Autoencoder

The Free Energy Principle and Active Inference Framework (FEP-AI) begins with the understanding that persisting systems must regulate environmental exchanges and prevent entropic accumulation. In FEP-AI, minds and brains are predictive controllers for autonomous systems, where action-driven perception is realized as probabilistic inference. Integrated Information Theory (IIT) begins with considering the preconditions for a system to intrinsically exist, as well as axioms regarding the nature of consciousness. IIT has produced controversy because of its surprising entailments: quasi-panpsychism; subjectivity without referents or dynamics; and the possibility of fully-intelligent-yet-unconscious brain simulations. Here, I describe how these controversies might be resolved by integrating IIT with FEP-AI, where integrated information only entails consciousness for systems with perspectival reference frames capable of generating models with spatial, temporal, and causal coherence for self and world. Without that connection with external reality, systems could have arbitrarily high amounts of integrated information, but nonetheless would not entail subjective experience. I further describe how an integration of these frameworks may contribute to their evolution as unified systems theories and models of emergent causation. Then, inspired by both Global Neuronal Workspace Theory (GNWT) and the Harmonic Brain Modes framework, I describe how streams of consciousness may emerge as an evolving generation of sensorimotor predictions, with the precise composition of experiences depending on the integration abilities of synchronous complexes as self-organizing harmonic modes (SOHMs). These integrating dynamics may be particularly likely to occur via richly connected subnetworks affording body-centric sources of phenomenal binding and executive control. Along these connectivity backbones, SOHMs are proposed to implement turbo coding via loopy message-passing over predictive (autoencoding) networks, so generating maximum a posteriori estimates as coherent vectors governing neural evolution, with alpha frequencies generating basic awareness, and cross-frequency phase-coupling within theta frequencies for access consciousness and volitional control. These dynamic cores of integrated information also function as global workspaces, centered on posterior cortices, but capable of being entrained with frontal cortices and interoceptive hierarchies, so affording agentic causation. Integrated World Modeling Theory (IWMT) represents a synthetic approach to understanding minds that reveals compatibility between leading theories of consciousness, so enabling inferential synergy.

The Bag-of-Visual Words has been recognised as an effective mean of representing images for image classification. However, its reliance on hand crafted image feature extraction algorithms often results in significant computational overhead, and poor classification accuracies. Therefore, this paper presents a Bag-of-Visual Word Modelling in which Image Feature Extraction is achieved using Deep Feature Learning via Stacked-Autoencoder. The proposed method is tested using three image collections constituted from the Caltech 101 image collection and the results confirm the ability of deep feature learning to yield optimum image categorisation performance.

Accurate segmentation of brain tumor is a critical component for diagnosis of cancer, treatment and evaluation of outcome. It consist of identification of different types of tumor tissues from normal brain MRI images. Recently, pathway CNNs have been used for semantic segmentation, however are computationally expensive. Build upon success of SegNet, in this paper, we presented different architectures of SegNeT encoder and decoder based on pixel-wise classification. Nonlinear up sampling are performed by the model. The end to end training and small number of parameters used for the training makes the computational process more higher than other deep learning architectures. We performed the semantic segmentation on the MRI brain tumor Figshare dataset and achieved the state of the arts results (99.93% global accuracy) in comparison to traditional CNN models.

Shape illustration images (SIIs) are common and important in describing the cross-sections of industrial products. Same as MNIST, the handwritten digit images, SIIs are gray or binary and containing shapes that are surrounded by large areas of blanks. In this work, Residual-Recursion Autoencoder (RRAE) has been proposed to extract low-dimensional features from SIIs while maintaining reconstruction accuracy as high as possible. RRAE will try to reconstruct the original image several times and recursively fill the latest residual image to the reserved channel of the encoder's input before the next trial of reconstruction. As a kind of neural network training framework, RRAE can wrap over other autoencoders and increase their performance. From experiment results, the reconstruction loss is decreased by 86.47% for convolutional autoencoder with high-resolution SIIs, 10.77% for variational autoencoder and 8.06% for conditional variational autoencoder with MNIST.

Rapid growth in numbers of connected devices including sensors, mobile, wearable, and other Internet of Things (IoT) devices, is creating an explosion of data that are moving across the network. To carry out machine learning (ML), IoT data are typically transferred to the cloud or another centralized system for storage and processing; however, this causes latencies and increases network traffic. Edge computing has the potential to remedy those issues by moving computation closer to the network edge and data sources. On the other hand, edge computing is limited in terms of computational power and thus is not well suited for ML tasks. Consequently, this paper aims to combine edge and cloud computing for IoT data analytics by taking advantage of edge nodes to reduce data transfer. In order to process data close to the source, sensors are grouped according to locations, and feature learning is performed on the close by edge node. For comparison reasons, similarity-based processing is also considered. Feature learning is carried out with deep learning: the encoder part of the trained autoencoder is placed on the edge and the decoder part is placed on the cloud. The evaluation was performed on the task of human activity recognition from sensor data. The results show that when sliding windows are used in the preparation step, data can be reduced on the edge up to 80% without significant loss in accuracy.

The project named "Reconciling predictions from multiple angles" consists of developing an Artificial Intelligence capable of transforming
images perspective (Left, Center, and Right). For instance, if we capture a fast-food dish from the right side (one available camera) and we want to detect every element a consumer has taken to bill the client for his menu. At first sight, the best thing would be to add another camera in a different position that would take another perspective picture, which is costly. Then, our client has come with the idea of an IA that would generate the image as if it was taken from the other side. This solution would be less expensive in the long term for companies and is useful to avoid frauds and articles hidden by mistake.

Rapid growth in numbers of connected devices including sensors, mobile, wearable, and other Internet of Things (IoT) devices, is creating an explosion of data that are moving across the network. To carry out machine learning (ML), IoT data are typically transferred to the cloud or another centralized system for storage and processing; however, this causes latencies and increases network traffic. Edge computing has the potential to remedy those issues by moving computation closer to the network edge and data sources. On the other hand, edge computing is limited in terms of computational power and thus is not well suited for ML tasks. Consequently, this paper aims to combine edge and cloud computing for IoT data analytics by taking advantage of edge nodes to reduce data transfer. In order to process data close to the source, sensors are grouped according to locations, and feature learning is performed on the close by edge node. For comparison reasons, similarity-based processing is al...

Deep learning has been successfully applied to solve various complex problems ranging from big data analytics to computer vision and human-level control. Deep learning advances however have also been employed to create software that can cause threats to privacy, democracy and national security. One of those deep learning-powered applications recently emerged is "deepfake". Deepfake algorithms can create fake images and videos that humans cannot distinguish them from authentic ones. The proposal of technologies that can automatically detect and assess the integrity of digital visual media is therefore indispensable. This paper presents a survey of algorithms used to create deepfakes and, more importantly, methods proposed to detect deepfakes in the literature to date. We present extensive discussions on challenges, research trends and directions related to deepfake technologies. By reviewing the background of deepfakes and state-of-the-art deepfake detection methods, this study provides a comprehensive overview of deepfake techniques and facilitates the development of new and more robust methods to deal with the increasingly challenging deepfakes.

Scope of the book:
This book focusses on the technical concepts of deep learning and its associated branch Neural Networks for the various dimensions of image processing applications. The proposed volume intends to bring together researchers to report the latest results or progress in the development of the above-mentioned areas. Since there is a deficit of books on this specific subject matter, the editors aim to provide a common platform for researchers working in this area to exhibit their novel findings.
Topics of Interest:
This book solicits contributions, which include the fundamentals in the field of Deep Artificial Neural Networks and Image Processing supported by case studies and practical examples. Each chapter is expected to be self-contained and to cover an in-depth analysis of real life applications of neural networks to image analysis.

The rapid increase in network traffic has recently led to the importance of flow-based intrusion detection systems processing a small amount of traffic data. Furthermore, anomaly-based methods, which can identify unknown attacks are also integrated into these systems. In this study, the focus is concentrated on the detection of anomalous network traffic (or intrusions) from flow-based data using unsupervised deep learning methods with semi-supervised learning approach. More specifically, Autoencoder and Variational Autoencoder methods were employed to identify unknown attacks using flow features. In the experiments carried out, the flow-based features extracted out of network traffic data, including typical and different types of attacks, were used. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) and the area under ROC curve, resulting from these methods were calculated and compared with One-Class Support Vector Machine. The ROC curves were examined in detail to analyze the performance of the methods in various threshold values. The experimental results show that Variational Autoencoder performs, for the most part, better than Autoencoder and One-Class Support Vector Machine.

According to the World Health Organization, the number of people suffering from dementia worldwide will grow to 150 million by mid-century, and Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia contributing to 60%–70% of cases. The problem is compounded by the fact that current pharmacologic treatments are only symptomatic, and therapies are ineffective in slow down or cure the degenerative process. An automatic and standardize classifier for Alzheimer’s disease is thereby extremely important to rapidly respond and deliver as preventive as possible interventions. Speech alterations might be one of the earliest signs of cognitive defect and, recently, the researchers showed that they can be observable well in advance other cognitive deficits become manifest. In this paper, we propose a full automated method able to classify the spontaneous spoken production of the subjects. In particular, we trained an artificial neural network using the spectrogram of the audio signal, which is the visual representation of the speech of the subject. Moreover, to overcome the problem of the large amount of annotated data usually required for training deep learning models, we used a specific data augmentation approach that avoids distorting the original samples. We evaluated the proposed method using the English Pitt Corpus from DementiaBank. The used dataset consists of 180 subjects: 43 healthy controls and 137 Alzheimer’s disease patients. The proposed method outperformed the other approaches in the literature based on manual and semi-automatic transcription and annotation of speech, improving the classification capability by 5.93%, and obtained good classification results compared to the state-of-the-art neuropsychological screening tests (i.e., the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Activities of Daily Living portion of the Blessed Dementia Rating Scale) exhibiting an accuracy of 93.30% and an F1 score of 88.50%.

Variational Autoencoders play important role in text generation tasks, when semantically consistent latent space is needed. However , training VAE for text is not a trivial task due to mode collapse issue. In this paper, autoencoder with binary latent space trained using straight-through estimator is shown to have advantages over VAE on text modeling task. In our model, Bernoulli distribution is used instead of Gaussian (usual for VAE). The model can be trained with only reconstruction objective, without using any additional terms such as KL divergence. Experiments reported in this paper show binary autoencoder to have the main features of VAE: semantic consistency and good latent space coverage; while not suffering from the mode collapse and being a lot easier to train than VAE.

Many of the music generation systems based on neural networks are fully autonomous and do not offer control over the generation process. In this research, we present a controllable music generation system in terms of tonal tension. We incorporate two tonal tension measures based on the Spiral Array Tension theory into a variational autoencoder model. This allows us to control the direction of the tonal tension throughout the generated piece, as well as the overall level of tonal tension. Given a seed musical fragment, stemming from either the user input or from directly sampling from the latent space, the model can generate variations of this original seed fragment with altered tonal tension. This altered music still resembles the seed music rhythmically, but the pitch of the notes are changed to match the desired tonal tension as conditioned by the user.

Gravitational wave astronomy is a rapidly growing field of modern astrophysics, with observations being made frequently by the LIGO detectors. Gravitational wave signals are often extremely weak and the data from the detectors, such as LIGO, is contaminated with non-Gaussian and non-stationary noise, often containing transient disturbances which can obscure real signals. Traditional denoising methods, such as principal component analysis and dictionary learning, are not optimal for dealing with this non-Gaussian noise, especially for low signal-to-noise ratio gravitational wave signals. Furthermore, these methods are computationally expensive on large datasets. To overcome these issues, we apply state-of-the-art signal processing techniques, based on recent groundbreaking advancements in deep learning, to denoise gravitational wave signals embedded either in Gaussian noise or in real LIGO noise. We introduce SMTDAE, a Staired Multi-Timestep Denoising Autoencoder, based on sequence-to-sequence bi-directional Long-Short-Term-Memory recurrent neural networks. We demonstrate the advantages of using our unsupervised deep learning approach and show that, after training only using simulated Gaussian noise, SMTDAE achieves superior recovery performance for gravitational wave signals embedded in real non-Gaussian LIGO noise.

Deep neural networks (DNN) have proven high efficiency in many solutions in the industry and the academic research. However, they face many limitations, and challenges such as the insufficiency in data or the noise effects that leads to the common overfitting problem. Among many solutions that were proposed to face these challenges, we propose the use of deep Autoencoder (DAE) to improve the accuracy of DNN with and without the effect of noise. The experiment has been done on three medical datasets for diagnosing diabetes, heart attack seizures and autism in toddlers. We have built DAE model, and a model of DNN using Keras, and evaluated the performance of DNN with and without the use of DAE as an auxiliary task. Then we added noise and evaluated the results. The DAE has proven to enhance the efficiency of one model with and without noise, while it has proven to enhance performance in the two other models if the noise was applied.

Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) and autoencoders have been used-in several variants-for similar tasks, such as reducing dimensionality or extracting features from signals. Even though their structures are quite similar, they rely on different training theories. Lately, they have been largely used as building blocks in deep learning architectures that are called deep belief networks (instead of stacked RBMs) and stacked autoencoders.
In light of this, the student has worked on this thesis with the aim to understand the extent of the similarities and the overall pros and cons of using either RBMs, autoencoders or denoising autoencoders in deep networks. Important characteristics are tested, such as the robustness to noise, the influence on training of the availability of data and the tendency to overtrain. The author has then dedicated part of the thesis to study how the three deep networks in exam form their deep internal representations and how similar these can be to each other. In result of this, a novel approach for the evaluation of internal representations is presented with the name of F-Mapping. Results are reported and discussed.

Heterogeneous domain adaptation network based on autoencoder, J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. (2017), Abstract: Heterogeneous domain adaptation is a more challenging problem than homogeneous domain adaptation. The transfer effect is not ideal caused by shallow structure which cannot adequately describe the probability distribution and obtain more effective features. In this paper, we propose a heterogeneous domain adaptation network based on autoencoder, in which two sets of autoencoder networks are used to project the source-domain and target-domain data to a shared feature space to obtain more abstractive feature representations. In the last feature and classification layer, the marginal and conditional distributions can be matched by empirical maximum mean discrepancy metric to reduce distribution difference. To preserve the consistency of geometric structure and label information, a manifold alignment term based on labels is introduced. The classification performance can be improved further by making full use of label information of both domains. The experimental results of 16 cross-domain transfer tasks verify that HDANA outperforms several state-of-the-art methods.

In recent years, advances in neural variational inference have achieved many successes in text processing. Examples include neural topic models which are typically built upon varia-tional autoencoder (VAE) with an objective of minimising the error of reconstructing original documents based on the learned latent topic vectors. However, minimising reconstruction errors does not necessarily lead to high quality topics. In this paper, we borrow the idea of reinforcement learning and incorporate topic coherence measures as reward signals to guide the learning of a VAE-based topic model. Furthermore , our proposed model is able to automatically separating background words dynamically from topic words, thus eliminating the pre-processing step of filtering infrequent and/or top frequent words, typically required for learning traditional topic models. Experimental results on the 20 Newsgroups and the NIPS datasets show superior performance both on perplexity and topic coherence measure compared to state-of-the-art neural topic models .

Image denoising is a crucial topic in image processing. Noisy images are generated due to technical and environmental errors. Therefore, it is reasonable to consider image denoising an important topic to study, as it also helps to resolve other image processing issues. However, the challenge is that the classical techniques used are time-consuming and not flexible enough. This article compares two major neural network architectures which look promising to resolve these issues. The AutoEncoder and UNET is now the most researched subject in deep learning for image denoising. Multiple model architectures are designed, implement, and evaluated. The dataset is preprocessed and then it is used to train and test the model. It is clearly shown in this paper which model performs the best in this task by comparing both models using the most used parameters to evaluate image quality PSNR and SSIM.

The manufacturing of nanomaterials by the electrospinning process requires accurate and meticulous inspection of related scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the electrospun nanofiber, to ensure that no structural defects are produced. The presence of anomalies prevents practical application of the electrospun nanofibrous material in nanotechnology. Hence, the automatic monitoring and quality control of nanomaterials is a relevant challenge in the context of Industry 4.0. In this paper, a novel automatic classification system for homogenous (anomaly-free) and non-homogenous (with defects) nanofibers is proposed. The inspection procedure aims at avoiding direct processing of the redundant full SEM image. Specifically, the image to be analyzed is first partitioned into sub-images (nanopatches) that are then used as input to a hybrid unsupervised and supervised machine learning system. In the first step, an autoencoder (AE) is trained with unsupervised learning to generate a code representing the input image with a vector of relevant features. Next, a multilayer perceptron (MLP), trained with supervised learning, uses the extracted features to classify non-homogenous nanofiber (NH-NF) and homogenous nanofiber (H-NF) patches. The resulting novel AE-MLP system is shown to outperform other standard machine learning models and other recent state-of-the-art techniques, reporting accuracy rate up to 92.5%. In addition, the proposed approach leads to model complexity reduction with respect to other deep learning strategies such as convolutional neural networks (CNN). The encouraging performance achieved in this benchmark study can stimulate the application of the proposed scheme in other challenging industrial manufacturing tasks.

Advances on bidirectional intelligence are overviewed along three threads, with extensions and new perspectives. The first thread is about bidirectional learning architecture, exploring five dualities that enable Lmser six cognitive functions and provide new perspectives on which a lot of extensions and particularlly flexible Lmser are proposed. Interestingly, either or two of these dualities actually takes an important role in recent models such as U-net, ResNet, and DenseNet. The second thread is about bidirectional learning principles unified by best yIng-yAng (IA) harmony in BYY system. After getting insights on deep bidirectional learning from a bird-viewing on existing typical learning principles from one or both of the inward and outward directions, maximum likelihood, variational principle, and several other learning principles are summarised as exemplars of the BYY learning, with new perspectives on advanced topics. The third thread further proceeds to deep bidirectional intelligence, driven by long term dynamics (LTD) for parameter learning and short term dynamics (STD) for image thinking and rational thinking in harmony. Image thinking deals with information flow of continuously valued arrays and especially image sequence, as if thinking was displayed in the real world, exemplified by the flow from inward encoding/cognition to outward reconstruction/transformation performed in Lmser learning and BYY learning. In contrast, rational thinking handles symbolic strings or discretely valued vectors, performing uncertainty reasoning and problem solving. In particular, a general thesis is proposed for bidirectional intelligence, featured by BYY intelligence potential theory (BYY-IPT) and nine essential dualities in architecture, fundamentals, and implementation, respectively. Then, problems of combinatorial solving and uncertainty reasoning are investigated from this BYY IPT perspective. First, variants and extensions are suggested for AlphaGoZero like searching tasks, such as traveling salesman problem (TSP) and attributed graph matching (AGM) that are turned into Go like problems with help of a feature enrichment technique. Second, reasoning activities are summarized under guidance of BYY IPT from the aspects of constraint satisfaction, uncertainty propagation, and path or tree searching. Particularly, causal potential theory is proposed for discovering causal direction, with two roads developed for its implementation.

Based on neural network and machine learning, we apply the energy disaggregation for both classification (prediction on usage time) and estimation (prediction on usage amount) on 150 AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) smart meters and a small amount of HEMS (Home Energy Management System) smart plugs in a community in New Taipei City, Taiwan. The aim of this paper is to clarify how we lower the cost, obtain the model of appliance usage from only a small portion of households, improve it with simple questionnaire, and generalize it for prediction on collective households. Our investigation demonstrates the benefits and various possibilities for power suppliers and the government, and won the Elite Award in the Presidential Hackathon 2020, Taiwan.

Designing a robust anomaly detection system for a computer system and applications, is very essential for system security. Host-based Intrusion Detection System monitors system call sequences to prevent the execution of malicious codes on the host. This study applies and compares deep learning based LSTM (Long Short Term Memory)
Sequence-to-Sequence (Seq-Seq) and AutoEncoder in detecting an anomaly in Windows system call sequences. We use memory forensic techniques to extract system call sequences data of benign and malicious processes. Subsequently, we pre-process the extracted system call sequences to obtain valid system call sequences through filtering and ordering of redundant system calls. Our comparison analysis shows that LSTM Seq-Seq with a sequence length of ten gives high anomaly detection rate of 97.2% as compared to autoencoder.

Uncertainties in machine learning are a significant roadblock for its application in safety-critical cyber-physical systems (CPS). One source of uncertainty arises from distribution shifts in the input data between training and test scenarios. Detecting such distribution shifts in real-time is an emerging approach to address the challenge. The high dimensional input space in CPS applications involving imaging adds extra difficulty to the task. Generative learning models are widely adopted for the task, namely out-of-distribution (OoD) detection. To improve the state-of-the-art, we studied existing proposals from both machine learning and CPS fields. In the latter, safety monitoring in real-time for autonomous driving agents has been a focus. Exploiting the spatiotemporal correlation of motion in videos, we can robustly detect hazardous motion around autonomous driving agents. Inspired by the latest advances in the Variational Autoencoder (VAE) theory and practice, we tapped into the...

Intelligent prognosis and Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) strategies accurately estimate the Remaining Useful Life (RUL). To achieve this task, various kinds of neural networks have been applied. Bidirectional long short-term memories were preferred for their ability to identify patterns of temporal sequences independently, while Convolutional Autoencoders were used in extracting features. In an attempt to combine the advantages of these two types of deep learning, a hybrid model is proposed in this paper. Based on these two networks, this study tries to find the best alternative by testing several hyperpa-rameters and studying their effects on the model performances. Finally, to study the approach efficiency, it is compared with other similar models.

Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBMs) and autoencoders have been used - in several variants - for similar tasks, such as reducing dimensionality or extracting features from signals. Even though their structures are quite similar, they rely on different training theories. Lately, they have been largely used as building blocks in deep learning architectures that are called deep belief networks (instead of stacked RBMs) and stacked autoencoders.In light of this, the student has worked on this thesis with the aim to understand the extent of the similarities and the overall pros and cons of using either RBMs, autoencoders or denoising autoencoders in deep networks. Important characteristics are tested, such as the robustness to noise, the influence on training of the availability of data and the tendency to overtrain. The author has then dedicated part of the thesis to study how the three deep networks in exam form their deep internal representations and how similar these can be to each o...

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is gaining importance as most technologies and applications are integrated with the IIoT. Moreover, it consists of several tiny sensors to sense the environment and gather the information. These devices continuously monitor, collect, exchange, analyze, and transfer the captured data to nearby devices or servers using an open channel, i.e., internet. However, such centralized system based on IIoT provides more vulnerabilities to security and privacy in IIoT networks. In order to resolve these issues, we present a blockchain-based deep-learning framework that provides two levels of security and privacy. First a blockchain scheme is designed where each participating entities are registered, verified, and thereafter validated using smart contract based enhanced Proof of Work, to achieve the target of security and privacy. Second, a deep-learning scheme with a Variational AutoEncoder (VAE) technique for privacy and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Me...

We propose a locality-constrained sparse auto-en-
coder (LSAE) for image classification in this letter. Previous
work has shown that the locality is more essential than sparsity
for classification task. We here introduce the concept of locality
into the auto-encoder, which enables the auto-encoder to encode
similar inputs using similar features. The proposed LSAE can
be trained by the existing backprop algorithm; no complicated
optimization is involved. Experiments on the CIFAR-10, STL-10
and Caltech-101 datasets validate the effectiveness of LSAE for
classification task.

The most common method used to document monetary transactions in Brazil is by issuing electronic invoices (NF-e). The audit of electronic invoices is essential, and this can be improved by using data mining solutions, such as clustering and anomaly detection. However, applying these solutions is not a simple task because NF-e data contains millions of records with noisy fields and nonstandard documents, especially short text descriptions. In addition to these challenges, it is costly to extract information from short texts to identify traces of mismanagement, embezzlement, commercial fraud or tax evasion. Analyzing such data can be more effective when divided into well-defined groups. However, efficient solutions for clustering data with characteristics similar to NF-es have not yet been proposed in the literature. We developed ELINAC, a service for clustering short-text data in NF-es that uses an automatic encoder to cluster data. ELINAC aids in auditing transactions documented in ...

In this paper we propose a joint optimization technique for coupled autoencoder which learns the autoencoder weights and coupling map (between source and target) simultaneously. The technique is applicable to any transfer learning problem. In this work, we propose a new formulation that recasts deblurring as a transfer learning problem; it is solved using the proposed coupled autoencoder. The proposed technique can operate on-the-fly; since it does not require solving any costly inverse problem. Experiments have been carried out on state-of-the-art techniques; our method yields better quality images in shorter operating times.

Abstract Proteomics is nowadays one of the most important and relevant fields from computational biology, raising a lot of challenging and provocative questions. Gaining an understanding of protein dynamic and function as well as obtaining additional insights into the protein folding process is still of great interest in bionformatics and medicine. This paper introduces a new approach A n o m a l P for detecting anomalous protein conformational transitions using deep autoencoders for encoding information about the structural similarity between proteins belonging to the same superfamily. Experiments are conducted on real protein data and the obtained results emphasize the potential of autoencoders to learn biological relevant patterns, such as proteins’ structural characteristics and that they are useful for detecting conformations or proteins which are likely to be anomalous with respect to a superfamily. The study performed in this paper is aimed to provide better insights of proteins structural similarity, with the broader goal of learning to predict proteins conformational transitions.