As

Menurut Sistem HIR, dalam hukum acara perdata hakim terikat pada alat-alat bukti yang sah, yang artinya hakim hanya boleh memutuskan perkara melalui alat bukti yang telah ditentukan sebelumnya oleh undang-undang. Alat-alat bukti yang disebutkan oleh undang-undang adalah : alat bukti tertulis, pembuktian dengan saksi, persangkaan-persangkaan, pengakuan dan sumpah (ps. 164 HIR, ps. 1866 KUH Perdata). Alat Bukti Tertulis Alat bukti tertulis yang berisi keterangan tentang suatu peristiwa, keadaan, atau hal-hal tertentu. Dalam hukum acara perdata dikenal beberapa macam alat bukti tertulis diantaranya sebagai berikut. Pertama adalah surat ialah sesuatu yang memuat tanda-tanda bacaan yang dimaksudkan untuk mencurahkan isi hati atau untuk menyampaikan buah pikiran seseorang dan dipergunakan sebagai pembuktian. Surat sebaagai alat bukti tertulis dibagi menjadi dua yaitu surat sebagai akta dan bukan akta, sedangkan akta sendiri lebih lanjut dibagi menjadi akta otentik dan akta dibawah tangan. Kedua adalah akta ialah surat sebagai alat bukti yang diberi tanda tangan, yang memuat peristiwa yang menjadi dasar suatu hak atau perikatan, yang dibuat sejak semula dengan sengaja untuk pembuktian.Jadi untuk dapat dibuktikan menjadi akta sebuah surat haruslah ditandatangani. Akta otentik ialah 'akta yang dibuat dalam bentuk yang ditentukan undang-undang oleh atau dihadapan pejabat yang berwenang untuk itu ditempat akta dibuat' (ps. 1868 KUH Perdata). Dari penjelasan pasal diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa akta otentik dibuat oleh atau dihadapan pejabat yang berwenang yang disebut pejabat umum. Apabila yang membuatnya pejabat yang tidak cakap – tidak berwenang atau bentuknya cacat maka menurut Pasal 1869 KUH Perdata : akta tersebut tidak sah atau tidak memenuhi syarat formil sebagai akta otentik; namun akta yang demikian mempunyai nilai kekuatan sebagai akta dibawah tangan. Akta dibawah tangan ialah akta yang sengaja dibuat untuk pembuktian oleh para pihak tanpa bantuan dari seorang pejabat. Jadi semata-mata dibuat antara para pihak yang berkepentingan. Akta dibawah tangan dirumuskan dalam Pasal 1874 KUH Perdata, yang mana menurut pasal diatas, akata dibawah tangan ialah : 1. Tulisan atau akta yang ditandatangani dibawah tangan 2. Tidak dibuat atau ditandatangani pihak yang berwenang. 3. Secara khusus ada akta dibawah tangan yang bersifat partai yang dibuat oleh paling sedikit dua pihak. Akta pengakuan sepihak ialah akta yang bukan termasuk dalam akta dibawah tangan yang bersifat partai , tetapi merupakan surat pengakuan sepihak dari tergugat.Oleh karena bentuknya adalah akta pengakuan sepihak maka penilaian dan penerapannya tunduk pada ketentuan Pasal 1878 KUH Perdata. Dengan demikian harus memenuhi syarat: 1. Seluruh isi akta harus ditulis dengan tulisan tangan si pembuat dan si penandatangan;

ract
[ES] Introducción: El periodismo digital deportivo está consiguiendo cada vez más madurez en cuanto al uso de los recursos que le son más distintivos: hipertextualidad, multimedia e interactividad. Metodología: Al tratarse de unas características cuyo uso no dispone de demasiada retrospectiva, en este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio empírico (técnicas cuantitativas) en el que se analiza el uso de la hipertextualidad, multimedia e interactividad en el periodismo especializado deportivo en España y Francia. Analizamos las páginas web de L’Équipe y As. Resultados y conclusiones: Se concluye en esta investigación que el uso de hipertextualidad es prioritariamente interno y contextual, el multimedia se centra en la fotografía y la interactividad en los comentarios. Los recursos digitales en el periodismo especializado deportivo digital son optimizables.
EN] Introduction: Digital journalism is rapidly maturing in the use of the resources that distinguish it from other types of journalism: hypertextuality, multimedia and interactivity. Methods: Given that the study of the use of these resources is relatively recent, this article presents the results of an empirical quantitative study of the use of hypertextuality, multimedia and interactivity in digital sports journalism in Spain and France. The study is based on the analysis of the sports news sites L’Équipe and As. Results and conclusions: The mostly used type of hypertextual information is internal and contextual; the most predominant multimedia resource is photography; while interactivity occurs mostly in the comments section. The use of digital resources by digital sports journalism can be improved.

<p>Emerging data on cancer suggesting that target-based therapy is promising strategy in cancer treatment. PI3K-AKT pathway is extensively studied in many cancers; several inhibitors target this pathway in different levels. Recent finding on this pathway uncovered the therapeutic applications of PI3K-specific inhibitors; PI3K, AKT, and mTORC broad spectrum inhibitors. Noticeably, class I PI3K isoforms, p110γ and p110δ catalytic subunits have rational therapeutic application than other isoforms. Therefore, three classes of inhibitors: isoform-specific, dual-specific and broad spectrum were selected for molecular docking and dynamics. First, p110δ structure was modelled; active site was analyzed. Then, molecular docking of each class of inhibitors were studied; the docked complexes were further used in 1.2 ns molecular dynamics simulation to report the potency of each class of inhibitor. Remarkably, both the studies retained the similar kind of protein ligand interactions. GDC-0941, XL-147 (broad spectrum); TG100-115 (dual-specific); and AS-252424, PIK-294 (isoform-specific) were found to be potential inhibitors of p110γ and p110δ, respectively. In addition to that pharmacokinetic properties are within recommended ranges. Finally, molecular phylogeny revealed that p110γ and p110δ are evolutionarily divergent; they probably need separate strategies for drug development.</p

ABSTRACT Salinity may play an important role in the larval Biology and Ecology of many brachyuran decapod crustaceans. Usually, ontogenetic changes in salinity tolerance represent a good indicator of larval dispersal in marine coastal ecosystems. In an experimental laboratory study, we investigated the effects of eight different salinities (Sal. 0–35) on zoeal development of the neotropical fiddler crab Uca rapax from a northern Brazilian estuary. In the study area the species reproduces year-round, including the wet season when low salinities (≤5) are frequent, resulting from heavy tropical rainfalls and input of freshwater mostly from the Amazon River. Larval survival and development duration fromhatching to megalopa of U. rapax were significantly affected by salinity. All larvae died in Sal. 0–20, while they successfully developed through five zoeal stages to megalopa in higher salinities (Sal. 25–35). However, in Sal. 25 the survival rate was still significantly lower (33.8 ± 4.8%) and the zoeal development duration was longer (13.7± 0.5 days) than in salinities 30 and 35, where N90% of the larvae successfully survived after an average of 11.8–12.4 days of development, respectively. Our results strongly suggest that the early life-history stages of U. rapax perform ontogenetic migrations towards adjacent coastal or fully marine waters to develop in favourable high salinities. Comparison with two other sympatric crab species, e.g. Ucides cordatus and Uca vocator, suggests that the larval ‘export’ strategy is a convergent adaptation exhibited by decapod species in the Amazon region to avoidmassmortality within parentalmangroves that are frequently subjected to strong salinity fluctuations caused by the specific meteorological and hydrological conditions.

The goal of this study is to describe briefly two trepanned cranial specimens from a Spanish medieval archaeological site. One of them belongs to a mature male in which a grooving trepanation technique was used. The other is a mature female skull in which a scraping procedure was performed. The historical context of the individuals is assessed, as well as characteristics from both trepanations and evidence of survival after the intervention. In the female skull, signs of osseous regeneration can be observed, which imply survival after the operation. No survival signs can be found in the male skull. Possible causes that could have motivated the intervention are also discussed.

This paper reports the study of the osseous remains of an adult male (30–35 years) from a Spanish urban necropolis dating from the pre-industrial age (17th–18th centuries). We have diagnosed the presence of a severe unreduced forearm fracture, which has been classified as a Type I Monteggia fracture in the left arm. Injury occurred by a complete and poorly resolved ulnar fracture in its upper third. As result of this ulna fracture a radial head dislocation also occurred, creating a new articular surface on the humerus. The ulna also underwent two different types of angulation. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anatomical changes of the elbow joint bones after a Monteggia fracture, assessing the completeness of functionality on the arm of this man. After the fracture, this individual lived the rest of his life with a permanent dislocation of his radius; therefore, loss of the forearm rotation, cubitus valgus, elbow instability and pain were all present. Movement was limite...

When mixed with normal human serum, wild-type pathogenic Yersinia enterocolitica, previously incubated at 37 degrees C, fixed less C3b than its variant cured of the virulence plasmid pYV. Mutants unable to secrete the Yop proteins were still protected against C3b deposition. By contrast, mutants deficient in the production of outer membrane protein YadA fixed more C3b than their YadA+ parent. Gene yadA, cloned as a minimal polymerase chain reaction fragment and introduced in trans, complemented the mutations. Production of YadA by recombinant Escherichia coli LK111 also resulted in a reduction of the amount of C3b deposited on the bacterial surface. The reduction of C3b at the surface of Y. enterocolitica YadA+ compared with YadA- cells correlated with an increase of the amount of factor H fixed at the bacterial surface. The YadA monomer separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane was able to bind factor H. We c...

We seek to carry out a comparison of the diverse characteristics that are presented in the teaching and learning of Statistics in different careers. We will compare the Statistics curriculum that are developed in each degree program, the objectives that are pursued, the different didactic methods that are used in each case, the applications used, the work with computer and other simulation instruments and the types of problems that receive larger emphasis in each discipline. From the student’s point of view, we are carrying out an investigation that is in a first exploratory phase which will help us to describe the prior knowledge that the students bring when beginning their first statistic course, in connection with the intuitive interpretation of simple statistical graphics, such as graphics of bars and sectors, and interpretation of charts of frequencies.