Automotive Applications

The development of new lightweight and strong materials and the design of new products are among the key elements for the development of new advanced construction and vehicle parts for the automotive industry. The use of composite materials in the automotive industry has been popular in recent decades due to the need to reduce vehicle weight, which directly affects fuel consumption and exhaust gases emission. In this way, the development of improved new materials with improved performance is accomplished. Nanocomposites represent a new class of materials that has excellent thermal and mechanical properties. The application of nanocomposites for development of automotive components is reflected in the improvement of the production rate, environmental and thermal stability, and the reduction in weight in the automotive industry, less wear parts, and indirectly to reduce CO2 emissions and environmental pollution. This research paper presents a review of the application of nanocomposites (metal, ceramic and polymeric) in the automotive industry.

Strict requirements that are put on mechanical constructions from the aspect of increase of exploitation periods and reduction of their weights, therefore of
their prices as well, implicate developments and applications of new composite materials with matrices of lightweight metals. Composite materials with
metal matrices are used for engine cylinders, pistons, disc and drum brakes, Cardan shafts and for other elements in automotive and aviation industry. The
most important type of metallic materials is composite materials with matrices of aluminium alloys due to a set of their beneficial properties. Improvement
of mechanical, especially tribological properties of hybrid composites were provided by the use of certain reinforce materials such as SiC, Al2O3 and
graphite in defined weight or volumetric share. New developed hybrid composites with aluminium matrices have significantly higher resistance to wear,
higher specific stiffness and higher resistance to fatigue. By the increase of quantities of produced elements made of hybrid composites, decrease of their
prices is induced that even further enlarge their applications. The applications of aluminium hybrid composites are considered from the aspect and with
the focus on automotive industry

Nowadays, aluminum alloy 7075-T6 has received a high demand in the automotive industry due to its advantages in the aerospace industry, which possessing exceptional mechanical combinations and chemical elements such as high tensile strength, high strength, high corrosion resistance, zinc, magnesium, and copper to increase their strength. Nevertheless, environmentally friendly approaches are necessary to improvise surface quality and machining performances as well as minimize the adverse environment. This has directly influenced the trend of approach or strategy of cutting fluids towards the machining of high-performance material in the automotive industry. There have been some probations to decrease the volume of cutting fluid application in machining. The approach of cutting fluids become prominent indicator in contribution to minimize the application of cutting fluid so that the machining of aluminum alloy 7075-T6 become more effective and environmental friendly. Thus, results can be found in the low tool wear, minimum heat energy generated and reduced machining cost in encouraging the application of MQL as viable formulations to enhance the machining performance and machined surface quality. The primary objective of review work is summarized all the emerging environmentally friendly approaches towards the high-performance material. Impact of machining process parameters on dependent variables such as surface integrity, tool wear, chip formation, and mechanical properties have been discussed in the light of the findings of the recent study.

Control Area Network (CAN) is a robust communication protocol that helps in communicating information across various
microcontroller boards (ECUs) in Automotive vehicles. Automated guided vehicles reduce the operator's work intensity, resulting in
enhanced efficiency and increased operator safety. Besides engine the ECUs are used in various functional areas such as
transmission, hydraulic system, and displays. To effectively control the various systems, it is necessary to ensure the communication
between the control units and this communication done via CAN bus because of its robustness. But CAN is a low-level protocol and
does not support any security feature.
CAN networks are Private network. The network has been embedded in machinery without much connection to other outside
networks or the Internet. In this case, a physical attack by hackers is only possible – a hacker would need physical access to the
machine to get access to the CAN subsystem.

—There is a general interest today to explore the potential of layered manufacturing as an alternative to conventional subtractive manufacturing for functional application. Direct Metal laser Sintering (DMLS) is one of the promising technologies in this regard, which is generally used to built prototypes and tooling applications. This work presents the results of a study to determine the wear behaviour of DMLS components. Wear is an important issue in using layer manufactured parts for functional application. An automotive bush was manufactured by DMLS and was tested for the wear behaviour and compared with the bushes manufactured by conventional manufacturing methods. Process parameters like sintering speed, scan spacing and hatch type were used for manufacturing the components. A comparative study for the wear behaviour was carried out and the results are discussed.

Bumper beam absorbs the accidental kinetic energy by deflection in low-speed impact and by deformation in high-speed impact. The safety regulations "low-, and high-speed, and pedestrian impacts" along with new environmental restrictions "end-of-life vehicles" increased the complexity level of bumper system design. The new bumper design must be flexible enough to reduce the passenger and occupant injury and stay intact in low-speed impact besides being stiff enough to dissipate the kinetic energy in high-speed impact. The reinforcement beam plays a vital role in safety and it must be validated through finite-element analysis (FEA) and experimental tests before mass production. The careful design and analysis of bumper beam effective parameters can optimize the strength, reduce the weight, and increase the possibility of utilizing biodegradable and recyclable materials to reduce the environmental pollution. Developing the correct design and analysis procedures prevents design re-modification. On the other hand, analysis of the most effective parameters conducive to high bumper beam strength increases the efficiency of product development. Cross section, longitudinal curvature, fixing method, rib thickness, and strength are some of the significant design parameters in bumper beam production. This study critically reviews the related literature on bumper design to come up with the optimal bumper beam design process. It particularly focuses on the effective parameters in the design of bumper beam and their most suitable values or ranges of values. The results can help designers and researchers in performing functional analysis of the bumper beam determinant variables. © 2012 Elsevier Ltd.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261306912002348

Advances in home and automotive and entertainment system technology have made it possible to offer exceptional sound quality reproduction to consumers. In recent years, automotive audio systems' quality has approached that of home systems. However, high and variable ambient noise levels remain difficult to overcome and impose a major limitation on the automotive sound system. Currently, some of these systems use classical controllers, which are based on the estimation of the ambient noise using the speed of the vehicle. Due to the effects of road and weather conditions and other factors such as the status of the windows or sunroof, these systems do not provide excellent noise compensation. Other systems measure the noise levels inside the vehicle and use complicated circuitry and algorithms for compensation. This paper introduces the application fuzzy logic for automatic volume control in automotive systems. In stead of using simple table-based approaches which need excessive tuning or complex DSP approaches which need a large processing power and suffer from non-linearity, we utilize the expertise of human drivers and the power of fuzzy logic to develop an automatic volume control that is simple to develop, easy to implement, and yet powerful. We have conducted several experiments on real audio signals and the results prove the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

— The performance of many computer vision applications, especially in the automotive field, can be greatly increased if camera oscillations induced by movements of the acquisition devices are corrected by a stabilization system. An effective stabilizer should cope with different oscillation frequencies and amplitude intervals, and work in a wide range of environments (such as urban, extra-urban or even unstructured ones). In this paper we will analyze three different approaches, based on signature, feature, and correlation tracking respectively, that have been devised to face these problems.