of the total landowners of agricultural lands possess to 5 feddans or less (Kruseman and Vullings, 2007). According to Aquastat (2005) about 50% of all landholdings cover an area less than 0.4 ha (1.0 Feddan). An imbalance between the cultivation of high value crops and strategic crops (cotton-wheat-rice-maize) prevails in the country. About 80% of the crops are not rated high enough quality to qualify to be shipped to the export markets. Exporters do not buy crops and commodities with poor quality. Therefore, they are supplied to the local markets. Old and traditional cultivation methods are still in practice, resulting to lower yields than can be realized on new lands by employing advanced modern scientific principles, new cultivation techniques and better farming practices.

Agriculture should no longer be isolated because it is such a significant sector in India. Agriculture dominates the economy in Karnataka, India. Farmers that are 18 to 20 years old are actively involved in farming. Farmers, on average, have committed suicide between the ages of 35 and 45 all across India. Non-availability of credit, inferior inputs, and non-availability of extension services are among the causal factors. Amounts owed on bank and private loans have accumulated. They sell all of their gold and take out loans on all of their properties. When their children are grown and the question of their marriage arises at the ages of 35, 40, and 45, they believe there is little chance to address the vital family situation. Farmers are despised in society, have no fixed income or sufficient money, and do not work full-time. Unemployment and underemployment are common, and most people are forced to migrate as a result of starvation, drought, floods, and other natural disasters. Institutional lending and credit have been drastically cut. Farmers are forced to rely on money lenders and their indebtedness forces them to sell their products at a loss. As a result, they are unable to return the debt on time. Farmers approach banks and cannot get a loan from the bank for the mere reason of holding small size of land and hence they approach moneylenders and take money at a higher rate of interest and suffer. The current study is finding out the probable reasons for these gaps in the agricultural financial systems.

This study was carried out to assess the growth trend in the amount of loan granted to farmers in the study area for the period 1984-2014. Secondary data was used and sourced from central bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin, Nigeria bureau of statistics and Kwara state bureau of statistics. The result showed that there was an acceleration in the amount of loan defaulted by farmers for the period 1984-2014 in the study area and 73% variations was noticed in the exponential time trend for the period. It was concluded that a rigorous effort to speedy the increase and availability of loan process to make more funds available should be inaugurated to increase farmers ability to purchase improved inputs so as to increase productivity in the agricultural sector as a whole and proper monitoring should be put in place

An investigation into rural credit delivery system in Maharashtra shows slower growth in institutional finances through commercial banks, credit cooperatives, RRBs and LDBs, particularly during the decade of 1991-2000, which is mainly due to adverse environment created by the financial sector reforms. Due to unfavorable policy framework. the entire rural credit delivery system is reduced to a moribund state. High transaction costs and poor repayment performance are the twin root causes of the moribund slate of rural credit delivery system. With a view to revive the agricultural credit delivery system, there is need to adopt innovative approaches like linking of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) with mainstream financial institutions. The revival of rural credit delivery system of Maharashtra also depends on strategies that are required for tackling issues such as sustainability and viability. operational efficiency. recovery performance. small farmer coverage and balanced sectoral development of the state.