Animal Bioscience

Tahapan perkembangan ikan rainbow dalam budidaya meliputi fase embriogenesis, larva, juvenile,dan induk. Larva yang sudah memiliki organ lengkap merupakan tanda bahwa larva telah memasuki fase juvenile. Informasi yang terbatas tentang proses pembentukan organ ikan rainbow membuat petani ikan kesulitan menentukan fase juvenile pada ikan. Salah satu tahap penting pada fase larva adalah pembentukan sirip karena sirip merupakan organ yang digunakan ikan untuk aktif bergerak mencari makan dan aktifitas lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami proses pembentukan sirip ikan rainbow boesemani (Melanotaenia boesemani). Metode penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi pemeliharaan larva dan pengamatan pembentukan sirip larva. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa larva ikan rainbow boesemani yang baru menetas memiliki panjang total rata-rata sebesar 4.71 mm dan sudah memiliki sirip dada. Larva ikan yang berusia 11 hari sudah mengalami pembelokan tulang ekor di sirip ekor sebesar 300. Sirip anal sudah sempurna saat larva ikan berusia 14 hari. Sirip punggung larva ikan sempurna ketika berusia 26 hari. Sirip yang terakhir terbentuk adalah sirip perut saat larva ikan rainbow boesemani berusia 30 hari dengan jari-jari sudah mengeras

Objective: Marbling or intramuscular fat (IMF) has been widely reported to directly impact the sensory acceptance of meat. This study was carried out to determine the physical and sensory characteristics of ribeye, Longissimus dorsi steaks obtained from four different cattle breeds namely Wagyu, Angus, Brahman, and Malaysian local beef, the Kedah-Kelantan (KK).Methods: The degree of marbling was determined by using an established combined camera-image analysis technique while instrumental texture determination was carried out by using Warner-Bratzler shear force analysis. Sensory evaluation of the beef steaks was performed following a quantitative descriptive analysis incorporating 10 trained consumer panelists.Results: Wagyu was found to possess the highest (p<0.05) percentage of IMF at 33.90% and the lowest shear force (raw = 5.61 N/mm2; cooked = 14.72 N/mm2) followed by Angus (20.87%), Brahman (12.17%), and KK (p<0.05, 6.86%). The difference in sensory properties of the fou...

This paper focuses on the fabrication of a vertical column CO2 bioreactor and the experimentation of microalgae. On the manufacturing aspect of the project, the base design was modelled on Solidworks and assigned a material. The model was then loaded onto a finite element analysis (FEA) software to determine various engineering stresses and strains to confirm the specimen’s strength. Once the simulation had completed, the model was ready for 3-D printing. The species of microalgae to be used in this study was Chlorella Vulgaris. The medium solution was prepared by mixing many types of salts suitable for this type of algae. Experimental trials of algae growth were conducted mainly to see whether the algae would indeed grow more rapidly using the developed medium. After failure in early trials, some experiments were conducted to determine which concentration of stock solution would be the most ideal for the algae to grow in. These early experiments proved the major impacts of the conc...

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying standardized ileal digestible lysine:threonine (SID Lys:Thr) ratio in the diet on the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs.Methods: In total 192 crossbred pigs ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc, 17 weeks old), with an initial body weight (BW) of 70.6±3.9 kg were used in an 8-wk trial. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments based on their initial BW and sex (8 replications; 4 pigs per pen, 2 barrows and 2 gilts). The pigs in the 6 treatments were fed diets having different SID Lys:Thr ratios such as 1:0.65, 1:0.66, 1:0.67, 1:0.68, 1:0.69, and 1:0.70.Results: A linear increment (p<0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and trends in reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed during day 29 to 56 of the experiment and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter tended to increase linearly (p = 0.094) at the end of the experiment (day 56) with the increase in the diet...

Objective: The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of dietary essential oils (EOs) on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum metabolite profiles of broiler chickens and to compare their effectiveness as growth-promoting additives against antibiotics.Methods: Peer-reviewed articles were retrieved from Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Google scholar and selected based on pre-determined criteria. A total of 41 articles containing 55 experiments with 163 treatment units were eligible for analyses. Data were subjected to a meta-analysis based on mixed model methodology considering the doses of EOs as fixed effects and the different studies as random effects.Results: Results showed a linear increase (p<0.001) on body weight gain (BWG) where Antibiotics (FCR) and average daily feed intake decreased (p<0.001) linearly with an increasing dose of EOs. Positive effects were observed on the increased (p<0.01) digestibility of dry matte...

This paper focuses on the fabrication of a vertical column CO 2 bioreactor and the experimentation of microalgae. On the manufacturing aspect of the project, the base design was modelled on Solidworks and assigned a material. The model was then loaded onto a finite element analysis (FEA) software to determine various engineering stresses and strains to confirm the specimen's strength. Once the simulation had completed, the model was ready for 3-D printing. The species of microalgae to be used in this study was Chlorella Vulgaris. The medium solution was prepared by mixing many types of salts suitable for this type of algae. Experimental trials of algae growth were conducted mainly to see whether the algae would indeed grow more rapidly using the developed medium. After failure in early trials, some experiments were conducted to determine which concentration of stock solution would be the most ideal for the algae to grow in. These early experiments proved the major impacts of the concentration of the medium on the rate of growth of the algae. The knowledge gained in these experiments will be instrumental during the next stages of this project.

Objective This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of using low energy diet with multi-enzymes supplementation on different biological parameters in broilers. Methods Three hundred Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly divided into three groups [Cont (Standard ME), L-ME (ME reduced by 50 kcal/kg without enzyme) and L-ME-MES (L-ME diet was supplemented with multi-enzymes)] with five replicates per group (20 chicks per replicate) at the start of second week. Grower and finisher diets were formulated according to breed specific guide and offered with free access in respective phase (two weeks for grower (8-21d); two weeks for finisher (22-35d)). External marker method was used to measure the nutrient digestibility. After feeding trial, fifteen birds (one birds per replicate) were selected randomly and slaughtered for samples collection. Results The results exhibited no effect (P>0.05) of dietary treatments on all parameters of growth performance, carcass traits, relative w...

Objective: Current study was conducted to determine the effect of postpartum prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) administration on colostrum and milk yield, colostrum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and piglet growth performance.Methods: In total, 36 sows were included in the experiment. The sows were classified into two groups: i) control (n = 11) and ii) PGF2α (n = 25). Sows in the PGF2α group received 10 mg of PGF2α within an hour after farrowing. The body weight of piglets was measured at 0 and 24 h after birth to estimate colostrum consumption. Colostrum was collected at 1 and 24 h after farrowing to determine IgG concentrations. For milk yield study, the remaining sows in the PGF2α group (n = 23) were divided into two subgroups: i) single PGF2α (n = 12) and ii) multiple PGF2α (n = 11). In the multiple PGF2α, the sows received repeated doses of PGF2α at seven and 14 days postpartum. The piglets’ body weight was measured at 0, 1, 5, and 20 days of age. The milk yield of the sows was calculated.Res...

Objective This study was designed to ensiling rice straw by using some additives and assessing its effect on the fermentation, degradability, feed consumption, and digestibility. Methods Ensiling rice straw using either water (50ml/kg v/w), or molasses plus urea (45 ml + 5g /kg), or whey (55ml/kg v/w) was conducted in this study. Each of these treatments inoculated with three levels of lactic acid bacteria. The best treatments from in-vitro results were used to compare with urea treated rice straw in the digestibility trials. Twelve adult Ossimi rams (average weight =61.4±0.16 kg) randomly distributed on four experimental diets in a 4 x 4 Latin square (3 in each block), each period lasted 28 d. Results Added whey or molasses plus urea (MU) showed well properties for ensiled rice straw (ERS), especially with the high level of lactic acid bacteria addition. Accumulative gas production has corresponded with the degradability of OM, NDF, and CP (%). The feed consumption of ERS and palat...

Objective: Bioactive compounds in ruminant products are related to functional compounds in their diets. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of forage sources, Italian ryegrass (IR) silage vs corn silage (CS) in the total mixed ration (TMR), on milk production, milk composition, and phytanic acid content in milk, as well as on the extent of conversion of dietary phytol to milk phytanic acid.Methods: Phytanic acid content in milk was investigated for cows fed a TMR containing either IR silage or CS using 17 cows over three periods of 21 days each. In periods 1 and 3, cows were fed CS-based TMR (30% CS), while in period 2, cows were fed IR silage-based TMR (20% IR silage and10% CS).Results: The results showed that there were no differences in fat, protein, lactose, solidsnot-fat, somatic cell count, and fatty acid composition of milk among the three experimental periods. There were no differences in the plasma concentration of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, an...

Objective In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary live yeast supplementation on ruminal pH pattern, fermentation characteristics and associated bacteria in beef cattle. Methods This work comprised of in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro fermentation was conducted by incubating 0, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.125, and 0.15% active dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ADY) with total mixed ration substrate to determine its dose effect. According to in vitro results, 0.1% ADY inclusion level was assigned in in vivo study for continuously monitoring ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbes. Six ruminally cannulated steers were randomly assigned to 2 treatments (Control and ADY supplementation) as two-period crossover design (30-day). Blood samples were harvested before-feeding and rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h post-feeding on 30 d. Results After 24 h in vitro fermentation, pH and gas production were increased at 0.1% ADY where ammonia nitrogen a...

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of different roughages in total mixed ration (TMR) inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population.Methods: Three TMRs formulations composed of different forages were used and each TMR was grouped into two treatments: non-fermented TMR and fermented TMR (F-TMR) (inoculated with coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis). After fermentation, the fermentation, chemical and microbial profile of the TMRs were determined. The treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation to determine total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial populations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed as a 3×2 factorial arrangement design using the MIXED procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems.Results: Changes in the f...

Objective: This study investigated the meat quality characteristics, endogenous proteolytic enzymes, collagen content, and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms of different muscles of Thai native cattle (TNC).Methods: Infraspinatus (IF), Longissimus thoracis (LT), and Supraspinatus (SS) muscles were obtained from two TNC breeds, Kho-Lan (KL, n = 7) and Kho-Isaan (KI, n = 7). The muscle and meat characteristics of TNC breeds and their relationship with MyHC expression were examined.Results: Three MyHC isoforms namely MyHC I, MyHC IIa, and MyHC IIx were detected in the muscles. The KL had higher (p<0.05) MyHC IIx than the KI. The IF muscle had higher (p<0.05) MyHC I compared to other muscles. The LT muscle had the least MyHC I. The LT had higher (p<0.05) MyHC IIx than the IF and SS muscles. The IF presented the least MyHC IIx. The KL had higher (p<0.05) lightness and moisture content and lower crude protein, redness, cooking loss, shear force, and calpastatin than the KI. Th...

Objective Microencapsulation is a technique to improve stability, bioavailability, and controlled release of active ingredients at a target site. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of microencapsulated basil oil (MBO) on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), jejunal histomorphology, bacterial population as well as antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens in a tropical climate. Methods A total of 288 one - day - old female broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allocated into 4 groups (6 replicates of 12 birds), based on a completely randomized design. Dietary treatments were as follows: (i) basal diet (NC), (ii) basal diet with avilamycin at 10 ppm (PC), (iii) basal diet with free basil oil (FBO) at 500 ppm, and (iv) basal diet with MBO at 500 ppm, respectively. Results Dietary supplementation of MBO improved average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broilers throughout the 42-d trial period (p < 0.05), whereas MBO did not affect aver...

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effects of different roughages in total mixed ration (TMR) inoculated with or without coculture of Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on in vitro rumen fermentation and microbial population.Methods: Three TMRs formulations composed of different forages were used and each TMR was grouped into two treatments: non-fermented TMR and fermented TMR (F-TMR) (inoculated with coculture of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis). After fermentation, the fermentation, chemical and microbial profile of the TMRs were determined. The treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation to determine total gas production, pH, ammonianitrogen (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Microbial populations were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All data were analyzed as a 3×2 factorial arrangement design using the MIXED procedure of Statistical Analysis Systems.Results: Changes in the f...

Objective: Marbling or intramuscular fat (IMF) has been widely reported to directly impact the sensory acceptance of meat. This study was carried out to determine the physical and sensory characteristics of ribeye, Longissimus dorsi steaks obtained from four different cattle breeds namely Wagyu, Angus, Brahman, and Malaysian local beef, the Kedah-Kelantan (KK).Methods: The degree of marbling was determined by using an established combined camera-image analysis technique while instrumental texture determination was carried out by using Warner-Bratzler shear force analysis. Sensory evaluation of the beef steaks was performed following a quantitative descriptive analysis incorporating 10 trained consumer panelists.Results: Wagyu was found to possess the highest (p<0.05) percentage of IMF at 33.90% and the lowest shear force (raw = 5.61 N/mm2; cooked = 14.72 N/mm2) followed by Angus (20.87%), Brahman (12.17%), and KK (p<0.05, 6.86%). The difference in sensory properties of the fou...

Objective: An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of dragon fruit peel pellet (DFPP) as a rumen enhancer of dry matter consumption, nutrient digestibilities, ruminal ecology, microbial protein synthesis and rumimal methane production in Holstein crossbred bulls.Methods: Four animals, with an average live-weight of 200±20 kg were randomly assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design to investigate the influence of DFPP supplementation. There were four different dietary treatments: without DFPP, and with 200, 300, and 400 g/h/d, respectively.Results: Results revealed that dry matter consumption of total intake, rice straw and concentrate were not significantly different among treatments (p>0.05). It was also found that ruminal pH was not different among treatments (p>0.05), whilst protozoal group was reduced when DFPP increased (p<0.01). Blood urea nitrogen and NH3-N concentrations were increased at 400 g of DFPP supplementation (p<0.01). Additionally, volatile fatty ac...

Objective: This study investigated the meat quality characteristics, endogenous proteolytic enzymes, collagen content, and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms of different muscles of Thai native cattle (TNC).Methods: Infraspinatus (IF), Longissimus thoracis (LT), and Supraspinatus (SS) muscles were obtained from two TNC breeds, Kho-Lan (KL, n = 7) and Kho-Isaan (KI, n = 7). The muscle and meat characteristics of TNC breeds and their relationship with MyHC expression were examined.Results: Three MyHC isoforms namely MyHC I, MyHC IIa, and MyHC IIx were detected in the muscles. The KL had higher (p<0.05) MyHC IIx than the KI. The IF muscle had higher (p<0.05) MyHC I compared to other muscles. The LT muscle had the least MyHC I. The LT had higher (p<0.05) MyHC IIx than the IF and SS muscles. The IF presented the least MyHC IIx. The KL had higher (p<0.05) lightness and moisture content and lower crude protein, redness, cooking loss, shear force, and calpastatin than the KI. Th...