Baekje

This paper is a review of four recent monographs published on the historical linguistics of the early Korean Peninsula. I provide an overview of merits, shortcomings, and suggestions for improvement in this vastly important — and in some ways, nascent — field of Northeast Asian linguistics.
<http://contents.nahf.or.kr/item/item.do?itemId=jn>

Сочинение буддийского монаха Ирёна (1206–1289) «Оставшиеся сведения [о] трёх государствах» (Самгук юса) — один из немногих доступных современным историкам фундаментальных письменных источников по истории Кореи с древнейших времён до XIII в. Предлагаемый вниманию читателя первый полный русский перевод этого памятника выполнен непосредственно с китаеязычного оригинала и по возможности точно следует исходному тексту. Перевод снабжён вступительной статьёй, в которой кратко и доступно излагаются основополагающие сведения, необходимые для того, чтобы в общих чертах разобраться в истории создания, структуре и содержании памятника, а также постраничным комментарием, задача которого — дать конкретную информацию текстологического и справочного характера.
Эта книга задумана как основа для последующей работы исследователей в самых разных областях: культурологии, истории, источниковедения, литературоведения, фольклористики, этнографии, исторической географии, религиоведения, истории материальной культуры и многих других. Издание рассчитано, в первую очередь, на корееведов — как специалистов, так и студентов, но оно может быть полезно и невостоковедам — культурологам, религиоведам, литературоведам и историкам, а также всем интересующимся историей и культурой Кореи.

This paper aims to discuss the linguistic features of Three Han's toponyms (country names Mainly in Mahan 馬韓 and Byeonjin 弁辰) which are based upon the historical records in San Guo zhi 三國志․Wei zhi 魏志·Dong Yi zhuan 東夷傳 by Chen shou 陳壽 in 280. To decipher the morphological and phonological features of toponyms, firstly the textual research of Dong Yi zhuan is thoroughly carried out by comparing the different versions of different periods in China. Secondly, the phonographs of the toponyms which were written in Chinese characters are selected by analyzing the morphological components which can be divided into Hunpyoso(훈표소, 訓表素, semantographic morpheme) and Eumpyoso (음표소, 音表素, phonographic morpheme). Thirdly, the distributions and percentages of consonants(initials) of the selected phonographs are quantitatively analyzed separately, meanwhile, the reconstructions of Old and Later Han Chinese, Middle Chinese are based upon Schuessler(2009). According to the result of quantitative approach, the diachronic development of Korean phonological system and Middle Sino-Korean system, Chinese historical phonological system, Ko-on, Go-on and Kan-on of Sino-Japanese,  the consonant system of Three Han's toponyms which includes ‘**p-, **t-, **k-, **ts-, **-s-, **h-, **m-, **n-, **-ŋ, **-l-’ are deciphered. Alongside the result, the limitation of this study and the future research outlook on vowel and suprasegmental systems are put forward reasonably.

«Жизнеописания достойных монахов Страны, что к востоку от моря» (Хэдон косын чон), составленные в начале XIII в. монахом Какхуном, — древнейший сохранившийся до наших дней памятник корейской буддийской историографии. Из этого сочинения можно почерпнуть уникальные сведения о путях проникновения буддизма в Корею, способах адаптации этого учения к местной системе верований, а также об идеологии, государственном строе и международных связях раннесредневековых корейских государств. На русский язык этот памятник переводится впервые. Перевод снабжен вводной статьей и подробными комментариями.
“Lives of Eminent Korean Monks” (Haedong goseung jeon), composed in the beginning of the 13th century by Korean monk Gakhun, is the earliest preserved piece of Korean Buddhist historiography. It contains unique information on the spread of Buddhism to Korea, on the ways of its adaptation to the local beliefs, and on the ideology, social system and international relations of early Korean states. This is the first translation of this text into Russian. The translation is accompanied by introduction and detailed commentary.

Статья посвящена выявлению и анализу упоминаний даосизма и его последователей, даосских практик и верований, персонажей даосского пантеона и цитат из даосских произведений в тексте «Самгук юса» — корейского буддийского исторического сочинения конца XIII в., являющегося одним из базовых источников по ранней истории Кореи.
Ключевые слова: традиционная корейская историография, традиционная корейская литература, религии Кореи, буддизм, даосизм.

Paper is aimed at detection and analysis of mentions of Taoism and its followers, Taoist practices and beliefs, Taoist deities and quotations from Taoist scriptures found in the text of Samguk Yusa — 13th century Korean Buddhist historical book, which is one of the principal sources on the early history of Korea.
Keywords: traditional Korean historiography, traditional Korean literature, religions of Korea, Buddhism, Taoism.

This paper tests whether the distinctive black burnished pottery from the early Korean state of Baekje (c.250–660 ce) was, as is commonly assumed, under the control of a centralized authority. We employ an integrated approach, combining typological, petrographic and elemental composition data, to reconstruct the organization of production for this prestige ware. Clear heterogeneity in both clay sources and technical styles indicates a decentralized production pattern. The Baekje polity may thus have emerged as a distributed network rather than a centralized entity, with local communities choosing to engage with the political centre and not be subservient to it.

This paper tests whether the distinctive black burnished pottery from the early Korean state of Baekje (c.250–660 ce) was, as is commonly assumed, under the control of a centralized authority. We employ an integrated approach, combining typological, petrographic and elemental composition data, to reconstruct the organization of production for this prestige ware. Clear heterogeneity in both clay sources and technical styles indicates a decentralized production pattern. The Baekje polity may thus have emerged as a distributed network rather than a centralized entity, with local communities choosing to engage with the political centre and not be subservient to it.

The aim of this article is to reveal a fossilized numeral *ma 'one' with koma 'spinning top, literally single enjoying' in Japanese. We might attest koma 'spinning top, literally single enjoying 独楽' with a high accent on ko in a hybrid word in Japanese, where a fossilized compound word koma 独楽 might be made of a fossilized numeral *ma 'one' 独 and *ko with a high accent 'to enjoy or enjoying' 楽 < go: 楽 with a long vowel 'to enjoy or enjoying' in kan-on 漢音 in Japanese.

We know that people in Baekje (also Paekche), one of key kingdoms in Korean peninsula might call their queen 於陸 ‘queen’. according to  the literature of the Book of Zhou (Zhōu Shū 周書) in 636 CE. Lee(1991) considered that no scholar might solve the problem of an etymology of 於陸 ‘queen’ because of no literature with its etymology.

В статье рассматриваются представления древних корейцев о генезисе местного буддийского художественного канона, отражённые в «Оставшихся сведениях [о] трёх государствах» (Самгук юса, XIII в.).
The paper describes the ideas of ancient Koreans about the formation of local Buddhist artistic canon, as represented in “Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms” (Samguk yusa, 13th cent.).

Статья содержит комментированный перевод на русский язык первых восьми хронологических таблиц из китаеязычного корейского сочинения «Сохранившиеся сведения [о] Трех государствах» (Самгук юса 三國遺事), составленного буддийским монахом Ирёном в конце XIII в.
The paper contains an annotated translation of the first part of the chronological tables found in the Korean book “Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms” (Samguk Yusa 三國遺事), which was composed in classical Chinese by Buddhist monk Ilyon in the late 13th century.

Burials with murals are an important source for understanding the cultural and political processes on the Korean Peninsula during the Three Kingdoms era. There are a lot of Goguryevo tombs with murals. Goguryeo tombs are located either in North Korea or China. However, funerary wall painting is also known in burials of other states of that era and in other territories. The study of burials with wall paintings will clarify the cultural and political ties of the elites of the states of the Korean Peninsula. There are five tombs with frescoes in South Korea. They are located in two provinces of the Republic of Korea: North Gyeongsang (Sunheung, Tomb of EoSuk in Sunheun, Goa-ri Goryeong) and South Chuncheon (Songsan-ri No. 6, Buyeo Neungsan-ri). The images of Sunheung Tomb are preserved on the walls of the burial chamber, which have much in common with the Goguryeo frescoes from the Pyongyang and Jian regions. The painting of EoSuk tomb in Sunheun is poorly preserved. It is considered as Silla painting because the features of remaining fragment and grave goods. The tombs in the Sunheun area indicate that there was a cultural interaction between Goguryeo and Silla in this area. The Songsan-ri No. 6 and Buyeo Neungsan-ri tombs are related to the Baekje state. The painting in the burials is dedicated to Four Directional Deities. This plot is known from burials in China and Japan, but it stood out as a separate plot in Goguryeo. The people of Baekche were guided by Goguryeo designs in the design of the tomb. The tomb in Goa-ri Goryeong is considered as a Gaya tomb, as it is located in a place that was the central part of the state of Daegaya. The tomb contains images of a lotus, which probably reflects the spread of Buddhism in Gaya. Analysis of the murals suggests that cultural elements that were common for the entire Korean Peninsula were formed by the end of the era of Three kingdoms in the 6th century.

Keywords: Goguryeo, Baekje, Silla, Gaya, mural